WAXD分峰研究多晶型等规聚丙烯的相结构

本文对含α、β结晶相的多晶型等规聚丙烯(i-PP)进行WAXD的分峰研究。选用不对称高斯-柯西函数表征结晶与非晶衍射峰,对结晶峰其结果优于对称高斯-柯西函数,对非晶峰其结果优于多项式、指数函数和双指数函数;在微处理机上采用阻尼最小二乘法,分峰结果比较满意。对加β成核剂的含α、β多晶型试样,分峰研究得到了它们的相态、结晶度、晶粒度及α、β两相比等随结晶温度了T_c(100°～140℃)变化的规律。结果指出:α相含量随T_c变化甚小,β相变化与非晶相反,β晶粒随T_c变化的重组大于α相,β相的最佳结晶温度在130℃。将分峰法得到的两相比k与Turner-Jones公式的k_(T-J)作了比较,就非晶扣除、峰面积代替峰高、考虑(hk1)晶面贡献及重叠峰的分离等进行了改进。并提出了计算WAXD中各相峰面积的简便方法。     

关于聚合物非晶态X衍射表征函数的探讨

<正> 目前许多学者已采用计算机X衍射分峰法对具有较复杂结构的结晶聚合物进行研究.这个方法的核心是数学模型,即反映晶态与非晶态的X衍射峰峰形规律的表征函数.它对研究结果的可靠性、精确度有直接的影响.Hindeleh与Johnson等人提出的三次多项式及其它形式,不能使样品的计算的衍射曲线与实验的衍射曲线相拟合,误差大.说明表征非晶态X衍射的数学模型还存在问题,分峰法还不完善.因此,我们认为有必要对非晶态表征函数进行探讨.本文提出了两个非晶态表征函数,并应用于聚丙烯结构分析,     

聚合物不同相态X-射线衍射的数学描述

<正> 由于电子计算机的迅速发展和广泛应用,使得已被国内外普遍用来研究聚合物结构的“分峰法”(分解聚合物的X-射线衍射重叠峰的方法)成为一个切实可行的、有效的新方法。分峰法的前提和基础是要有反映聚合物各相态X-射线衍射峰峰形规律的合理的和确切的数学模型,这对聚合物结构的研究有着直接的重要的影响。七十年代迄今,国内外现有的关于聚合物不同相态的X-射线衍射的数学描述尚无通用的、统一的形式,     

硫化态NiW/Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫活性相的研究Ⅲ.低温CO吸附-原位红外光谱表征

 采用低温CO吸附-原位红外光谱法对硫化态和经过氢还原处理的W/Al2O3,Ni/Al2O3以及不同Ni含量的NiW/Al2O3催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,在WS2相上的两个CO特征吸收峰分别位于2117和2066 cm-1处; 硫化镍上吸附CO的特征峰位于2098 cm-1处; NiW/Al2O3催化剂中引入的助剂Ni与WS2相之间相互作用,并分别在2128,2096和2078 cm-1处出现三个新的谱峰,标志着NiWS活性相的形成,并且NiWS相的量随着助剂Ni含量的增加而增大. 在不同温度下对NiW/Al2O3催化剂进行氢还原处理时发现,NiWS活性相在高温下逐步分解,并发生烧结. 以上结果有力地支持了前文中通过XPS,HREM和TPR等方法所获得的有关催化剂活性相的形成及其还原分解过程的表征结果.     

磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯与磷脂膜相互作用的影响

通过使用不同相变温度的磷脂分子并调节二者的比例构筑了不同相态的磷脂膜,并利用表面增强红外光谱和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯和磷脂膜相互作用的影响.结果表明,氧化石墨烯对磷脂膜中磷脂分子的抽提作用具有显著的相态选择性,其选择性地抽提流动相的磷脂分子;氧化石墨烯对流动相磷脂的抽提作用受到膜中凝胶相磷脂存在比例的影响,只有在流动相磷脂分子占磷脂膜中磷脂分子的绝大部分时才能够发生抽提作用,且只有流动相的磷脂分子被抽提.     

PMPS/PMAc相容性与同步互贯聚合物网络的阻尼性能研究

互贯聚合物网络是一种聚合物合金 ,其组分的热力学性质决定组分间的相容性和微相结构 ,从而影响材料的阻尼性能 .采用同步互贯聚合物网络 (SIN)技术制备了一种新型的聚苯基硅氧烷 (PMPS) 聚甲基丙烯酸酯 (PMAc)阻尼材料 ,用DMA和AFM等表征研究了其玻璃化温度转变行为与微观相态结构 .结果表明 ,由相容性好的组分制备的SIN材料阻尼值最高 ,tanδmax 可达 1 4,只有一个玻璃化温度转变峰 ,其微相结构为双相连续 ;组分介于相容与不相容之间时 ,所构成的SIN样品的tanδ≥ 0 3的温度区间最宽 ,可达 170℃ ,微相结构为单相连续 ;由相容性差的组分制得的SIN阻尼材料的内耗峰裂分为两个区间 .PMPS PMAcSIN材料的阻尼性能可以通过调节组分的相容性进行控制 .     

聚丙烯酸联苯酯液晶高分子的合成和相态表征——推荐一个高分子化学与物理综合化学实验

介绍聚丙烯酸联苯酯的合成以及采用热分析、偏光显微镜、X射线衍射等方法进行聚合物液晶相态表征的综合性实验方法。讨论了实验所得结果和合成与性能表征过程中的影响因素以及该实验在本科生综合化学实验课中的教学效果。     

关于聚合物非晶态X衍射表征函数的探讨

电子计算机X射线衍射分峰法是70年代发展起来的有价值的研究结晶聚合物结构的新方法,其可靠性首先取决于用以表示晶志衍射与非晶态衍射的表征函数是否正确。本文讨论了现有的各种非晶态衍射表征函数的缺点,作者在实验和理论分析的基础上,提出两个不对称的指数函数作为聚合物非晶态X衍射表征函数。把这函数应用于聚丙烯的结构分析并与应用其他类型的表征函数所得的结果相比较,证明作者提出的不对称指数函数形式的非晶态X衍射表征函数能给出比较满意的结果。     

相态结构对聚氧化乙烯/丁二腈/高氯酸锂复合电解质室温电导率的影响

采用聚氧化乙烯(PEO)、丁二腈和高氯酸锂(LiClO4)的复合电解质体系, 制备了一系列不同配比的PEO/SN/LiClO4复合电解质, 对其室温电性能和相态结构进行了表征, 并探讨了相态结构对室温电导率的影响.     

用于电分析化学重叠信号分辨的样条小波自卷积法

以正弦函数为分辨因子与样条小波滤波器相作用,使其构成样条小波自卷积法的峰分辨器,利用样条小波峰分辨器可以直接分开计算机模拟的不同类型的重叠双峰,分峰前后峰面积和峰位置的相对误差均小于5．0％;将其应用于电分析化学重叠信号的实验数据处理,得到较满意的结果。同时,为样条小波峰分辨器分辨因子提供了新的选择。     

The performance of a fast testing system for illicit materials detection based on energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction technique

A prototype setup for detecting illicit materials by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) has been developed. The obtained results of NaCl by the equipment suggest that the total measurement system is reliable and can be used to detect different kinds of materials. The tests of TNT, methamphetamine and heroin are also performed on this equipment and the related EDXRD spectra are obviously influenced by the detecting angle and the X-ray sources. The detecting angle of 10° is more suitable for detecting TNT and methamphetamine, while 12° is better for heroin. Moreover, the curves of TNT, methamphetamine and heroin emitted by W target have more diffraction peaks than those emitted by Cu or Mo target, while the peak intensities of TNT and methamphetamine emitted by Mo are stronger than those emitted by Cu or W target. The curve of methamphetamine emitted by Mo target shows a special characteristic and exhibits a super strong diffraction peak located at 1.62 Å^{− 1}, which can be attributed to the effect arising from Mo kα and kβ.     

Syntheses and crystal structures of two new cationic 3,5-dimethylpyrazole derivatives containing organoiron mixed-sandwiches as substituent groups

Organometallic hydrazines formulated as , react with 2,4-pentanedione in acetonitrile to afford 3,5-dimethylpyrazole derivatives , respectively, that contain the organoiron mixed-sandwich moieties. The new complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analysis and IR, UV-vis and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies and authenticated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes crystallize in the space group P2₁/n.     

Synthesis and characterization of cationic tungsten(V) methylidynes

Cationic tungsten(V) methylidynes [L4W(X)[triple bond]CH]+[B(C6F5)4]- [L = PMe3, 0.5dmpe (dmpe = Me2PCH2CH2PMe2), X = Cl, OSO2CF3] have been prepared in high yield by a one-electron oxidation of the neutral tungsten(IV) methylidynes L4W(X)[triple bond]CH with [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]-. The ease and reversibility of the one-electron oxidation of L4W(X)[triple bond]CH were demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry in tetrahydrofuran (E1/2 is approximately -0.68 to -0.91 V vs Fc). The paramagnetic d1 (S = 1/2) complexes were characterized in solution by electron spin resonance (g = 2.023-2.048, quintets due to coupling to 31P) and NMR spectroscopy and Evans magnetic susceptibility measurements (mu = 2.0-2.1 muB). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed that the cationic methylidynes are structurally similar to the neutral precursor methylidynes. In addition, the neutral (PMe3)4W(Cl)[triple bond]CH was deprotonated with a strong base at the trimethylphosphine ligand to afford (PMe3)3(Me2PCH2)W[triple bond]CH, a tungsten(IV) methylidyne complex that features a (dimethylphosphino)methyl ligand.     

A new asymmetric Pseudo‐Voigt function for more efficient fitting of XPS lines

Asymmetric peak profiles for the application in spectroscopy can be obtained in a simple way by substituting the usually constant full width at half maximum parameter in Pseudo‐Voigt functions with an energy‐dependent expression, for instance of sigmoidal shape. While this approach has been successfully applied to vibrational spectra, we find that the resulting curves are less suitable for least‐squares fits of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. However, if one additionally allows a variable displacement of the sigmoidal step relative to the peak, excellent fitting results can be obtained. We demonstrate the applicability of our extended approach on several inherently asymmetric XPS lines, i.e. the C 1s signal of graphite and C₂H₂/Pd(100), the 3d_5/2–3d_3/2 doublet of palladium, and the 4f_7/2–4f_5/2 doublet of platinum. Comparison of the corresponding fit results with the results obtained by the application of more elaborate, theory‐based line profiles (Doniach‐?unji? and Mahan functions) shows that the modified Pseudo‐Voigt function gives practically identical results in terms of peak shape and area, while requiring much less computational effort since no convolution procedures are required for its calculation. Thus, this function is most suitable for application in one of the following situations: (i) the peak shape of a given signal is known but cannot be calculated with ease, and (ii) the theoretical peak shape is not (yet) known, however, one wants to perform a first quantitative screening of the data at issue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Asymmetric synthesis of a P-chiral heteroditopic ligand via chiral metal template promoted cycloaddition between 3,4-dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole and its sulfonated analog

The asymmetric [4+2] Diels-Alder reaction involving 3,4-dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole, DMPP, as the cyclic diene and its P-sulfonated analogue DMPPS as the dienophile was carried out by utilizing the palladium(II) template complex containing ortho-metalated (R)-(1-(dimethylamino)ethyl)naphthalene as the chiral auxiliary. The reaction proceeded regiospecifically and stereoselectively to give corresponding phosphanorbornene ligand as the major product. Throughout the cycloaddition reaction, DMPP functions chemoselectively as the cyclic diene whilst DMPPS assumes the role of dienophile. The absolute stereochemistry of the novel chiral heteroditopic ligand was established by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.     

trans-W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)2H: revealing a highly polar W-H bond and H-mobility in liquid and solid state

The isotopomeric complexes trans-W(Cmesityl)[(C(H,D)3)2PCH2CH2P(C(H,D)3)2]2(H,D) 1-4 were prepared. 2 (W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)2D) was used to study the Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constant (DQCC) and the ionicity of the W-D bond (DQCC=34.1 kHz; ionicity 85%). 1 (W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)2H) shows several dynamic exchange processes in solution, such as HW/HW, HW/ortho-Memesityl, and HW/H2 exchanges observed by NMR in combination with deuterium labeling studies and double label crossover experiments. Except for the HW/H2, these reactions comprise elementary steps, which also appear along the isomerization pathway of 1 into (2,3,5-trimethylphenylcarbyne)(dmpe)2WH (5) at 60 degrees C. 5 was characterized by an X-ray diffraction study. In the solid state only an HW/Mep exchange process prevails appearing at higher temperatures, which was identified by NMR and by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering. The latter also provided an activation barrier of 5 kcal/mol and a "jump width" for the moving H nucleus in agreement with the HW...Mep distance of the X-ray diffraction study of 1.     

Crystal structures and chemistry of double perovskites Ba2M(II)M′(VI)O6 (M=Ca, Sr, M′=Te, W, U)

Structures of the double perovskites Ba₂M(II)M ′(VI)O₆ (M=Ca, Sr, M′=Te, W, U) at room temperature have been investigated by the Rietveld method using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. For double perovskites with M=Sr, the observed space groups are I2/m (M′ =W) and (M′=Te), respectively. In the case of M=Ca, the space groups are either monoclinic P2₁/n (M′=U) or cubic (M′=W and Te). The tetragonal and orthorhombic symmetry reported earlier for Ba₂SrTeO₆ and Ba₂CaUO₆, respectively, were not observed. In addition, non-ambient X-ray diffraction data were collected and analyzed for Ba₂SrWO₆ and Ba₂CaWO₆ in the temperature range between 80 and 723 K. It was found that the rhombohedral structure exists in Ba₂SrWO₆ above room temperature between the monoclinic and the cubic structure, whereas the cubic Ba₂CaWO₆ undergoes a structural phase transition at low temperature to the tetragonal I4/m structure.     

Chiral, bridged bis(imidazolin-2-ylidene) complexes of palladium

Varieties of chiral, bridged bisimidazolium salts as well as the synthesis of palladium complexes of general formula with the corresponding chelating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands is reported. This is the first systematic study of chiral bis(imidazolin-2-ylidene)palladium(II) complexes bearing chiral groups on the endocyclic nitrogens. Structural proof of such a chiral palladium(II) complex is presented by way of an X-ray diffraction study of complex 3a.     

Structures and Mössbauer spectra of phosphido-bridged heterobimetallic complexes CpFe(CO)2(μ-PPh2)W(CO)5 and CpFe(CO)(μ-CO)(μ-PPh2)W(CO)4

Structures of non metal-metal bonded phosphido-bridged heterobimetallic complexes, including CpFe(CO)₂(μ-PPh₂)W(CO)₅ (1-W) and metal-metal bonded CpFe(CO)(μ-CO)(μ-PPh₂)W(CO)₄ (2), were determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. In 1-W, the long distance between Fe and W indicates no metal-metal bond to exist. In 2, a Fe---W bond with bond length 2.851 Å and a semibridging carbonyl with W---C---O angle 153° were observed. Mössbauer spectra of 1-W and 2 were taken at 77 K. Isomer shifts of 1-W and 2 were − 0.0203 mm s⁻¹ and 0. 1917 mm s⁻¹ respectively.     

Single-crystal growth, crystal and electronic structure of NaCoO2

Single crystals of NaCoO₂ have been successfully synthesized for the first time by a flux method at 1323 K. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study confirmed the trigonal space group and the lattice parameters , . The crystal structure has been refined to the conventional values R=1.9% and wR=2.1% for 309 independent observed reflections. The electron density distribution of NaCoO₂ has been studied by the maximum entropy method (MEM) using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data obtained at 298 K. From the results of the MEM analysis, the strong covalent bonding was clearly observed between Co and O atoms, while no bonding was observed around Na atoms. We also calculated the electron density of NaCoO₂ by first principles calculations. The electron density obtained experimentally is in good agreement with the theoretical one.