聚氟代单烯烃的~(19)F核磁共振波谱研究

本文研究了聚偏氟乙烯(PVF_2),偏氟乙烯-全氟丙烯(VF_2-HFP)共聚物和偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯-全氟丙烯(VF_2-TFE-HFP)共聚物的~19F核磁共振谱。由谱线的化学位移和强度归纳出二单元组和三单元组链节的序列分布,并计算出两者的相互比例。     

一些长链全氟烷基化合物的19-FNMR化学位移

长链全氟烷基化合物的~(19)F NMR化学位移已有很多报道,然而,文献报道的大多是CF_3-(CF_2)_n-X化合物,对于X-(CF_2)_n-Y化合物报道相对较少。长链全氟烷基化合物的~(19)F NMR谱的归属是较困难的,特别是对于X-(CF_2)_n-Y的化合物的谱,由于两端取代基的效应,图谱归属更困难。本文报道一些未报道过的长链全氟烷基化合物的~(19)F NMR化学位移的数据,并讨论它们的归属。     

有机氟化学的新进展

本文综述氟有机化学的最新进展。论及:1.气溶胶直接氟化法,新的温和的氟化试剂——CH_3CO_2F,N-氟代二氢吡咯酮,R_F(?)(C_6H_5)CF_3SO_3(?)和喷雾干燥的KF。2.合成全氟烷基磺酸的新方法,如全氟烷基碘在金属活化下与SO_2在DMF中的反应,又如I(CF_2)_2O(CF_2)_2SO_2F与C_2F_4调聚和全氟卤代烷的亚磺化脱碘反应。3.惰性—CF_2—及—CF_3的新反应,如五氟一氯丙酮与KF的反应,多氯氟乙烷与硫酚钠的反应。4.具有生理活性的氟化物,如抗癌物fluorosesqisiloxane,杀虫剂29-fluorositosterol。     

氟氯烃类的反应——Ⅴ.温和条件下水解 R_FCCl_3成 R_FCO_2H(英文)

全氟羧酸离子交换树脂通常为含酯基或隐性酯基的全氟烷基乙烯基醚(PVEX)和四氟乙烯(TFE)的共聚物。该树脂成膜可成为功能全氟离子交换膜,给氯碱工业带来技术革命。PVEX单体的合成一直是有机氟化学家感兴趣的课题之一。胡昌明等以4,4-二氯六氟丁烯-1(CF_2=CFCF_2CFCl_2)为起始原料,合成了一类新的带隐性酯基(～CFCl_2)的全氟羧酸树脂单体1和2。然而,～CFCl_2的水解只有在发烟硫酸中才能进行,在此条件下烯醚双键被破坏。黄维垣等发现的亚磺化脱卤反应,促使我们探讨通过水解α,α-二氯多氟或全氟亚磺酸盐来合成含氟羧酸的可能性。最近,我们发现 R_FCCl_3经亚磺化脱氯生成的 R_FCCl_2SO_2Na,在光氧化后,可在温和条件下水解生成 R_FCO_2H。在此条件下,烯醚双键不会被破坏。如,1,2经 AlCl_3处理得3和4;3、4与连二亚硫酸钠反应生成的亚磺酸盐溶于水中,用紫外光照射6h 得对应的羧酸,甲酯化后,得化合物5、6。5、6结构经元素分析、IR、MS 以及 ~(19)F NMR、~1H NMR 验证。其它一些 R_FCCl_3,如 CF_3CCl_3、CF_2(CCl_3)_2经脱氯亚磺化、光氧化过程,也可生成对应的羧酸。     

聚全氟三嗪高温弹性体的核磁共振

含氟高温弹性体是六十年代发展的一项新材料。利用碘代氟烷与全氟环丙醚生成碘代全氟醚,最后生成2,4-二(ω-碘六氟丙基)-6-七氟丙基-s-三嗪和2,4-二(ω-碘双氧全氟烷基)-6-六氟丙基-s-三嗪,结构式分别为Ⅰ和Ⅱ。利用~(19)F核磁共振谱鉴定其结构。     

十氟环己烷~(13)C NMR谱图分析

本文报导了六个二氢十氟环己烷异构体的~(13)C NMR的化学位移和偶合常数,指定了谱峰的归属,并对数据进行了讨论。含氟化合物~(13)C NMR谱中谱峰的归属主要通过预先确定~(19)F谱的谱峰归属,然后通过作~(19)F的选择性去偶的~(13)C NMR谱来定出~(13)C谱谱峰的归属。     

聚全氟乙丙烯的转变

<正> 聚全氟乙丙烯(F_s-46)是四氟乙烯(TFE)与六氟丙烯(HFP)的共聚物。McCrum用扭摆法测得α和β转变与HFP含量有关。Eby等用超声波法发现γ松弛也与HFP含量有关。 本文用动态力学法发现HFP含量对α、β、γ转变都有影响。用介电方法得到了α、γ、δ三个转变峰。δ峰属于端基运动,Eby等认为是—CF_2H基运动;我们从红外光谱图中检测到—COOH基的存在,认为与—COOH基运动也有关。     

α,α,ω-三氢全氟醇类的化学

四氟乙烯与甲醇在游离基引发剂的作用下发生調节聚合反应,生成一系列的低級調聚产物,即含有奇数碳原子的α,α,ω三氫全氟醇类: nC_2F_4+CH_3OH→H(CF_2—CF_2)_nCH_2OH(n=1—12)这些产物具有多氟化合物特有的稳定性和不燃性,又含有活泼的伯醇基,所以是氟有机化学中的一类重要合成中間体,又是制备某些特殊材料如高溫潤滑剂、介     

α-甲氧羰基二氟乙酰氟及3,3,3-三氯二氟丙酰氟的合成

α-甲氧羰基二氟乙酰氟 FCOCF_2CO_2CH_3(1)及3,3,3-三氯二氟丙酰氟Cd_3CF_2COF(2)是合成含羧酸前体的全氟烯醚的重要原料。全氟烷基乙烯基醚 CF_2=CFOR_f 与四氟乙烯共聚得到的共聚物,具有聚四氟乙烯的化学稳定性,又能克服聚四氟乙烯难以加工的缺点。近二十年来,由于发现在全氟聚合物的主链上引入带功能团的侧链后,可以使其在保持氟碳链优点的同时,又具有某些特殊功能,如化学催化、离子交换与选择透过性、电荷传递等能力,因此合成带各种功能团的全氟烷基乙烯基醚,作为全氟功能高分子的共聚单体,是一个有趣的课题。     

π-二芳烃铬(0)催化全氟烯烃和全氟炔烃的齐聚和聚合

π-二芳烃铬(0)能催化齐聚全氟丙烯,得到两种两聚体(ⅡA和ⅡB),两种三聚体(ⅢA和ⅢB)和两种脱氟三聚体(ⅣA和ⅣB)。后者系由ⅢB先氢化,而后脱除HF而形成的。脱除下来的氟化氢加成到全氟丙烯上形成2-氢代七氟丙烷。同位素标记证明了氢化ⅢB的氢来自催化剂的配位体,可能经过π-σ重排。本文提出了可能的机理。π-二苯铬(0)能催化聚合全氟丁炔-2,得到白色粉末状的聚全氟丁炔-2;能催化共聚全氟丙烯和全氟丁炔-2,得到固体和蜡状的共聚物。用分子内Wittig反应成功地合成了R_fC≡C-CN(R_f=CF_3,C_2F_5,C_3F_7),继而用π-二苯铬(0)催化聚合C_2F_5C≡C-CN,得到了黑色的粉末状产物。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。