高功率激光系统中近场滤波设计与理论模拟

基于经典耦合波理论,分析了透射型体Bragg光栅的衍射特性,建立了透射型体Bragg光栅的设计体系。采用带有调制的超高斯光束,对高功率激光系统的近场滤波进行了理论模拟,采用软化因子、近场调制度、近场对比度分析了输出光束的近场质量,采用功率谱密度函数分析了近场滤波对不同空间频率的滤除能力。研究结果表明,近场滤波对0.3～2.0mm-1的中、高频调制具有显著的滤除作用。     

多路角度复用体全息三维显示技术

为满足高分辨率真三维大数据显示的空间带宽积要求,提出一种基于多通道角度复用模式的体全息三维显示技术。通过对三维场景进行波前编码,获得相位计算全息图,并将计算全息图依次按照不同角度复用记录到掺杂金纳米颗粒体全息光致聚合物材料的同一区域,获得复用体全息图,再现时可以在不同角度观察三维场景。在体全息三维显示实验系统中,实现体全息材料记录区域的单点像素总数为120×1 920×1 080,显示的空间带宽积达到了2.5×108,相对于空间光调制器显示提升了120倍。     

Spectroscopic imaging with volume selection by unpaired adiabatic pi pulses: theory and application

In NMR spectroscopy, volume selection can be advantageously achieved using adiabatic pi pulses, which enable high bandwidth and B(1) insensitivity. In order to avoid the generation of non-linear phase profiles and the subsequent signal loss caused by incoherent averaging, adiabatic pi pulses are usually used in pairs for volume selection in each spatial dimension. Alternatively, when performing spectroscopic imaging (SI), a high enough spatial resolution results in negligible phase dispersion within each pixel. This allows using only one pulse per selected spatial dimension, resulting in a reduced echo-time and reduced power deposition. In this work, the feasibility of such an approach is explored theoretically and numerically, allowing the derivation of explicit conditions to obtain SI images without artifact. Adequate spatial and spectral post-processing procedures are described to compensate for the effect of non-linear phase profiles. These developments are applied to SI in the rat brain at 9.4 T, using a new adiabatic sequence named Pseudo-LASER.     

基于流形学习和空间信息的改进N-FINDR端元提取算法

光谱端元提取是对高光谱数据进一步分析的重要前提。由于双向反射分布函数(BRDF),像元内的多重散射和亚像元成分的异质性等因素,高光谱图像中的混合像元实际上是非线性光谱混合。传统的端元提取算法是以线性光谱混合模型为基础,因此提取的端元精度不高。在光谱非线性混合的基础上,提出一种将流形学习与空间信息结合的改进N-FINDR端元提取算法。首先通过自适应的局部切空间排列算法寻找嵌入在高维非线性数据空间的本质的低维结构,将原始高光谱数据非线性降维到低维空间。接着利用地物分布具有连续性的特点,通过增大空间同质区域的像元的权重进行空间预处理。最后通过寻找最大单形体体积进行端元提取。提出算法很好的解决了高光谱遥感数据非线性结构,并利用了空间信息,提高了端元提取的精度。模拟数据实验和真实高光谱遥感数据实验结果均表明,采用该算法得到的结果优于顶点成分分析(VCA) 算法、基于测地线距离的最大单形体体积(GSVM)算法和空间预处理的N-FINDR(SPPNFINDR)算法。     

Object dependent sweep width reduction with spectral-spatial EPR imaging

For spectral-spatial EPR imaging, prior knowledge about the spatial support of an imaged object can be exploited in two ways. We can shrink the spatial field of view (FOV) to closely wrap the object in a sphere or reduce the sweep width in a projection dependent fashion. Use of a smaller spatial FOV with the same number of samples enhances spatial resolution by reducing voxel volume at the expense of signal-to-noise and a consequent degraded line-width resolution. We have developed another approach to define sweep width that prunes away the portions of the projection sweep with no signal. This reduces data acquisition time for the continuous wave (CW) EPR image proportional to the sweep width reduction. This method also avoids voxel volume reduction. Using the reduced-sweep method, we decreased the data acquisition time by 20% maintaining spatial and linewidth resolution.     

Characteristics of the optical regime in the volume of a semiinfinite layer of diffusely scattering medium under illumination by a directed beam with finite aperture

The absolute values and distribution of the spatial illuminance in the volume of a semiinfinite layer of a light-scattering medium illuminated with a directed beam with finite aperture are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The characteristics of the optical regime in the layer under conditions of multiple scattering are studied. Approximate expressions are obtained for engineering calculations of the spatial illuminance from the known values of the refractive index and coefficient of diffuse reflection of the layer.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 23–29, October, 1988.     

Role of recording geometry in the performance of spectral diversity filters with spherical beam volume holograms

We present experimental demonstrations of spectral diversity filters with spherical beam volume holograms for multimodal multiplex spectroscopy. Major properties of filters under diffuse-light illumination are discussed. The comparisons of spectral diversity between the transmission geometry holograms and the reflection geometry holograms are also studied. The results show that there is a trade-off between the degree of the spatial coherence of the source and the spectral diversity of the filter. We also conclude that the reflection geometry holograms have better spectral diversity and less sensitivity to the spatial coherence of the source.     

Verbesserung der Kubo-Theorie für die lineare und lokale Suszeptibilität

We use the Kubo-Theory to derive a correlation-function formula for the local susceptibility of a dielectric with regard to the internal fluctuating electro-magnetic fields in matter. The hamiltonian of the coupled system of field and matter is rewritten into a form, that it includes only operators which relate to volume elements with many atoms. The interaction between different volume elements and with it spatial dispersion is neglected. The possible energy levels in each volume element are approximated by an Oszillator model. The difference between the local susceptibility and the response function to an external field, which is calculated in the usual Kubo-Theory, is shown.     

Diffraction efficiency of a dynamic hologram in a reversible photochromic medium with allowance for diffusion of photochromic particles

Spatial resolution of a dynamic hologram in a reversible photochromic medium is analyzed, with allowance made for diffusion of photochromic particles. It is shown that the bandwidth of spatial frequencies of a thin hologram decreases over time, approaching the value determined by the diffusion coefficient and the hologram recording/erasing time. The optimum relationship between the intensity of the beam that records the volume hologram and the parameters of the photochromic particles is found for which the difference between the limiting value of the bandwidth of spatial frequencies of the volume hologram and the value of the band-width of spatial frequencies of a thin hologram located in the plane z=0 is the greatest.     

Forward scattering from the sea surface and the van Cittert-Zernike theorem

The van Cittert-Zernike theorem is used to generate models for the spatial coherence of a sound field that has been forward scattered from the sea surface. The theorem relates the spatial coherence of an observed wave field to the distant source intensity distribution associated with this field. In this case, the sea surface upon ensonification is taken to be the source, and the sea-surface bistatic cross section corrected for transmission loss is taken as a surrogate for the source intensity distribution. Improvements in methodology for generating an estimate of the 2D autocorrelation function for sea surface waveheight variation, necessary to compute the bistatic cross section, are documented in the Appendix. Upon invoking certain approximations, simple expressions for the characteristic length scales of vertical, horizontal, and horizontal-longitudinal coherence, are derived from the theorem. The three coherence length scales identify a coherence volume for the spatial coherence of a sound field arriving via the surface bounce channel. Models for spatial coherence derived from the van Cittert-Zernike theorem without these approximations compare reasonably well with measurements of complex vertical coherence made at 8 kHz and 20 kHz in the East China Sea as part of the 2001 ASIAEX field program. In terms of the ASIAEX field geometries and sea-surface conditions, at frequency of 20 kHz the coherence volume is a vertical layer 0.5 m thick by 3 m in each of the two horizontal dimensions; at 8 kHz these dimensions increase by a factor of 2.5, representing the ratio of the two frequencies.     

Three-dimensional H spectroscopic imaging of cerebral metabolites in the rat using surface coils

Three dimensional metabolite maps of protonated metabolites were obtained using ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 7 T. Surface coils were used to increase sensitivity and spatial resolution significantly over a volume coil two-dimensional acquisition. Adiabatic pulses were employed to provide homogeneous B₁ excitation and frequency selective refocusing over the volume of the rat brain. These techniques were employed to obtain three-dimensional spectroscopic imaging spectra from nominal voxel volumes of 9–30 μl from rat brain. The improved spatial resolution and sensitivity are also demonstrated with studies of focal ischemia in the rat.     

Structure of organosilicon dendrimers of higher generations

The structure of organosilicon dendrimers of the ninth generation with the four-functional core and butyl terminal groups has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering. It has been demonstrated that the dendrimers are monodisperse objects with an anisometric shape. The partial volume and the average scattering density have been determined using the contrast variation technique. It has been shown that the dendrimers under study are identical in overall sizes and scattering density distribution. It has been revealed that 20% of the overall volume of the dendrimer is accessible for the penetration of the solvent. The distribution of the scattering length density in the dendrimers has been simulated and reconstructed using the Monte Carlo method, and a change in the excluded volume for different contrasts has been revealed. The specific features of the spatial structure of organosilicon dendrimers of higher generations have been discussed.     

基于空间滤波测量气垫导轨上滑块的运行速度

当作为传感器的敏感器件通过一定的敏感体积来检测物体的运行状况时,敏感器件将以其特定的空间权函数对信息进行加权平均,其作用等效于空间低通滤波器.本文介绍了传感器的空间滤波原理,利用空间滤波测量了气垫导轨上滑块的运行速度.该方法不需要触发时间计数装置的开启信号和停止信号,也不需物体在2只传感器之间稳定运动,因而也降低了对运动物体的要求.     

Far-field photothermal microscopy beyond the diffraction limit

The principles of laser photothermal (PT) imaging beyond the diffraction limit are discussed. Algorithms for obtaining information on the sizes and the shapes of nanotargets are analyzed. Spectral PT lifetime imaging is suggested to provide spatial localization of nanotargets overlapping inside the diffraction volume.     

Spatial coherence of random laser emission

We experimentally studied the spatial coherence of random laser emission from dye solutions containing nanoparticles. The spatial coherence, measured in a double slit experiment, varied significantly with the density of scatterers and the size and shape of the excitation volume. A qualitative explanation is provided, illustrating the dramatic difference from the spatial coherence of a conventional laser. This work demonstrates that random lasers can be controlled to provide intense, spatially incoherent emission for applications in which spatial cross talk or speckle limit performance.     

The Effect of Superficial Tissue of the Head on Spatial Sensitivity Profiles for Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging

Near infrared spectroscopy and imaging have been used in measurements of brain activity. The scatter of light in biological tissue which causes ambiguity in the volume of tissue interrogated with near infrared instruments is a serious problem for near infrared spectroscopy and imaging. The heterogeneity of superficial tissue of the head, especially the presence of non-scattering clear cerebrospinal fluid, affects the light propagation in the brain. In this paper the theoretical results of the effect of superficial tissue on the spatial sensitivity profile in the head for near infrared spectroscopy and imaging are reviewed. Simplified homogeneous and heterogeneous models are used to investigate the effect of the non-scattering clear layer on the spatial sensitivity profile in the head. Time resolved spatial sensitivity profiles reveal the effect of this layer on the early and late detected light. Finally, the author presents the spatial sensitivity profiles in the sophisticated adult and neonate head models to discuss the effect of superficial tissue on the near infrared measure of brain activity bydetecting the two heads.     

Computer-generated volume holograms fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining

We define computer-generated volume holograms (CGVHs) as arbitrary 3D refractive index modulations designed to perform optical functions based on diffraction, scattering, and interference phenomena. CGVHs can differ dramatically from classical volume holograms in terms of coding possibilities, and from thin computer-generated holograms in terms of efficiency and selectivity. We propose an encoding technique for designing such holograms and demonstrate the concept by scanning focused femtosecond laser pulses to produce localized refractive index modifications in glass. These CGVHs show a significant increase in efficiency with thickness. Consequently, they are attractive for photonic integration with free-space and guided-wave devices, as well as for encoding spatial and temporal information.