Phase Structures of Microemulsions Determined by the Steady-State Fluorescence Method

Experimental The pyrene was purchased from Sigma Co., and the other chemicals were of A. R. grade. Water was deionized and distilled twice before use. The microemulsions of required compositions were prepared in the following way. The stock microemulsions were made without water at first, corresponding to the A point (10wt% octane, 63wt% n-butanol, 27wt% CTAB) in the phase diagram of Figure 1 and then a series of microemulsions were made along AW dilution line with adding water. Calcu…     

Studies on the Middle-phase Microemulsion of Lauric-N-methylglucamide

The phase behaviour of the middle-phase microemulsion for the quaternary system lauric-N-methylglucamide （MEGA-12）/n-butanollalkane/water has been studied with Winsor type, δ-γ, fishlike and novel ε-β fishlike phase diagrams. A series of phase inversions Winsor I （2）→Ⅲ（3）→Ⅱ （ 2 ） were observed for the three kinds of phase diagrams. The phase types, the phase volumes and the range of alcohol concentrations from the beginning to the end of the middle-phase microemulsion were obtained from Winsor phase diagram. From δ-γ, fishlike phase diagram, the physicochemical parameters, such as the mass fraction of n-butanol in the hydrophile-lipophile balanced inteffacial layer, A^s, the coordinates of the start and end points of the middle-phase microemulsion, and the solubilities of MEGA-12 and n-butanol in alkane phase were calculated. The novel ε-β fishlike phase diagram was also presented. From this kind of diagram, the above experimental phenomena were observed and the physicochemical parameters were calculated precisely. The novel fishlike phase diagram has advantages over the Winsor and δ-γ fishlike phase diagrams in the evaluation of the solubilization power of the microemulsion and calculation of the related physicochemical parameters.     

Flammability characterization and effects of magnesium oxide in halogen-free flame-retardant EVA blends

The effects of magnesium oxide(Mg O) on the flame retardant performance of intumescent systems based on ammonium polyphosphate(APP) and pentaerythritol(PER) in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer(EVA) were studied. The results showed that Mg O affects both the quality and quantity of residual char. There is an optimal value for the loading amount of Mg O. More or less Mg O loading may cause the formation of defective char layers and worsen the flame retardancy of EVA. According to the results of limiting oxygen index(LOI), vertical flammability test(UL94 rating) and cone calorimetry(CONE), the best flame retardancy with a strong and well intumescent char is obtained from the sample with 1 wt% of Mg O, which has the highest LOI value of 27.9, UL94 rating of V-0 and the lowest peak heat release rate of 242 k W·m?2.     

Preparation, Characterization and Application of ZnAlLa-Hydrotalcite-Like Compounds

The preparation of ZnAlLa-hydrotalcite-like compounds [ZnAlLa-HTLcs] was studied.ZnAlLa-HTLcs were synthesized by a method of variable pH with the raw materials of Zn(NO3)2.Al(NO3)3, La(NO3)3, and NaOH. The effects of some factors (i.e. pH values, the mole ratio of Al^3- to La^3-.temperature and the period of hydrothermal treatment) on the preparation of HTLcs were discussed systematically. XRD. TG-DTA. FT-IR spectroscopy, and ICP were performed to characterize ZnAlLa-HTLcs samples, and the thermal stability of HTLcs was also discussed. It was shown that unique ZnAlLa-HTLcs with high crystallinity can be prepared, under the conditions of pH=5.5-6.5. n(Zn^2 )/n(Al^3 La^3 )=2 and the atomic ratio of La^3 to Al^3 ranging from 0.07 to 2. hydrothermal treatment at 120℃ for 5 h. When the calcination of the HTLcs is performed at temperatures above 200℃. ZnO phase is detected with Al2O3 and La2O3 spreading on its top. The complex metal oxides derived from ZnAlLa-HTLcs at 500℃ have higher catalytic activity and selectivity than those from ZnAl-HTLcs for the esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol under the same reaction conditions.     

烷基聚葡糖苷C9.6G1.3/n-C4H9OH/n-C6H14/H2O微乳液体系的介电弛豫谱研究

The pseudotertiary phase diagram of the microemulsion system alkyl polyglucoside/n-butanol/n-hexane/water was plotted at （30.0±0.1） ℃. The dielectric measurements, including permittivity, conductivity, relaxation strength, characteristic relaxation time, etc,, were applied to investigate the microstructure of the system. Unique dielectric relaxations were observed over the frequency range of 5-10^7 Hz, taking place possibly through an interracial polarization mechanism. According to the results obtained from dielectric spectroscopy, the structures of the microemulsion O/W, BC and W/O were determined, and some dielectric and phase parameters were calculated.     

Performance and characterization of iron-nickel catalysts for light olefin production

A series of x (Fe, Ni)/Al2O3 catalysts (x = 2--12 wt%) were prepared using incipient wetness method and studied for the conversion of synthesis gas to light olefins. 6 wt%(Fe, Ni)/Al2O3 catalyst was found to be the optimal catalyst for the production of C2--C4 olefins. The effects of calcination behaviors and operational conditions on the catalytic performance of the optimal catalyst were investigated. The best operational conditions were molar feed ratio H2/CO = 2/1, T = 260 ℃, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 2600 h-1 and the pressure of 3 bar. Characterizations of both precursors and catalysts were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2-adsorption-desorption measurement, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).     

乳化剂在双重乳液合成含胰岛素纳米胶囊中的作用

Insulin entrapped nanocapsules to use polylactide （PLA） as the encapsulating material were prepared through a modified water-in-oil-in-water （W/O/W） emulsification and solvent evaporation method, The average particle size of PLA nanocapsules obtained was decreased to （181.5 ± 8.4） nm, and capably adjusted from 180 to 370 nm by using different types and content of nonionic emulsifiers. The influence of emulsifiers on property of nanocapsules was discussed in detail. The effects of spans and tweens to modify the size of the nanocapsules were different, which can be due to the distribution of the surfactants on the inner interface between the inner water and oil of the double emulsion. The encapsulation efficiency and drug release of nanocapsules were affected obviously by the content and type of emulsifiers.     

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND COMPOSITION CHANGE IN THE SURFACE REGION OF POLYPROPYLENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES ANNEALED AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

A model experiment was done to clear the formation mechanism of protective layers during combustion of polypropylene(PP)/organically modified montmorillonite(OMMT) nanocomposites.The investigation was focused on the effects of annealing temperature on the structural changes and protective layer formation.The decomposition of OMMT and degradation of PP/OMMT nanocomposites were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The structural evolution and composition change in the surface region of...     

水与正丁醇二元体系最低共沸混合物的热容

Molar heat capacities of n-butanol and the azeotropic mixture in the binary system [water （x=0.716） plus n-butanol （x=0.284）] were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter in a temperature range from 78 to 320 K. The functions of the heat capacity with respect to thermodynamic temperature were estabhshed for the azeotropic mixture. A glass transition was observed at （111.9±1.2） K. The phase transitions took place at （179.26±0.77） and （269.69±0.14） K corresponding to the solid-hquid phase transitions of n-butanol and water, respectively. The phase-transition enthalpy and entropy of water were calculated. A thermodynamic function of excess molar heat capacity with respect to temperature was estabhshed, which took account of physical mixing, destructions of self-association and cross-association for n-butanol and water, respectively. The thermodynamic functions and the excess thermodynamic ones of the binary systems relative to 298.15 K were derived based on the relationships of the thermodynamic functions and the function of the measured heat capacity and the calculated excess heat capacity with respect to temperature.     

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for syngas methanation: Effect of Mn promoter

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts with different amounts of manganese ranging from 1 to 3 wt% as promoter were prepared by co-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, XRD, TPR, SEM and TEM. Their catalytic activity towards syngas methanation reaction was also investigated using a fixed-bed integral reactor. It was demonstrated that the addition of manganese to Ni/Al2O3 catalysts can increase the catalyst surface area and average pore volume, but decrease NiO crystallite size, leading to higher activity and stability. The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on carbon oxides conversion and CH4 formation rate were also studied. High carbon oxides conversion, CH4 selectivity and formation rate were achieved at the reaction temperature range of 280 300℃.     

The Effect of Synthesis Method on Three-component IPNs Morphology and Property

Three-component IPNs were synthesized from polyurethane/poly (methyl acrylate aminoethyl methacrylate)/epoxy resin [PU/P(MADMA)/EP] by simultaneous synthesis interpenetrating polymer networks method(SINs) and sequential synthesis interpenetrating polymer networks method (STPNs). Comparing the effect of the two synthesis methods on the morphology and mechanical properties of three-component IPNs, it was found that the compatibility of three-component IPNs depends on the component ratios and interpenetrating formation , the different synthesis methods make the entanglement and interpenetrating between networks changed. The tensile strength of SIPNs is bigger than that of SINs, while the elongation at break of SINs is bigger than that of SIPNs. It is feasible to use stepwise staining method to observe the morphology change.     

Autothermal Reforming of Methane over Ni Catalysts Supported on CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3

Ni catalysts supported on various mixed oxides of Al2O3 with rare earth oxide and transitional metal oxides were synthesized. The studies focused on the measurement of the autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen over Ni catalysts supported on the mixed oxide ZrxCe30-xAl70Oδ (x=5, 10, 15). The catalytic performance of Ni/Zr10Ce20Al70Oδ was better than that of other catalysts. XRD results showed that the addition of Zr to Ni/Ce30Al70Oδ prevented the formation of NiAl2O4 and facilitated the dispersion of NiO. Effects of CuO addition to Zr10Ce20Al70Oδ were also investigated. The activity of Ni catalyst supported on CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 was somewhat affected and the Ni/Cu5Zr10Ce20Al65Oδ showed the best catalytic performance with the highest CH4 conversion, yield of H2, selectivity for H2 and H2/CO production ratio in operation temperatures ranging from 650 to 750℃.     

Preparation and characterization of ultrafine Fe-Cu-based catalysts for CO hydrogenation

The ultrafine particles of a new style Fe-Cu-based catalysts for CO hydrogenation were prepared by impregnating the organic sol of Fe（OH）3 and Cu（OH）2 onto the activated Al2O3, in which the organic sol of Fe（OH）3 and Cu（OH）2 were prepared in the microemulsion of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium（S）/n-butanol（A）/toluene（O）/water with V（A）/V（O） = 0.25 and W（A）/W（S） = 1.50. This catalyst was characterized by particle size analysis, XRD and TG. The results of particle size analysis showed that Fe（OH）3 particles with a mean size of 17.1 nm and Cu（OH）2 particles with an average size of 6.65 um were obtained. TG analysis and XRD patterns suggested that 673 K is the optimal calcination temperature. CO hydrogenation produced C＋OH with a high selectivity above 58 wt% by using the ultrafine particles as catalyst, and the total alcohol yield of 0.250 g·ml^-1 ·h^-1 was obtained when the contents of Al2O3 and K were 88.61 wt% and 1.60 wt%, respectively.     

Prediction of vapor-liquid-liquid-hydrate phase equilibrium for multicomponent systems containing tetrahydrofuran

Numbers of hydrate-based new techniques require the algorithm to be able to perform multiphase flash calculation where one phase is a gas hydrate phase.Tetrahydrofuran(THF)is frequently used as a thermodynamic promoter in the development of hydrate-based technique,which can reduce the hydrate formation pressure,especially when methane or hydrogen exists.However,it is a hard work to describe accurately the phase behavior of THF-water system due to their polarities.It has been proved that the water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion can raise the hydrate formation rate and improve the single stage separation efficiency,and furthermore prevent the hydrate from agglomeration to plug the facilities.The goal of this work is to present an extension of our previous work to the prediction of the vapor-liquid-liquid-hydrate equilibrium of such complex systems.These include ternary and quaternary mixtures with W/O emulsion containing THF.The proposed algorithm of four phase equilibrium calculation is very simple due to avoiding the complexity of simultaneous solution of the sophisticated equation group.The calculation results were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.     

Catalytic methanation reaction over alumina supported cobalt oxide doped noble metal oxides for the purification of simulated natural gas

A series of alumina supported cobalt oxide based catalysts doped with noble metals such as ruthenium and platinum were prepared by wet impregnation method.The variables studied were difference ratio and calcination temperatures.Pt/Co(10∶90)/Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 700 ℃ was found to be the best catalyst which able to convert 70.10% of CO2 into methane with 47% of CH4 formation at maximum temperature studied of 400 ℃.X-ray diffraction analysis showed that this catalyst possessed the active site Co3O4 in face-centered cubic and PtO2 in the orthorhombic phase with Al2O3 existed in the cubic phase.According to the FESEM micrographs,both fresh and spent Pt/Co(10∶90)/Al2O3 catalysts displayed small particle size with undefined shape.Nitrogen Adsorption analysis showed that 5.50% reduction of the total surface area for the spent Pt/Co(10∶90)/Al2O3 catalyst.Meanwhile,Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX) indicated that Co and Pt were reduced by 0.74% and 0.14% respectively on the spent Pt/Co(10∶90)/Al2O3catalyst.Characterization using FT-IR and TGA-DTA analysis revealed the existence of residual nitrate and hydroxyl compounds on the Pt/Co(10∶90)/Al2O3 catalyst.     

Fluorescence quenching of anthracene by N,N-diethylaniline in the O/W microemulsion

Photoinduced electron-transfer system of anthracene-N,N-di-ethylaniline (DEA) was studied in the oil in water (O/W) mi-croemulsions formed by SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate),BA (benzyl alcohol) and H2O.The time-resolved fluorescence study showed that the fluorescence quenching of the excited anthracene by DEA occurs at the interface of the O/W mi-croemulsions.Besides as the quencher of the excited anthracene,N,N-diethylaniline could act as a cosurfactant to change the structures of the microemulsions,just as BA did.The quenching rate constants for the different structures of the system were determined.     

Effect of Transition Metals (Cu, Co and Fe) on the Autothermal Reforming of Methane over Ni/Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.7Oδ Catalyst

The transition metals (Cu, Co, and Fe) were applied to modify Ni/Ce0.2Zr0.1 Al0.7Oδcatalyst. The effects of transition metals on the catalytic properties of Ni/Ce0.2Zr0.1 Al0.7Oδautothermal reforming of methane were investigated. The Ni-supported catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR and XPS. Tests in autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen showed that the addition of transition metals (Cu and Co) significantly increased the activity of catalyst under the conditions of lower reaction temperature, and Ni/Cu0.05Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.65Oδwas found to have the highest conversion of CH4 among all catalysts in the operation temperatures ranging from 923 K to 1023 K. TPR, XRD and XPS measurements indicated that the cubic phases of CexZr1-xO2 solid solution were formed in the preparation process of catalysts. Strong interaction was found to exist between NiO and CexZr1-xO2 solid solution. The addition of Cu improved the dispersion of NiO, inhibited the formation of NiAl2O4, and thus significantly promoted the activity of the catalyst Ni/Cu0.05Ce0.2Zr0.1Al0.65Oδ.     

Studies on Middle-Phase Microemulsions of Green Surfactant n-Dodecyl Polyglucoside C12G1.46

The three-phases behavior in the quaternary stsem of n-dodecyl polyglucoside C12G1.46/1-butanol/cyclohexane/water has been studied at 40℃ in terms of the variables γ and δ.Increasing δ at constant γcauses a phase inversion from an oil-in-water microemulsion in contact with excess oil(winsor I or 2) to a water-in-oil microemulsion in contact with excess water (winsor Ⅱor 2)via a middle-phase microemulsion in contact with excess oil and water(winsor Ⅲor 3).By taking into account the different solubilities of alkyl polyglucoside and 1-butanol in the oil phase,the composition of the hydrophile-lipophile balanced interfacial film in the middle of the three-phase body can be calculated.The effects of different oils and aqueous media on the phase behavior and on the composition of the interfacial film and the efficiency for alkyl polyglucoside to make equal weights of water and oil to a single phase were investigated.It was found that the oil molecules with small molecular volumes can improve the solubilizing efficiency of the surfactant to form single-phase microemulsion.In inorganic salt(NaCl) and acid(HCl) solutions,less 1-butanol is needed than that in alkali(NaOH) solution to form middle-phase microemulsion.     

LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT CAPACITIES AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF LANTHANUM AND CERIUM TRIISOTHIOCYANATE HYDRATESI (Ⅰ)——La(NCS)_3, 7H_2O AND Ce(NCS)_3. 7H_2O

The heat capacities of La(NCS)_3. 7H_2O and Ce(NCS)_3. 7H_2O have been measured from 13 to 300K with a fully-automated adiabatic calorimeter. The construction and procedures of the calorimetric system are described in detail. No obvious thermal anomaly was observed for both compounds in the experimental temperature range. The polynomial equations for calculating the heat capacity values of the two compounds in the range 13—300K were obtained by the least-squares fitting based on the experimental C_p data. The C_p values below 13K were estimated by using the Debye and Einstein heat Capacity functions. The standard molar thermodynamic functions were calculated from 0 to 300K. Gibbs energies of formation were also calculated.     

Low temperature heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of rare earth triisothiocyanate hydrates——Pr(NCS)_3· 7H_2O and Nd(NCS)_3· 7H_2O

Heat capacities of Pr(NCS)3·7H2O and Nd(NCS)3· 7H2O haw been measured from 13 to 300 K by using a fully automated adiabatic calorimeter. Schottky anomaly was observed for Pr(NCS)3·7H2O below 50 K. The polynomial equations for calculating the heat capacity values of the two compounds in the range of 13-300 K were obtained by the least-squares fitting based on the experimental Cp data. The Cp values below 13 K were estimated by using the Debye-Einstein and Schottky heat capacity functions. The standard molar thermodynamic functions were computed from 0 to 300 K. The standard entropies and Gibbs energies of formation of the two compounds were also calculated.