Indication of asymptotic scaling in the reactions dd → p3H, dd → n3He, and pd → pd

It is shown that the differential cross sections of the reactions dd → n ³He and dd → p ³H measured at a c.m.s. scattering angle θ_cm = 60° in the interval of the deuteron beam energy 0.5–1.2 GeV demonstrate the scaling behavior dσ/dt ∼ s ⁻²², which follows from constituent quark counting rules. It is found also that the differential cross section of the elastic dp → dp scattering at θ_cm = 125°–135° follows the scaling regime ∼s ⁻¹⁶ at beam energies 0.5–5 GeV. These data are parameterized here using the Reggeon exchange. From Pis’ma v Zhurnal éksperimental’noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki, Vol. 81, No. 7, 2005, pp. 387–390. Original English Text Copyright ? 2005 by Uzikov. This article was submitted by the author in English.     

Progress in all-order breakup reaction theories

Progress in breakup reaction theories, like the distorted wave Born approximation, the continuum discretized coupled channels method and the dynamical eikonal approximation, is brought into focus. The need to calculate exclusive reaction observables and the utility of benchmark tests as arbitrators of theoretical models are discussed.     

GEANT4 simulation of dp non-mesonic breakup reaction at 300 and 500 MeV

GEANT4 simulations of the reaction dp → ppn, i.e. the dp non-mesonic breakup reaction, at 300 and 500 MeV of deuteron energy for different detector configurations are presented. Two threads made from polyethylene and carbon with the thickness of 10 μm are used as targets. The goal of the simulations is to find a method by means of which the signal from the dp non-mesonic breakup can be separated from the background that mainly comes from the carbon content of the CH₂ target. The obtained results will be used in the experimental spin program that will be realized in Nuclotron in Dubna. The aim of this experimental investigation is to contribute to the elucidation of the structure of the spin dependent parts of the nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon forces acting in the dp non-mesonic breakup. The deuteron energies will be ranging from 300 up to 500 MeV.     

A possible approach to breakup in nuclear reaction calculations

It is proposed to use the multi-channel Kato identity for estimating breakup amplitudes when an approximate scattering wave function is known from a variational calculation. Lines of connection are drawn with more familiar expressions for the breakup amplitudes.     

Search for states using the knock-out reaction at 600 MeV/c

The knock-out reaction has been used to search for narrow states. The experiment was performed using the 600 MeV/c antiproton beam at LEAR and the high-resolution and large-acceptance magnetic spectrometer SPES II. The A-dependence of the annihilation-induced proton spectra has been studied on ²H, ⁶Li, ¹²C, ⁶³Cu, ²⁰⁸Pb and ²⁰⁹Bi. The quasi-free elastic scattering observed in the lighter targets, and the comparison with the free scattering, also observed in this experiment, determine an effective proton number N_eff for 1s- and 1p-shell protons. No evidence for narrow bound or resonant states could be found. Upper limits for their production are one order of magnitude lower than certain theoretical predictions, but consistent with the properties of the interaction, as established from recent elastic and inelastic scattering as well as from studies of antiprotonic atoms.     

Projectile breakup and total reaction strengths in Li-induced reactions

Spectra and angular distributions have been measured for the light particles emitted from the reactions induced by 36 MeV ⁶Li and ⁷Li ions on targets of ¹²C, ¹³C and ²⁷Al. Some measurements were also performed at beam energies of 28 and 32 MeV. The spectra are dominated by broad peaks centered at energies corresponding to the beam velocity, a characteristic of projectile breakup. A simple breakup model roughly reproduces the shapes of the measured spectra and angular distributions. The total cross sections observed for projectile breakup average about 600 mb and are almost as large as the fusion cross sections. The ⁷Li breakup yields are somewhat larger than those for ⁶Li, the same trend that was previously observed for the Li-induced fusion cross sections on C. As a result the measured total reaction cross sections induced by ⁷Li ions are about 200 mb larger than those of ⁶Li on the same targets. This difference is not predicted by conventional optical model calculations.     

Relativistic effects in exclusive pd breakup scattering at intermediate energies

The relativistic Faddeev equation for three-nucleon scattering is formulated in momentum space and directly solved in terms of momentum vectors without employing a partial wave decomposition. Relativistic invariance is achieved by constructing a dynamical unitary representation of the Poincaré group on the three-nucleon Hilbert space. The exclusive breakup reaction at 508 MeV is calculated based on a Malfliet–Tjon type two-body interaction and the cross sections are compared to measured cross sections at this energy. We find that the magnitude of the relativistic effects can be quite large and depends on the configurations considered. In spite of the simple nature of the model interaction, the experimental cross sections are in surprisingly good agreement with the predictions of the relativistic calculations. We also find that although for specific configurations the multiple scattering series converges rapidly, this is in general not the case.     

Studies of final-state neutron-neutron interaction in the nd breakup reaction at energies 40–140 MeV

An experiment is proposed for determining the nn-scattering length with necessary accuracy from the dependence of the nd breakup reaction yield on the energy of relative motion of two neutrons in the kinematic region where the final-state nn interaction is best manifested. Reaction events are simulated under actual experimental conditions. The test experiment carried out at the neutron channel of the Moscow Meson Factory (INP) gives grounds to believe that statistically grounded data can be obtained in the experiment on determination of the nn-scattering length.     

Review of quasi-elastic charge-exchange data in the nucleon-deuteron breakup reaction

The available data on the forward charge exchange of nucleons on the deuteron up to 2 GeV/nucleon are reviewed. The value of the inclusive nd → pnn/np → pn cross section ratio is sensitive to the fraction of spin-independent neutron-proton backward scattering. The measurements of the polarisation transfer in d(n, p){nn} or the deuteron analysing power in p{d, {pp})n in high-resolution experiments, where the final nn or pp pair emerge at low excitation energy, depend upon the longitudinal and transverse spin-spin up amplitudes. The relation between these types of experiments is discussed and the results compared with predictions of the impulse approximation model in order to see what new constraints they can bring to the neutron-proton database.     

Total cross section for p−d breakup below 30 MeV

The total cross section for p−d breakup is studied in terms of the elastic -matrix through the unitary condition. Calculations using the complex Kohn variational method along with the Pair Correlated Hyperspherical Harmonic basis are presented. The results have been restricted to energies below E_p=30 MeV where Coulomb effects are expected to be sizable and are compared to the existing data. Two different measurements have been found in the literature: 40 years ago, Gibbons and Macklin [Phys. Rev. 114 (1959) 571] and 26 years ago, Carlson et al. [Lett. Nuovo Cimento 8 (1973) 319]. The calculations are found to be in reasonable agreement with these old data, though a discrepancy is observed near the deuteron breakup threshold. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the contributions to the observable from different partial waves has been performed. Unexpectedly, the main contribution for a wide range of energies has been detected in the J=3/2⁻ state.     

Cross sections for the n+d breakup reaction

The n+d breakup cross section has been measured between 8 and 22 MeV by integrating the energy distributions of breakup protons and recoil deuterons observed in a deuterated scintillator. The results obtained deviate from the trend suggested by recent measurements of the cross section for proton-induced breakup and favour predictions based on a local N-N potential having a hard core in the singlet state.     

Deuteron breakup with 3He at 89.4 and 118.9 MeV

Quasifree processes were studied by measuring coincident energy spectra for the ²H(³He, ³Hep)n, ²H(³He, tp)p and ²H(³He, dd)p reactions at 89.4 and 118.9MeV. The spectral shape was reproduced with two types of spectator model, that is, a three-body model (TBM) and a four-body model (FBM). The latter contains the effects of projectile breakup processes. Angular correlations of peak cross sections were explained by calculations in the FBM in contrast with those in the TBM. The absolute cross sections were not explained by either model.     

Neutron-deuteron breakup reaction as a tool for studying neutron-neutron interactions

An analysis of the most recent data on the reaction nd → pnn revealed a serious discrepancy between theoretical predictions and cross sections measured for this reaction in various configurations where the role of neutron-neutron interactions is important. In view of this, it seems necessary both to develop theoretical approaches and to obtain new experimental data. For this purpose, a setup for studying the neutron-deuteron breakup reaction was created at the Institute for Nuclear Research on the basis of the neutron beam in the RADEX channel and deuterium targets. This facility makes it possible to perform experiments over a broad region of primary-neutron energies (10–60 MeV) and in various (final-state interaction, quasifree scattering, and spatial-star) configurations. Preliminary results of the respective experiment were obtained for configurations of final-state neutron-neutron interaction and quasifree neutron-neutron scattering.     

Fragment angular correlation in the breakup of 16O ions at 95 MeV/A

Fragment angular correlations in projectile breakup reactions are very sensitive to interference between different multipolarities entering in the excitation-dissociation process of the projectile. In particular, it was proposed to disentangle L = 1 and L = 2 contributions in direct breakup reactions of ¹⁶O with low relative energy between the α and ¹²C fragment, which are of astrophysical interest. We studied the experimental aspects of extracting those angular correlations in extreme kinematical conditions usually encountered in breakup experiments of astrophysical interest. The breakup of 95 MeV/A ¹⁶O projectiles induced by a ²⁰⁸Pb target was measured using the high-resolution spectrometer SPEG at Ganil for the coincident detection of the fragments. Sequential breakup via the 12.53 MeV level of ¹⁶O is analyzed in this framework and it favors an one-step M2 excitation of this level.     

Transfer and/or breakup modes in the 6He+209Bi reaction near the coulomb barrier

Reaction products from the interaction of 6He with 209Bi have been measured at energies near the Coulomb barrier. A 4He group of remarkable intensity, which dominates the total reaction cross section, has been observed. The angular distribution of the group suggests that it results primarily from a direct nuclear process. It is likely that this transfer and/or breakup channel is the doorway state that accounts for the previously observed large sub-barrier fusion enhancement in this system.     

Sequential ejectile decays and uncorrelated breakup processes in the 14N + 159Tb reaction

From a study of particle-particle correlations, involving position-sensitive detector telescopes, conclusive evidence for sequential ejectile decay was found, and the relative importance of sequential decay and of breakup processes, which were observed to be uncorrelated in angle, could be determined.     

Three-body final state breakup in the27Al(14N,X) reaction at 116 MeV bombarding energy

The energy spectra and angular distributions of products in the reaction²⁷Al(¹⁴N,X) have been measured at 116 MeV bombarding energy. It is shown that the energy spectra of the products lighter than the projectile, are well described by a three-body breakup calculation. The experimental total breakup cross-section estimated in the present work, together with Glas-Mosel calculation of the fusion cross-section, are in a reasonable agreement with the optical model total reaction cross-section.     

DWBA and CCBA analysis of selected transitions in the C(d,τ) B reaction at Ed = 80 MeV

Angular distribution of the reaction ¹²C(d,τ) ¹¹B leading to the 3/2⁻ ground state and the 4.44 MeV excited (5/2⁻ state ¹¹B have measured at E_d = 80 MeV up to about 70° and 40°, respectively. The inclusion of second-order processes in the framework of CCBA calculations gives a good reproduction of the 3/2⁻ as well as of the DWBA forbidden 3/2⁻ angular distribution. The strong dependence of the cross section on the sign of the deformation supports a positive β₂ value for ¹¹B.