The Ion-optical scheme of a portable mass spectrometer

An ion-optical scheme for a portable magnetic double-focusing mass spectrometer that makes it possible to analyze several components simultaneously over a wide mass range (the mass-spectrograph operating mode) is proposed. This scheme effectively solves the research and technological problems involving the analysis of rapidly varying compositions.     

Ion source with electron ionization for a portable mass spectrometer

An ion source with electron ionization is considered. The charged-particle flow at the exit from this source has a cross section of ∼0.1 × 0.1 mm, an angle spread of 2° × 2°, a relative energy spread of <0.5%, and an energy range of 0.5–3.0 keV. This ion source is intended for systems where an ion beam is focused in two mutually perpendicular directions. The ion source design makes it possible to ionize a sample locally (in a volume of ∼10 mm³), where the concentration of the particles under study exceeds the concentration averaged over the volume of the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer by two to three orders of magnitude. The ion-optical properties of the source are numerically simulated, and the optimum parameters of the source are chosen. Examples of the application of the ion source are given for the mass-spectrometric determination of metal salts in aqueous solutions and of gases and volatile compounds in samples in various phase states.     

Applicability of an X-ray and gamma-ray portable spectrometer for activity measurement of environmental soil samples

This paper presents a study on the applicability of a commercial X-ray and gamma-ray portable spectrometer (Rover) for in situ gamma-ray spectrometry. This portable spectrometer consists of a 3 × 3 × 1 mm (CdTe) Cadmium Telluride detector and a 30 × 30 mm [NaI (Tl)] Sodium Iodide detector. The radioactive sources used were ²⁴¹Am, ¹³³Ba, ¹⁵²Eu and ¹³⁷Cs tablet type, sealed with aluminum and polyethylene, as well as soil samples contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs. With the aid of these radioactive sources, this study determined the efficiency curve for both detectors. In addition, measurements were carried out to identify the minimum detectable activity (MDA) for both detectors, using time acquisition change ranging from 900 s to 138 h, depending on which detector was utilized and the sample distance. The results for the tablet-type sources were as follows: The MDA for the CdTe detector, while positioned 4.15 cm from the ¹³⁷Cs source, was 15 kBq and 6 kBq for energy lines 32 keV and 661.65 keV, respectively. However, when the distance between the source and detector was 100 cm, the 661.65 keV line presented a MDA of 68 kBq. Results for the soil samples were as follows: Using the CdTe detector, positioned 4.15 cm from the source, the MDA was 73 Bq for the ¹³⁷Cs 32 keV line. In relation to the ⁷Be soil samples, the MDA was 301 Bq when the detector was 4.15 cm from the source. Using the NaI (Tl) detector to analyze the ¹³⁷Cs 661.65 keV line, the MDA was 8 kBq when the detector was 100 cm from the tablet-type source. For the soil sample containing ¹³⁷Cs, the MDA was 7.4 Bq when the source was 2.8 cm from the NaI (Tl) detector. For those samples containing ⁷Be, and measured at the same distance (2.8 cm), the MDA was of 9.6 Bq. Based on the minimum detected activities obtained for both detectors, it is concluded that the in situ gamma-ray spectrometric system used to quantify soil sample activities with ¹³⁷Cs and ⁷Be is only appropriate when those activities are around one or more orders of magnitude larger than the usual radioactivity levels found in the environment. Even though it is a commercialized machine, the Rover system’s manufacturer does not provide the information cited in this abstract.     

A portable spectrometer for simultaneous PIXE and XRF analysis

A new portable system that performs simultaneous particle induced x‐ray emission and x‐ray fluorescence analysis is described. It is based on the use of a ²⁴⁴Cm radioactive source as α‐particle and x‐ray emitter, coupled to a Si drift detector. Particular care has been devoted to the choice of the materials surrounding the source. X‐ray fluorescence spectra are presented, showing high detection efficiency for elements from Na (K lines) to Pb (L and M lines). The system can be used as a qualitative tool for ‘fingerprint’ analysis and, in some cases, as a quantitative one. Examples are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combined mass spectrometer and electron spectrometer for investigation of solids

The possibility to develop the electron-and-ion energy analyzer and mass spectrometer combined in one optical system for the investigation of the properties of solids has been considered. This device allows one to obtain information on the chemical composition and energy spectrum for all the particles emitted by the surface of a solid subjected to various effects in one experiment. The combined spectrometers are based on the source of the particle flux, which transforms the mass spectrum into the energy spectrum due to the effect of electric-field pulses on the ion flux, and the high-resolution electrostatic energy analyzer. The particles appear in the source as a result of the interaction of the exciting radiation from an independent source with the surface of the solid under study. The type of exciting radiation (fluxes of ions, atoms, electrons, and laser radiation) is chosen depending on the goals of the study. Numerical modeling of the device operation, which confirms the possibility of its implementation in the form of a compact informative system for the investigation of characteristics of solids, has been performed.     

Rapid detection of gasoline by a portable Raman spectrometer and chemometrics

Identification of the gasoline purity is important for quality control and detection of gasoline adulteration. Principal component analysis and Raman spectroscopy were used to authenticate gasoline adulterated with methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene. Gasoline could be clearly distinguished from gasoline adulterated with MTBE and benzene by a plot of the first principal component (x‐axis) against the second principal component (y‐axis). And the radial basis function neural network was used for quantitative prediction of the volume percentages of MTBE and benzene in gasoline based on Raman Spectra. The correlation coefficient (r) and mean absolute percentage error between predictive values and spiked values were 0.9907 and 0.9934 and 15.73 and 8.19%, respectively. Moreover, the Raman spectra of the samples were obtained with a portable Raman spectrometer. Therefore, the method is simple, effective, fast, does not require sample pre‐processing, and is promising for rapid gasoline detection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速便携式近红外光栅光谱仪光电系统设计

设计制作了一种基于线阵CCD和USB2.0数据采集系统的高速便携式近红外光栅光谱仪。分光系统采用平面光栅、球面反射镜的准直和成像系统,实现了平谱面和较小的谱线弯曲（﹤4.2%）,利于CCD探测器接收。测控系统采用FPGA和USB2.0接口技术,不仅优化了硬件电路结构,而且大大提高了数据采集速度,最快可达2MB/S。对测量结果进行分析,并给出了波长标定结果。实验结果表明,该光谱仪高速便携,波长精度可达1nm。     

Identification of low-energy light nuclei recorded by means of an ionizational mass spectrometer

A method of identifying low-energy nuclei from the readings of an ionizational mass spectrometer is considered. The identification principles for particles recorded by a multilayer detector are discussed, together with the fundamentals of a probabilistic approach to the solution of this problem. The method permits correct analysis of the experimental data obtained. The determination of the charge and isotopic composition of radiation consisting of a mixture of different nuclei is considered. The results of calculations by the given method which permit the determination of the optimal detector parameters for the solution of the specific physical problem are outlined. This approach is also applicable for the analysis of data from other types of measuring apparatus.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 84–88, July, 1991.     

Sampling-free analysis of chemical compounds using a static Fourier-transform spectrometer

We have considered a technique for noncontact analysis of compounds and a device for its realization. To construct the device, we have proposed a static Fourier-transform spectrometer that is based on the phenomenon of interference in a wedge. A procedure for obtaining and processing emission spectra has been described. Interference patterns are recorded using sources of excitation radiation of 280 and 315 nm. Basic characteristics of the optical system have been calculated, and emission spectra of test objects have been presented.     

Technique for obtaining and processing spectral information with static fourier spectrometer

We propose a technique and algorithm for processing interferograms obtained with a static Fourier spectrometer. Spectra of secondary radiation from certain compounds are obtained in the visible and near-UV spectral ranges upon excitation by different radiation sources. We present and discuss results of experimental data processing.     

磁质谱仪控制系统的设计与研制

运用数字化处理、计算机网络等先进技术,实现对磁质谱仪的远程控制。简要介绍磁质谱仪工作原理。根据该磁质谱仪系统所包含的设备种类,设计了基于以太网的二级控制结构。实现了各种运行参数的远程调节、状态回读的基本功能,并设置了真空-高压/分析磁铁电源、门禁-高压/分析磁铁电源的安全联锁保护。针对触发控制延时时间在0~20 μs连续可调的极高要求,设计了一套触发束采系统。通过测试,系统获得了满足物理实验需求的谱图。经过数十小时的实验,系统运行稳定、操作性强,很好地满足了用户的实验需求。     

中波红外微型静态傅里叶变换光谱仪的设计与分析

提出一种基于微光学元件的空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,通过引入红外微结构衍射光学元件、多级微反射镜和微透镜阵列,实现仪器的微型化.介绍了微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的结构及基本原理,分析了微型准直系统和聚焦耦合光学系统的设计理论,研究了单片折衍混合准直透镜的残存像差、衍射面的衍射效率、多级微反射镜的衍射、微透镜阵列的孔径衍射和中继系统的轴向装配误差对光谱复原的影响.最后,对中波红外微型傅里叶变换光谱仪进行了建模仿真,得到的复原光谱与理想的光谱曲线比较符合,实际的光谱复原误差为2.89%.该中波红外微型静态傅里叶变换光谱仪无可动部件,且采用了微光学元件取代了传统的红外镜头,不仅稳定性良好,而且体积小、重量轻,有利于在线监测应用.     

空间调制型傅里叶变换光谱仪光场的均匀性研究

基于多级微反射镜的空间调制型傅里叶变换光谱仪在光场的横向空间同时采集所有光程差的干涉图信息,所以光场能量的空间分布特性影响着系统的性能。文章将空间分布函数引入到光谱仪系统中,通过仿真实验得到,分布函数调制后的干涉图对比度下降,同时复原光谱中出现边频谱线。理论分析表明,干涉图调制度下降来源于调制度函数对光程差采样空间的周期性变化;而边频谱线则是光源的单色谱线对调制度函数的空间频谱进行频率搬移的结果。最后,提出了平场校正的差影算法与反向恢复算法。仿真结果表明,反向恢复算法可以更好的复原出干涉图和光谱。     

低能电子解离贴附质谱装置的设计

本文报道了一台低能电子解离贴附质谱装置的设计.此装置采用余摆线型电子单色器和四极质谱计等技术,用于研究低能电子与分子的解离性贴附动力学过程.与其它国外类似装置相比,本装置的设计具有高低能电子单色器能量分辨率、优化电源系统、实现计算机控制等特点.     

Application of a mass spectrometer as a capnograph

The feasibility of using a mass spectrometer for monitoring the carbon dioxide and inhalational anesthetic concentrations in the breathing circuit of an apparatus for inhalational anesthesia are demonstrated. Mass-spectrometric data for the CO₂ and inhalational anesthetic concentrations are compared with related optical data. The advantages of the mass spectrometer as a capnograph over the optical spectrometer are indicated. The variation of the inhalational anesthetic content in expired air is shown to depend on the muscle relaxation efficiency.     

浮地式反射飞行时间质谱计的设计

介绍了国家同步辐射实验室原子分子物理实验站自行研制的小型光电离反射式飞行时间质谱计(RTOFMS-Ⅲ).该仪器为浮地式结构,可用YAG激光器或同步辐射为激发光源.在质量数为107时,其质量分辨本领可达1034.     

An automated laboratory EXAFS spectrometer of Johansson type: indigenous development and testing

An automated linear laboratory EXAFS spectrometer of the Johansson type has been indigenously developed. Only two translational motions are required to achieve the necessary Rowland circle configuration for the (fixed) X-ray source, the dispersing and focusing bent crystal and the receiving slit. With the available crystals the spectral region from 5 to 25 keV can be scanned. The linear motions of the crystal and receiving slit including the detector assembly are achieved by employing software-controlled DC motors and utilizing optical encoders for position sensing. The appropriate rotation of the crystal is achieved by the geometry of the instrument. There is a facility to place the sample alternately in the path of the X-ray beam and out of the path to record both the incident X-ray intensityI ₀ and the transmitted intensityI employing the scintillation detector. An arrangement with a two-window proportional detector before the sample to measureI ₀ and the scintillation detector to recordI is also developed; in this case it is not necessary to oscillate the sample. Fast electronic circuits are employed to minimize counting errors. The instrument is user-friendly and it is operated through a menu-driven IBM compatible PC. EXAFS spectra of high resolution have been recorded using the spectrometer and employing the Si(111) reflecting planes; the X-ray source being a Rigaku 12 kW rotating anode with Cu target. We describe the spectrometer and discuss its performance with a few representative spectra.