90 GPa（准）静水压力的产生及压力分布的测量

 本文使用固态氩做传压介质，在自制的Mao-Bell型金刚石对顶砧装置中获得了90 GPa的准静水压。通过测量样品室内不同位置上红宝石荧光R₁线的频移来确定压力分布。实验结果表明在80 GPa以下，样品室内不同位置上的压力与平均压力（p）的差Δp很小，最大的Δp/p不超过1.5%。在90 GPa时，红宝石的荧光R线与常压的很相似。这表明利用固态氩做传压介质可以获得接近100 GPa的准静水压。此外，对红宝石荧光光谱中位置在14 938 cm^-1和14 431 cm^-1两条谱线随压力的变化情况也作了讨论，并由此得出结论，14 938 cm^-1这条线也可用来标定压力。     

1 000 t Walker型高温高压装置的使用与压力标定

 介绍了一种6-8型二级加压装置——1 000 t Walker型大腔体高温高压装置中样品的组装方式、组装件材料和压力标定方法。采用碳化钨作为压砧时,获得的最高压力超过20 GPa。压力标定方法采用相变点法,即利用Bi、Tl、ZnTe、Pb、SnS、GaAs等标准压力标定物质,通过测量其在室温高压下的电阻变化,确定相变点,进而获得高压腔体内的压力与外加载荷的关系。对具有不同二级压砧截角边长（4、6、8、12 mm）组装的内部实际压力进行标定,得到了外加载荷与内部压力的关系曲线,为今后在该装置上的实验样品组装及样品实际压力确定提供了准确的数据。     

0.5～4.0 GPa、100～300 ℃条件下辉长岩弹性波速及衰减特征

 报道了100～300 ℃、0.5～4.0 GPa条件下辉长岩纵波速度（v_P）和横波速度（v_S）,并且根据品质因子（Q_P、Q_S）的变化讨论了该条件下辉长岩的物性特征及其地震地质意义。实验结果表明：压力为0.5～4.0 GPa时,固定温度下辉长岩v_P、v_S、Q_P、Q_S随压力增大而递增,并且在0.5～2.3 GPa压力范围内它们随压力的变化率比在2.3～4.0 GPa范围内的大;固定压力下,温度从100 ℃增至300 ℃时,辉长岩v_P、v_S、Q_P、Q_S呈线性下降趋势。进一步分析得到：在0.5～2.3 GPa压力下,随着压力的增加辉长岩样品不断被压缩,样品的连续性变好,弹性加强,弹性波衰减变小,波速与Q值升高;在2.3～4.0 GPa压力下,样品被压密,样品接近连续弹性介质,弹性波衰减很小,波速与Q值的变化速率变小;在温度为100～300 ℃条件下,辉长岩样品内部以膨胀为主,样品密度变小,弹性波速与Q值呈线性下降趋势。研究结果表明,在岩石圈内构造应力局部集中会导致岩石Q值增大,岩石破裂、热物质局部聚集会导致岩石Q值降低,这也解释了地震前后观测到的震源区Q值的类似变化。     

快速增压法研究温度对铝和氯化钠Grüneisen参数的影响

根据Grüneisen状态方程导出的偏导关系式γ=(K_S/T)(T/p)S(其中KS是绝热体积弹性模量),采用快速增压方法结合中值定理分别在297~494K和312~608K温度范围内研究了铝和氯化钠的Grüneisen参数γ随温度的变化关系。在平面对顶压砧模具上设计了内加热的样品组装方式,测量了不同温度下快速增压过程中样品的温升曲线和压力变化曲线,并对温升曲线进行了温度修正,使所得结果更接近绝热压缩过程。实验结果表明:铝和氯化钠在实验温度范围内、压力分别为2.17GPa和1.46GPa下,其ΔT/Δp值随着温度的升高而增大;γ值随着温度的升高表现为波动的变化趋势,与温度没有明显的变化关系。     

高压低温条件下固态氩和4∶1甲醇-乙醇混合物传压介质的传压特性

 在高压低温（77 K）条件下，利用红宝石荧光测压方法，系统地研究了金刚石对顶砧装置中固态氩和4∶1甲醇-乙醇混合物的传压特性。通过测量不同位置上红宝石荧光R₁线的频移，确定了样品室内的压力分布。实验结果表明：在0~16 GPa的压力范围内，固态氩介质中反映介质非均匀性程度的|Δp/p|<3%、σ_p/p<2%，均在室温静水压条件下所允许的范围之内。红宝石荧光R线除随压力变宽外，与常压的很相似，表明固态氩在高压低温条件下是良好的传压介质。与之相比，4∶1甲醇-乙醇介质在77 K低温下的传压特性明显差于固态氩，已不适合作传压介质。     

超高压下CsBr的结构与相变

 采用金刚石对顶压砧高压装置（DAC）、同步辐射X光源和能散法，对CsBr粉末样品进行了原位高压X光衍射实验，最高压力达115 GPa。观测到在53 GPa左右压力下，CsBr的最强衍射峰(110)劈裂成两个峰，标志了简单立方结构向四方结构的转变；在0至最高压力范围内（相应于V/V₀为1至0.463）测量了晶轴比c/a；在115 GPa内未观测到样品的金属化现象。     

基于拉曼频移的白宝石压腔无压标系统高温高压实验标定

在高压实验科学中, 各类宝石压腔是最为常见的高压设备之一, 其样品腔中压力的精确标定是实验的关键. 目前, 人们主要通过加入红宝石等压标物质来进行定压, 但压标物质的加入会增加实验的装样难度, 改变样品腔中的物理化学环境, 甚至直接与实验样品发生反应, 从而对实验结果产生影响. 在0–6.3 GPa和300–573 K下, 利用共聚焦拉曼显微镜, 根据白宝石压砧砧面的ν₁₂ 拉曼频移与温度和压力的变化关系, 建立了一套适用于高温高压水热体系的无压标白宝石压腔系统. 实验结果表明: 白宝石砧面的ν₁₂ 峰随着压力的升高发生线性蓝移, 而随着温度升高则发生线性红移, 且温度和压力对拉曼频移的影响存在耦合效应. 利用本实验结果, 可在高温高压下根据白宝石砧面的拉曼频移计算出样品腔的压力P=(Δλ-0.01913×ΔT)/(1.9158-0.00105×ΔT), 在物理学、材料学和地球科学等领域具有重要应用.     

<100> LiF的低压冲击响应和1550 nm波长下的窗口速度修正

利用平板撞击和激光干涉测试技术对<100> LiF在40 GPa内的冲击力学和光学特性进行了精密实验测量和理论分析. 获得了该压力范围内LiF的冲击雨贡纽关系和1550 nm波长下的窗口速度修正, 为相关加窗激光干涉测速实验的数据分析提供了直接依据. LiF在20.3 GPa内均表现出弹性-塑性双波特性, 预计其单波响应冲击压力下限约为22—23 GPa; 低于此压力时, 以LiF为窗口的精密剖面测量实验需考虑其强度影响.     

4.0 GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究

 应用超声波透射法和超声波频谱振幅比法、在4.0 GPa压力条件下、测量了弹性纵波通过纯橄岩的波速（v_P）和品质因子值（Q_P，用于表征衰减）随压力的变化，并分析了纯橄岩内部结构的变化对波速和衰减的影响。在实验压力范围内（≤4.0 GPa），随压力升高，纯橄岩的纵波速度逐渐增大：从7.6 km/s（0.4 GPa）逐渐增大至8.5 km/s（4.0 GPa），升高了11.8%，低压时的增大幅度大于高压时的增大幅度。纯橄岩的品质因子值呈两段式线性变化：从低压区间到高压区间品质因子值的增大幅度明显变小（0.4~2.4 GPa压力范围内Q_P增大了358.5%，2.4~4.0 GPa压力范围内Q_P仅升高了7.6%）。纯橄岩的品质因子从54（0.4 GPa）升高至266.4（4.0 GPa），增大幅度达393.3%。在相对低压（0.4~2.4 GPa）条件下，纵波通过纯橄岩的速度增大、衰减降低主要是由于样品内的孔隙和微裂纹大量闭合，岩石密度增大，纵波在通过样品内孔隙和裂缝时损失的机械能降低，因此纵波通过纯橄岩的能量增大（即衰减降低），波速升高；当围压较高（2.4~4.0 GPa）时，纯橄岩内大部分裂纹已经闭合，而且矿物颗粒边界接触紧密。岩石内部的裂纹和颗粒之间由于摩擦滑动而损失的能量也变少，所以在高压时纯橄岩的波速和衰减的变化幅度变缓，但波速仍呈线性增大，而品质因子值（衰减）随压力升高几乎趋于不变。     

三重兼并费米子拓扑半金属MoP高压超导相的低压截获

碳化钨结构的三重兼并费米子拓扑半金属MoP高压下发生超导转变，然而，高压超导相能否在低压甚至常压截获尚不清楚.本文对两个密封于金刚石对顶砧中的MoP高压超导相在室温条件下进行快速卸压，通过测量低温电阻对温度的依赖关系，验证能否在低压甚至常压截获高压超导相.实验结果表明：初始压力61.5 GPa的样品#1,超导电性可截获的最低压力为44.2 GPa;初始压力95.0 GPa的样品#2,超导电性可截获的最低压力为3.5 GPa.     

Pressure Generation above 35 GPa in a Walker-Type Large-Volume Press

Pressure generation to a higher pressure range in a large-volume press(LVP) denotes our ability to explore more functional materials and deeper Earth's interior. Pressure generated by normal tungsten carbide(WC) anvils in a commercial way is mostly limited to 25 GPa in LVPs due to the limitation of their hardness and design of cell assemblies. We adopt three newly developed WC anvils for ultrahigh pressure generation in a Walker-type LVP with a maximum press load of 1000 ton. The hardest ZK01 F WC anvils exhibit the highest efficiency of pressure generation than ZK10 F and ZK20 F WC anvils, which is related to their performances of plastic deformations.Pressure up to 35 GPa at room temperature is achieved at a relatively low press load of 4.5 MN by adopting the hardest ZK01 F WC anvils with three tapering surfaces in conjunction with an optimized cell assembly, while pressure above 35 GPa at 1700 K is achieved at a higher press load of 7.5 MN. Temperature above 2000 K can be generated by our cell assemblies at pressure below 30 GPa. We adopt such high-pressure and high-temperature techniques to fabricate several high-quality and well-sintered polycrystalline minerals for practical use. The present development of high-pressure techniques expands the pressure and temperature ranges in Walker-type LVPs and has wide applications in physics, materials, chemistry, and Earth science.     

铝在校正高压下物质弹性波速测量上的应用

 自从在紧装式六面顶高压装置上建立了高温超高压下弹性波速的测量方法之后，已经获得了大量的有关岩石矿物的波速数据，利用这些波速数据解决了许多地质问题。然而，其高压弹性波速数据的精度没有解决，一直无法校正上、下顶砧的真正走时。根据弹性理论和标准物质铝的有关弹性参数，计算出铝的波速与压力的关系，然后，根据铝的波速与压力的关系推导出上、下顶砧的实际走时，校正后测量的较低压力下铁的波速与前人的资料吻合很好，并且铁的波速与压力也具有较好的非线性关系。因而，今后可以根据标准物质铝和铁来校正上、下顶砧的走时，从而获得物质在高压下更加精确的波速数据。     

Finite-element analysis on performance and shear stress of cemented tungsten carbide anvils used in the China-type cubic-anvil high-pressure apparatus

Stress distribution in cemented tungsten carbide (WC) anvils is of primary interest in high pressure research, but is very difficult to determine experimentally. We have performed finite-element simulations to study the performance and the shear stress distribution of WC anvils used in the China-type cubic-anvil high pressure apparatus (SPD-6×2000). Our results show that in order to avoid failure cracks in high-stress areas, the maximum shear stress should be lower than 3.17 GPa for the WC anvils (8% cobalt). The simulations have been verified by high-pressure experiments. Our method of analyzing stress distribution helps in evaluating the ability of WC anvils, and would aid in designing a new anvil to enhance performance.     

Development of new WC–Ni hardmetals for use in high pressure experiments

Ultrafine-grained (0.2–0.3?µm) WC–Ni hardmetals with a low Ni content (3–5?wt%) were developed using new production techniques based on adding an appropriate amount of VC and Cr₃C_2, combined with the strong mixing of raw materials. Their uniaxial compressibility was subsequently compared with that of existing WC–Ni and WC–Co hardmetals to assess their suitability for use as anvils in various high pressure experiments, particularly those associated with neutron or magnetic studies. The ultimate compressive strength of the newly developed hardmetals was over 7.7?GPa, which was higher by 1.2?GPa than that of the existing WC–Ni hardmetal ‘MF10’. When these hardmetals were used as anvils, a pressure of approximately 16?GPa was generated using a Paris-Edinburgh-type apparatus with φ8?mm culet, thereby proving that they can allow the physical properties of various materials to be measured at higher pressures than is possible with existing hardmetals.     

High pressure generation in the Kawai-type multianvil apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils

ABSTRACT

Generation of high pressure is a key to the investigation of the interior of the Earth. The Kawai-type multianvil apparatus (KMA) has been widely used in the fields of Earth science and material science. In conventional KMA, tungsten carbide (WC) has been used as the second stage anvil material. However, attainable pressure is limited to ～70?GPa even if newly developed WC is used. Recently, on the other hand, second stage anvils of sintered diamond that is much harder than WC have enabled us to extend the pressure range of KMA up to 120?GPa, corresponding to the pressure of the D” layer in the Earth’s mantle. It is evident that our development of pressure generation facilitates the investigation of the structure and dynamics of the deep mantle of the Earth.     

复合型多晶金刚石末级压砧的制备并标定六面顶压机6-8型压腔压力至35GPa

通过分析二级6-8型大腔体静高压装置八面体压腔的受力状况, 研制了一种使用成本低、尺寸大且易于加工的多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合二级(末级)顶锤(压砧). 采用原位电阻测量观测Zr在高压下相变(α-ω, 7.96 GPa; ω-β, 34.5 GPa)的方法, 标定了由多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合末级压砧构建的5.5/1.5(传压介质边长/二级顶锤锤面边长, 单位: mm)组装的腔体压力. 实验表明, 自行研制的多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合末级压砧可使基于国产六面顶压机构架的二级加压系统的压力产生上限从约20 GPa提高到35 GPa以上, 拓展了国内大腔体静高压技术的压力产生范围. 应用这一技术, 我们期望经过末级压砧材料与压腔设计的进一步优化, 在基于国产六面顶压机的二级6-8 型大腔体静高压装置压腔中产生超过50 GPa的高压. 关键词： 二级6-8型大腔体静高压装置 多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合末级压砧 压力标定     

126.5 GPa准静水压下的光谱学实验

 本文介绍了作者利用国内加工的金刚石压砧装置及组建的微区光谱系统进行100 GPa（百万大气压）准静水压光谱学实验的概况，证明压力产生装置和微区光谱系统的多功能性是充分可靠的。实验中遇到的压力产生能力超过压力测量能力的事实，反映了高压光谱学实验在压力范围扩大时所遇到的挑战。文中对高压下的拉曼、发射、吸收及反射光谱的实验原理和实验方法也作了概略的介绍。     

Structural transformations in single-wall carbon nanotubes under high pressure

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under high pressure exhibit high structural stability and a series of structural transitions up to 35 GPa. As theoretically predicted, the irreversible transformation of SWNTs in the pressure range of 10–30 GPa can be attributed to the polymerization of nanotubes. The electrical conductivity of SWNTs is studied at high pressures up to 35 GPa using a diamond anvil cell (DAC) with electrically conductive anvils of the “rounded cone-plane” type made of synthetic carbonado-type diamonds. SWNTs are studied before and after the application of high pressure using the Raman confocal microscopy technique. Analysis of Raman spectra and pressure dependences of the SWNT resistance shows that the observed structural changes in SWNTs are reversible and no polymerization or collapse are observed.     

Pressure generation to 50 GPa in Kawai-type multianvil apparatus using newly developed tungsten carbide anvils

A pressure generation test for Kawai-type multianvil apparatus (KMA) has been made using second-stage anvils of a newly developed ultra-hard tungsten carbide composite. Superb performance of the new anvil with significantly less plastic deformation was confirmed as compared to those commonly used for the KMA experiments. A maximum pressure of ～48?GPa was achieved using the new anvils with a truncation edge length (TEL) of 1.5?mm, based on in situ X-ray diffraction measurements. Further optimization of materials and sizes of the pressure medium/gasket should lead to pressures even higher than 50?GPa in KMA using this novel tungsten carbide composite, which may also be used for expansion of the pressure ranges in other types of high pressure apparatus operated in large volume press.     

FEM study on a double-beveled anvil and its application to synthetic diamonds

A new double-beveled anvil for the synthesis of high-quality diamonds has been described, which is used in a China-type large-volume, cubic-anvil, high-pressure apparatus (LV-CHPA, SPD-6X2000). Our results indicate that the pressure generation of a double-beveled anvil is more efficient than that of a single-beveled anvil. To gain the same cell pressure (5.5 GPa), the oil pressure of LV-CHPA using double-beveled anvils decreased by about 10%, compared to using single-beveled anvils. Furthermore, a double-beveled anvil can pressurize a cubic cell of 36 mm³ up to about 6.0 GPa, and simultaneously can increase the temperature up to 1360°C for routine operation. This provides considerable advantages to the synthesis of high-quality diamonds under ultra-high-pressure conditions with the same hydraulic rams.