13C, 14N, 15N and 17O NMR spectra of nitropyrroles and nitroimidazoles

Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen NMR spectra of some nitro derivatives of pyrrole and imidazole have been investigated. The ¹³C chemical shifts of para-carbons and the ¹⁷O chemical shifts of the nitro group correlate qualitatively with the electron densities on these carbon and oxygen atoms, which in turn depend upon the degree of conjugation of the nitro groups with the heterocyclic ring. Conjugation of several nitro groups with the benzene ring is in most cases not impaired by mutual interactions and the ¹³C shifts show good additivity. Such additivity is much worse in pyrrole and imidazole derivatives. Taken together with the diamagnetic nature of these deviations from additivity, this leads to a possible conclusion about the less pronounced conjugation of the nitro groups with the heterocyclic ring in heterocyclic dinitro derivatives.     

密度泛函理论研究5-单苯基卟啉分子的几何结构和拉曼光谱

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了5-单苯基卟啉(H2MPP)的几何结构和拉曼振动频率. 计算表明, 单个次甲基位置上的苯基取代降低了卟啉骨架大环的对称性. 苯基团取代对次甲基位置附近结构的影响较大, 而对吡咯环结构的影响较小. 计算给出的拉曼振动频率(校正因子为0.971)与实验测量数据吻合较好, 均方根误差(RMS)小于6.7 cm-1. 根据理论计算结果对实测拉曼光谱进行了指认, 计算分析和实验观察同时表明, 单个次甲基位置上的苯基取代导致卟啉大环的一些平面内简正振动, 如ν6、ν20、ν24和ν32等简正振动发生分裂. 分析认为其根本原因为单苯基取代导致的卟啉骨架大环对称性的降低.     

A study of the reaction mechanism of 3-nitro-4-R-furoxans formation by nitrosation of dipotassium salts of 1-hydroxyimino-2,2-dinitro-1-R-ethanes

The mechanism proposed earlier for explanation of the furoxan ring formation in the nitrosation of dipotassium salts of 1-hydroxyimino-2,2-dinitro-1-R-ethanes with NaNO₂/AcOH was confirmed experimentally by determining the ionization constants of the dinitromethyl and oxime fragments in the starting dipotassium salt and by examining ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁴N, and ¹⁵N NMR and mass spectra of isomeric 3(4)-nitro-4(3)-R-furoxans with the ¹⁵N(5) and ¹⁵N(2) ring atoms, respectively, and 3,4-diarylfuroxan with both ¹⁵N-labeled ring atoms. A comparative analysis of the IR and Raman spectra of the ¹⁵N-labeled furoxan derivatives obtained and their unlabeled analogs allowed refinement of the literature data on interpretation of the vibrational spectra of furoxan derivatives.     

Complete vapor phase assignment for the fundamental vibrations of furan,pyrrole and thiophene

Vibrational spectroscopic studies, including IR vapor, Raman vapor and Raman liquid spectra, have been made to obtain the complete set of fundamental vibrational frequencies in the vapor and liquid states for furan, pyrrole and thiophene. For furan, vapor values have been determined for the two previously ambiguous fundamentals, ν₁₁ and ν₁₈. Also determined is the vapor frequncy of two fundamentals of furan for which only the liquid value had been known. The fundamental vibrational frequencies of pyrrole have been completely determined in the gas and liquid states. The thiophene results confirm the assignment of Rico et al. [Spectrochim. Acta 21, 689 (1965)], although for several of the fundamental modes the vapor frequency is now measured. The Raman vapor spectra are conclusive concerning the refinements in vibrational assignment for furan and pyrrole, where virtually every binary combination band involving the out-of-plane fundamentals that yield an A₁ transition is observed. The Raman vapor results establish two significant Fermi resonances affecting fundamental vibration levels in pyrrole. Also, ¹³C and ³⁴S isotopomers are identified in the Q-branches of the Raman vapor spectra at natural abundance. A comparison of the spectroscopic and calorimetric ideal-gas thermodynamic properties is made. The differences are negligible in the region where the calorimetric data are most reliable.     

Surface enhanced Raman spectra of nucleic acid components adsorbed at a silver electrode

High-resolution vibrational spectra of nucleic acid components adsorbed on a silver electrode were obtained using a spectroelectrochemical method based on the large-intensity enhancement for Raman scattering at electrode surfaces.The laser surface Raman spectra of purine, adenine, adenosine, deoxyadenosine, adenine mononucleotides, adenylyl-3′, 5′-adenosine and polyriboadenylic acid were recorded in the range of 150–3500 cm^?1. The intensities of the vibrational bands were highly dependent upon the electrochemical preparation of the electrode, the applied potential and the nature of the adsorbate species. High-intensity spectra in rather dilute bulk solutions were obtained.The phosphate derivatives of adenosine exhibited strongly enhanced Raman scattering. Spectral band frequencies corresponded closely with normal Raman spectra of these molecules in solution. The adenine ring breathing mode at 740 cm^?1 and the adenine ring skeletal vibration at 1335 cm^?1 produced prominent Raman scattering. A strong band at about 240 cm^?1 for the adenine mononucleotides was attributed to silver/adsorbed phosphate group vibrations.     

Vibrational spectroscopic study of pyrrole and its deuterated derivatives: comparison of the quality of the applicability of the DFT/Becke3P86 and the DFT/Becke3LYP functionals

The aim of our work is a reassignment of the vibrational spectra of pyrrole based on high-level quantum-chemical calculations. This is a continuation of our earlier works on one side of pyrrolydine and N-methylpyrrolidine and on the other side of five-membered ring parent molecules with two-ring nitrogens.

Infrared and Raman spectra are reported for the isotopic species of pyrrole, 1-deuteropyrrole and pentadeuteropyrrole.

The molecular structure and the harmonic force field were calculated applying the ab initio density functional theory (DFT) level with both the Becke3P86 and the Becke3LYP functionals with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The force fields were fitted to the experimental fundamentals using in both cases eight scale factors. Though some scaled frequencies show larger deviations from the experimental ones, the percentage deviations of the calculated frequencies from the experimental ones are less than 1.0% for pyrrole and less than 1.2% for the deuterated derivatives in the case of both applied functionals.     

煤焦油的拉曼光谱表征和组分识别

用355 nm激光作为激发光源检测了煤焦油常温拉曼光谱;应用两种量子化学计算程序(Gaussian-DFT和ADF)模拟了占总量1%以上的15种煤焦油组分的拉曼光谱,模拟结果与实验光谱能较好匹配,并对振动模式进行了归属分析。研究表明,煤焦油组分主要由共轭六元环构成,其拉曼光谱特征谱带主要在1 660、1 420和1 265 cm^-1附近,当共轭六元环成链式结构时,1 420 cm^-1谱带特征明显;五元环嵌入共轭六元环链式结构会导致其拉曼光谱在1 265和1 660 cm^-1谱带相对强度增大;五元环、杂原子基团和甲基侧链依附在共轭六元环上,则对组分的拉曼光谱影响不显著。     

Long-range spin-spin coupling between protons and fluorine nuclei in trifluoroacetylpyrroles

Conclusions Long-range spin-spin coupling between the fluorine and H⁴ nuclei of the pyrrole ring is realized in the¹H and¹⁹F NMR spectra of 2-organyl-5-trifluoroacetylpyrroles and their N-vinyl derivatives. The predominant conformations of the molecules of the studied compounds were established.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1122–1124, May, 1979.     

IR and Raman Vibrational Assignments for Metal-free Phthalocyanine from Density Functional B3LYP／6-31G（d） Method

Vibrational (IR and Raman) spectra for the metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) have been comparatively investigated through experimental and theoretical methods. The frequencies and intensities were calculated at density functional B3LYP level using the 6-3 IG(d) basis set. The calculated vibrational frequencies were scaled by the factor 0.9613 and compared with the experimental result. In the IR spectrum, the characteristic IR band at 1008.cm^-1 is interpreted as C-N (pyrrole) in-plane bending vibration, in contrast with the traditional assigned N-H in-plane or out-of-plane bending vibration. The band at 874 cm^-1 is attributed to the isoindole deformation and aza vibration. In the Raman spectrum, the bands at 540, 566, 1310, 1340, 1425, 1448 and 1618 cm^-1 are also re-interpreted. Assignments of vibrational bands in the IR and Raman spectra are given based on density functional calculations for the first time. The present work provides valuable information to the traditional empirical assignment and will be helpful for further investigation of the vibration spectra of phthalocyanine analogues and their metal complexes.     

Coaxial conducting polymer nanotubes: polypyrrole nanotubes coated with polyaniline or poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-phenylenediamine) and products of their carbonisation

Polypyrrole nanotubes were prepared by the oxidation of pyrrole with iron(III) chloride in a reaction mixture containing methyl orange. They were subsequently coated with polyaniline or poly(p-phenylenediamine) in situ during the oxidation of respective monomers in their presence. A part of the coaxial nanotubes was deprotonated using ammonia solution. The conductivity of polypyrrole nanotubes of 60 S cm^?1, was reduced after the coating, and again after the deprotonation, but maintained at a level above 10^?4 S cm^?1. Infrared and Raman spectra reflect the presence of the polymer overlayer deposited on the polypyrrole template. Thermogravimetric analysis was used as a tool for the analytical carbonisation of samples in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The conversion of conducting polymers to nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes was confirmed using Raman spectra.     

Amino acid-pyrrole N-conjugates; a new class of antioxidants II. Effectiveness of singlet oxygen quenching by luminescence measurements

The pyrrole-amino acid and peptide N-conjugates synthesized from tyrosine, histidine and glutathione very effectively quench the 1270 nm singlet oxygen luminescence, at rates ranging from 10⁸ to 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggests that the electron-donating properties of the methyl groups after 2,5-dimethyl substitution on the pyrrole ring are probably an important determinant of the reactivity of singlet oxygen with the N-conjugate of glutathione. However, intramolecular interactions between the pyrrole ring and the side chain may also modulate the reactivity of the antioxidant as suggested by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies carried out on tyrosine derivatives. Efficient fluorescence quenching of the phenol ring by the pyrrole ring occurs in the tyrosine derivatives. The reactivities of these antioxidants with ¹O₂ are comparable in methanol, ethanol and D₂O.     

Synthesis and characterization of liquid crystalline polyacrylates and non-liquid crystalline polypyrroles from bifunctional monomers

Two kinds of polymerizations of liquid-crystalline N-{{W-{4-[4-(11-acryloyloxy)undecanoxybenzoyl]biphenyleneoxy}alkyl}}pyrrole gave a side-chain liquid-crystalline polyacrylate containing pyrrole group and a non-liquid crystalline polypyrrole containing acrylate group. Liquid crystallinity was determined by DSC and optical polarizing microscope measurements. The monomers having hexyl or decyl group as the alkyl group exhibited an undefined smectic, smectic B, and smectic A phases on the heating stage. The radically polymerized polyacrylate derivatives containing the pyrrole group showed smectic A, smectic C, and undefined smectic phases on the cooling stage. On the other hand, soluble N-substituted polypyrrole derivatives containing the terminal acrylate group which were prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization by ferric chloride catalyst did not show liquid crystallinity. Structure analysis of the polypyrroles performed by ¹H and ¹³C-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies demonstrated that the polymerization occurred at the pyrrole ring. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3877–3887, 1999     

Resonance raman spectra and structure of p-aminoazobenzene dyes in diprotonated form

Resonance Raman spectra of methyl orange and its three ring deuterated and three ¹⁵N-azo derivatives have been measured in solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid-d₂. From the isotope shifts of the observed Raman bands, methylorange is confirmed to take the dicationic azo form protonated at the dimethylamino and the α-azo nitrogen atoms. The resonance Raman spectrum of tropaeolin OO is entirely different from that of methyl orange in concentrated sulfuric acid and is well elucidated on the basis of the protonated hydrazone-form, -NH-N⁺H =.     

Vibrational spectra of mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker complexes: Density functional theory calculations

The vibrational (IR and Raman) spectra of neutral and reduced mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker complexes Y(Pc)(Por) and [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ [the simplified models of mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) rare earth(III) complexes] are studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The simulated IR and Raman spectra of Y(Pc)(Por) are compared with the experimental IR spectrum of Tb(Pc)(TClPP) and Raman spectrum of Y(Pc)(TClPP), respectively, and many bands can acceptably fit in spite of the different species. On the basis of comparison with the simulated spectra of PbPc and PbPor together with the assistance of normal coordinate analysis, the calculated frequencies in their IR and Raman spectra are identified in terms of the vibrational mode of different ligand for the first time. The calculated frequency at 1048 cm⁻¹ in the IR spectrum of [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ with contribution from both Pc and Por vibrational modes is the characteristic IR vibrational mode of the reduced double-decker, while the characteristic IR vibrational mode of Y(Pc)(Por) attributed from the vibration of phthalocyanine monoanion radical Pc⁻ appears at 1257 cm⁻¹. In line with our previous experimental findings that the Raman spectra of M(Pc)(TPP) and M(Pc)(TClPP) are dominated by the Pc vibrational modes, theoretical calculations indicate that most of the Raman vibrational modes contributed from Por ring are covered up by those of Pc ring and thus are hard to be recognized in the Raman spectra of [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ and Y(Pc)(Por) due to their much weaker intensity in comparison with that of Pc ligand. Comparison in the IR and Raman spectra between [Y(Pc)(Por)]⁻ and Y(Pc)(Por) also suggests the localization of hole on the Pc ring in the neutral double-decker Y(Pc)(Por). The present work, representing the first detailed DFT study on the vibrational spectra of mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) rare earth(III) double-decker complexes, is useful in helping to understand the vibrational spectroscopic properties of this series of mixed tetrapyrrole ring complexes.     

Pseudoreceptor model for ryanodine derivatives at calcium release channels

This paper describes the generation of a pseudoreceptor model for ryanodine receptor (RyR) modulating ryanoids in rabbit skeletal muscle. For this purpose, the molecular modelling software PrGen was applied to correlate experimentally determined and calculated free energies of binding for a set of 15 ryanodine derivatives. The final model indicates a narrow cleft with hydrogen bond donor and acceptor capacities (represented by an Asn) as most crucial for binding the pyrrole carboxylate substituent at C3 of ryanodine. In addition, hydrophobic residues flank the aromatic pyrrole ring (Tyr, Phe, and Ile). Two of those residues (Tyr and Ile) interact with the 2-isopropyl moiety, which seems to contribute to binding. Opposite to the pyrrole locus, a second hydrophobic region (represented by a Leu) restricts ryanodine derivatives in their longitudinal axis and leads to the discrimination of equatorial and axial positioned methyl groups and of polar substituents at C9. Finally, a charged glutamate residue generates strong hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with the hydroxyl groups at C10 and C15. For this binding-site model – composed of six amino acid residues – a correlation for the training set ligands of R = 0.99 (Q² = 0.975) and a root mean square (rms) deviation of 0.568 kcal/mol for the prediction of the binding energies of four test set ligands was obtained. Based on this pseudoreceptor model the putative topology of the real binding site of ryanoids will be discussed.     

The NMR spectra of the porphyrins: 24—The NMR spectra of some tetraarylchlorins

The synthesis and complete assignment of the ¹H NMR spectra of 5-(o-pivaloylaminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (PIVTPP) and its two chiral dihydro adducts 3,4-dihydro-(PIVPTPC-I)- and 7,8-dihydr- (PIVPTPC-II)-porphyrins are reported. The use of the zinc complexes of the chlorins as chiral shift reagents with optically active bases is discussed. Comparison of the observed shift differences between the chlorins and the parent porphyrin with those calculated by a ring current model shows that a decrease in the ring current occurs on chlorin formation, and also specific effects occur at the reduced pyrrole ring, presumably reflecting different steric constraints.     

Substituent Effects on the Structural Features and Nonlinear Optical Properties of the Organic Alkalide Li+(calix[4]pyrrole)Li−

The effects of substituents on the structure, character, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the organic alkalide Li⁺(calix[4]pyrrole)Li^? were studied by density functional theory. Natural bond orbital analysis and vertical ionization energies reveal that electron‐donating substituents strengthen the alkalide character of Li⁺(calix[4]pyrrole)Li^? and that they are beneficial for a larger first hyperpolarizability (β₀) value. However, electron‐withdrawing substituents have the opposite effect. The dependence of the NLO properties on the number of substituents and their relative position was detected in multisubstituted Li⁺(calix[4]pyrrole)Li^? compounds. For both the amino‐ and methyl‐substituted derivatives, the polarizabilities and the first hyperpolarizabilities increase as more pyrrole β‐H atoms are substituted. Moreover, distribution of the substituents so that they are as far away from each other as possible resulted in an increase in the β₀ value. The new knowledge obtained in this study may provide an effective approach to enhance the NLO responses of alkalides by employing pyrrole derivatives as complexants.     

Vibrational spectra of certain triphenylmethane dyes and their structure in solution

A combined analysis of two types of vibrational spectra (Raman and infrared) has proven the lactone structure of colorless solid preparations of phenolphthalein and thymolphthalein. It has been shown that phenolsulfophthalein, its alkyl derivatives, and bromcresol purple exist in the solid state primarily in the form of an intensely colored zwitterion; bromphenol blue and bromthymol blue exist primarily in the form of a colorless sultone. For the ionized forms of triphenylmethane dyes (cationic and anionic chromophore systems) vibrations with a frequency near 1360 cm^–1 are characteristic in the IR spectra and also in the Raman spectra.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 688–698, November–December, 1990.     

Raman spectroscopic investigation of the antimalarial agent mefloquine

The antimalarial agent mefloquine was investigated using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT NIR) Raman and FT IR spectroscopy. The IR and Raman spectra were calculated with the help of density functional theory (DFT) and a very good agreement with the experimental spectra was achieved. These DFT calculations were applied to unambiguously assign the prominent features in the experimental vibrational spectra. The calculation of the potential energy distribution (PED) and the atomic displacements provide further valuable insight into the molecular vibrations. The most prominent NIR Raman bands at 1,363 cm⁻¹ and 1,434 cm⁻¹ are due to C=C stretching (in the quinoline part of mefloquine) and CH₂ wagging vibrations, while the most intense IR peaks at 1,314 cm⁻¹; 1,147 cm⁻¹; and 1,109 cm⁻¹ mainly consist of ring breathings and δCH (quinoline); C–F stretchings; and asymmetric ring breathings, C–O stretching as well as CH₂ twisting/rockings located at the piperidine moiety. Since the active agent (mefloquine) is usually present in very low concentrations within the biological samples, UV resonance Raman spectra of physiological solutions of mefloquine were recorded. By employing the detailed non-resonant mode assignment it was also possible to unambiguously identify the resonantly enhanced modes at 1,619 cm⁻¹, 1,603 cm⁻¹ and 1,586 cm⁻¹ in the UV Raman spectra as high symmetric C=C stretching vibrations in the quinoline part of mefloquine. These spectroscopic results are important for the interpretation of upcoming in vitro and in vivo mefloquine target interaction experiments.     

Vibrational analysis of the benzophenone molecule and influence of its conformation on vibrational transitions

IR and Raman spectra of benzophenone and several of its isotopomers (d_5⁻, d_l0⁻, ¹³C- and ¹³Cd₅-benzophenone) are the experimental basis for the normal coordinate analysis. The possibility of determining the conformation of the benzophenone molecule in solution from its vibrational spectrum is considered carefully. The dihedral angle between the central part of the molecule and the phenyl ring has been determined by fitting the calculated to the observed spectra. The final force field for the molecule was obtained for the dihedral angle of 35°.