Supersonic flow of a nonequilibrium gas-discharge plasma around a body

The flow of a nonequilibrium gas-discharge plasma around a semicylindrical body is studied. The aim of the study is to see how a change in the degree of nonequilibrium of the incoming plasma changes the separation distance between a shock wave and the body. Experiments are carried out with a supersonic nozzle into which a semicylindrical body is placed. The inlet of the nozzle is connected to a shock tube. In the course of the experiment, electrodes built into the wall of the nozzle initiate a gas discharge in front of the body to produce an additional nonequilibrium ionization in the stationary incoming supersonic flow. The discharge parameters are selected such that the discharge raises the electron temperature and still minimizes heating of the gas. The degree of nonequilibrium of the flow varies with gas-discharge current. Diagnostics of the flow is carried out with a schlieren system based on a semiconductor laser. The system can record flow patterns at definite time instants after discharge initiation.     

火星进入热环境预测的热力学模型数值分析

采用数值模拟目的 研究不同热力学模型中火星飞行器表面的热环境.研究发现,驻点区域流动近似为热力学平衡,随着飞行高度增加,流动逐渐偏向热力学非平衡.当壁面为非催化壁时,不同热力学模型所得热流基本一致,当壁面为完全催化壁时,热力学非平衡模型所得热流更高,这种差异由化学反应特征温度差异引起,并随着流动的热力学非平衡特性增加而增加.     

Subpicosecond pulse laser absorption by an overdense plasma with variable ionization

Transient ionization of an overdense plasma produced by a subpicosecond, p-polarized obliquely incident pulse laser of moderate intensity (10(16)-10(18) W/cm(2)) changes the plasma heat transfer via processes dominated by the return current and the absorption rate via ion acceleration. To explore the effect of variable ionization, a hybrid one-dimensional electro-magnetic particle-in-cell method that conforms to a direct solution of the Fokker-Planck-Landau equation is applied. A method that includes the Langevin equation to account for Coulomb collisions and the average ion model to calculate the nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium ionization balance provides good agreement between the computed absorption and the measured results.     

Evolution of phonon nonequilibrium in single-crystal ZnSe at liquid-helium temperatures

The photoluminescence and nonequilibrium heat transfer observed in ZnSe single crystals grown by the free growth method on an oriented single-crystal ZnSe substrate in a hydrogen atmosphere were investigated. The nonequilibrium heat transfer (or propagation of nonequilibrium phonons) was studied by the heat pulse method. A region of local thermal equilibrium or “a hot phonon spot” was found to form in the material, and the threshold of its formation was determined. The constant of spontaneous anharmonic phonon decay in ZnSe was estimated from an analysis of the propagation of nonequilibrium phonons via comparison of the experimental responses with those calculated by the Monte Carlo method.     

A concept of multi-scale modeling for radiative heat transfer in particle polydispersions

To take the local thermal nonequilibrium between particles and the nonuniformity of temperature within a single particle into account, a concept of multi-scale modeling of radiative transfer is presented. Particles are considered to interact with thermal radiation on both micro-scale of a single particle and meso-scale of a particle cell to produce radiative source term at the local or meso-scale level of a particle cell for the modeling of radiative transfer at macro-scale of overall particle system. The accurate modeling of radiative transfer in particle polydispersions are related to the modeling of radiative transfer in following three different scales: macro-scale of the overall particle system, meso-scale of particle cell, and micro-scale of single particle. Two examples are taken to show the necessity of multi-scale modeling for radiative transfer in particle polydispersions. The results show that omitting local thermal nonequilibrium and nonuniformity will result in errors for the solution of radiative heat transfer to some extent, and the multi-scale modeling is necessary for the radiative transfer in particle system with large local thermal nonequilibrium and nonuniformity.     

HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT DUE TO TURBULENCE INDUCED BY PARTICLE MOTION IN GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BEDS

Heat transfer augmentation due to turbulence in the gaseous flow of a gas-solid fluidized bed is analyzed. Since the heat transfer in such beds is enhanced by various mechanisms, each mechanism's contribution can only be separately evaluated using special means. Therefore, we employed a new mass transfer measurement technique to measure the contribution of the turbulence induced by particle motion on the total heat transfer occurring around a horizontal test cylinder immersed in a fluidized bed. Results indicate that the mass transfer, i.e., analogous to convective heat transfer to or from the gaseous flow, is enhanced by the turbulence produced from particle motion on the front side of the cylinder surface, but that other heat transfer mechanisms besides turbulence contribute to the heat transfer augmentation taking place on the cylinder side walls and back-side surface.     

Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium Effects around Shock Waves: Based on a Discrete Boltzmann Method

A shock wave that is characterized by sharp physical gradients always draws the medium out of equilibrium. In this work, both hydrodynamic and thermodynamic nonequilibrium effects around the shock wave are investigated using a discrete Boltzmann model. Via Chapman–Enskog analysis, the local equilibrium and nonequilibrium velocity distribution functions in one-, two-, and three-dimensional velocity space are recovered across the shock wave. Besides, the absolute and relative deviation degrees are defined in order to describe the departure of the fluid system from the equilibrium state. The local and global nonequilibrium effects, nonorganized energy, and nonorganized energy flux are also investigated. Moreover, the impacts of the relaxation frequency, Mach number, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and the specific heat ratio on the nonequilibrium behaviours around shock waves are studied. This work is helpful for a deeper understanding of the fine structures of shock wave and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.     

Elementary Many‐Particle Processes in Plasma Microfields

The effect of electric and magnetic plasma microfields on elementary many‐body processes in plasmas is considered. As detected first by Inglis and Teller in 1939, the electric microfield controls several elementary processes in plasmas as transitions, line shifts and line broadening. We concentrate here on the many‐particle processes ionization, recombination, and fusion and study a wide area of plasma parameters. In the first part the state of art of investigations on microfield distributions is reviewed in brief. In the second part, various types of ionization processes are discussed with respect to the influence of electric microfields. It is demonstrated that the processes of tunnel and rescattering ionization by laser fields as well as the process of electron collisional ionization may be strongly influenced by the electric microfields in the plasma. The third part is devoted to processes of microfield action on fusion processes and the effects on three‐body recombination are investigated. It is shown that there are regions of plasma densities and temperatures, where the rate of nuclear fusion is accelerated by the electric microfields. This effect may be relevant for nuclear processes in stars. Further, fusion processes in ion clusters are studied. Finally we study in this section three‐body recombination effects and show that an electric microfield influences the three‐body electron‐ion recombination via the highly excited states. In the fourth part, the distribution of the magnetic microfield is investigated for equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and non‐uniform magnetized plasmas. We show that the field distribution in a neutral point of a non‐relativistic ideal equilibrium plasma is similar to the Holtsmark distribution for the electrical microfield. Relaxation processes in nonequilibrium plasmas may lead to additional microfields. We show that in turbulent plasmas the broadening of radiative electron transitions in atoms and ions, without change of the principle quantum number, may be due to the Zeeman effect and may exceed Doppler and Stark broadening as well. Further it is shown that for optical radiation the effect of depolarization of a linearly polarized laser beams propagating through a magnetized plasma may be rather strong. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

非平衡态Ti-H等离子体发射光谱的双温度诊断研究

单次脉冲工作的真空弧离子源,采用金属钛吸附氢形成的Ti-H固溶体作阴极,生成的等离子体同时包含金属钛和氢的成分,且在径向、横向以及时间尺度上都存在梯度,整个体系处于非平衡状态,不能用一个统一的温度来描述。假设由电子组成的子系统和由其他重粒子组成的子系统分别达到平衡,即Ti-H等离子体由电子温度和重粒子温度两个温度来描述,为双温度等离子体。采用Culdberg-Waage解离方程和Saha电离方程分别对系统中的分子解离和原子电离过程进行描述,结合等离子体电荷准中性条件,同时引入原子发射光谱这一无干扰的等离子体诊断方法,对Ti-H等离子体的温度和粒子数密度进行诊断。在MATLAB环境下,同时考虑金属Ti原子和一价Ti离子的电离,计算结果显示：根据谱线的斯塔克展宽确定的电子密度进行计算,除重粒子温度和氢气分子的数密度之外,其他的参数均可得到较准确的诊断结果;电子密度数值的准确性对计算结果有很大的影响;如果能够在计算之前确定重粒子温度,则可对Ti-H等离子体的温度和粒子数密度进行准确的定量分析。     

The possibility of anomalous heat transfer in flows with nonequilibrium boundary conditions

The kinetic Boltzmann equation has been solved for the boundary-value problem of heat transfer with boundary conditions in the form of nonequilibrium distributions. Modes with anomalous heat transfer have been revealed in the spatial zones where the signs of the heat flux and temperature gradient coincide (in the classical statement of the problem with equilibrium conditions, heat transfer conventionally occurs in the entire range of physical parameters). Possible experiments aimed at verifying these effects are discussed.     

Decay of inert-gas-discharge plasma in the expansion mode. Part 1: Dynamics of the plasma ionization state,criterion of recombination nonequilibrium,and experimental study of argon plasma decay

The influence of expansion of a pulsed arc plasma on its decay is studied theoretically and experimentally with allowance for deviation from the equilibrium state. The dynamics of the ionization state during the decay of a dense expanding plasma is traced, and a criterion of its recombination nonequilibrium is determined. The results of calculation are compared with experimental data by the example of a pulsed arc in argon.     

不同翅片单元外颗粒流换热特性的数值研究

由于成本低,运行稳定,重力驱动移动床在高温固体散料余热回收领域应用潜力较大。然而,相关强化传热技术目前仍待完善。本文基于离散单元法,对颗粒流外掠翅片单元的流动换热特性进行了数值研究。研究表明:通过翅片增加换热面,可以显著提高传热量,但不同翅片单元外颗粒流传热特性不同。颗粒流与不同表面的换热,由颗粒更新、颗粒接触、颗粒竞争掺混以及表面面积共同决定。总体来说,在迎流区,倾斜平表面能扩大面积并确保颗粒更新,更有利于换热增强。而对于背流区,竞争掺混与颗粒接触的影响更大,采用圆弧表面更有优势。     

Evolution of particle clouds around ablating pellets inmagnetically confined hot plasmas

Cryogenic hydrogen isotope pellets are being used for introducing fuel particles into the plasma interior in magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The spatial and the time evolution of the initially low-temperature, high-density particle clouds forming around such pellets are considered, with particular attention given to such physical processes as heating of the clouds by the energy fluxes carried by incident plasma particles, gas-dynamic expansion with j× B-produced deceleration in the transverse direction, finite-rate ionization and recombination processes, and magnetic field convection and diffusion. While the dynamic processes associated with the ionization and radial confinement processes are characterized by the relatively short Alfven time scale (μs range), the subsequent phase of axial expansion is associated with a notably larger hydrodynamic time scale defined by the heat input and gas-dynamic expansion rates (ms range). Data stemming from experimental measurements in toroidal confinement machines are compared with results of model calculations. Some similarities with extraterrestrial plasma scenarios, such as the earlier magnetospheric barium release experiments, are discussed     

A note on the heat transfer to nonspherical particles from plasma

Heat transfer from plasma to a nonspherical particle in the free-molecular regime is studied in the present paper under thin plasma sheath condition. Analytical expressions for the floating potential charge and heat fluxes of an ellipsoid particle of revolution are derived and curves are given for hey parameters for arbitrary plasma flow direction. On the basis of these results, an equivalent sphere with the same surface area as the nonspherical particle is suggested to be used for calculating the total heat flux of nonspherical particle in engineering application with acceptable accuracy. Furthermore, the effects of particle rotation, which occurs in most aerosol systems, on the heat transfer are also discussed     

Thermostating by Deterministic Scattering: The Periodic Lorentz Gas

We present a novel mechanism for thermalizing a system of particles in equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations, based on specifically modeling energy transfer at the boundaries via a microscopic collision process. We apply our method to the periodic Lorentz gas, where a point particle moves diffusively through an ensemble of hard disks arranged on a triangular lattice. First, collision rules are defined for this system in thermal equilibrium. They determine the velocity of the moving particle such that the system is deterministic, time-reversible, and microcanonical. These collision rules can systematically be adapted to the case where one associates arbitrarily many degrees of freedom to the disk, which here acts as a boundary. Subsequently, the system is investigated in nonequilibrium situations by applying an external field. We show that in the limit where the disk is endowed by infinitely many degrees of freedom it acts as a thermal reservoir yielding a well-defined nonequilibrium steady state. The characteristic properties of this state, as obtained from computer simulations, are finally compared to those of the so-called Gaussian thermostated driven Lorentz gas.     

Multiple size group analysis for transient radiative heating of particle polydispersions

The transient radiative heating of particle polydispersions initially at uniform temperature is numerically analyzed. Due to the different radiative heating characteristics between particles, the temperature evolution of particle changes with particle diameter. To take local thermal nonequilibrium between particles into consideration, the particles are discretized into several size groups. The radiative transfer equation in particle polydispersions and the transient energy equation for each particle group are solved by the discrete ordinates method and an implicit finite difference method, respectively. The effects of the standard deviation of particle diameter and the emissivity of particle surface on the thermal evolution of particle polydispersions are analyzed. The results show that, omitting thermal nonequilibrium of particles will result in significant errors in the calculation of radiative heat transfer, especially when the nonuniformity of particle diameter is large.     

双温度通道电弧等离子体二维数值模拟

本文对圆形通道内双温度等离子体的传热与流动特性进行了二维数值模拟,研究中假定体系处于局域化学平衡态,但电子温度不等于重粒子温度,需分别用各自的守恒方程求解．采用数值实验的方法对电子-重粒子非弹性碰撞过程进行了研究,计算结果表明,数值模拟中对非弹性碰撞过程不同的处理方法(α的不同取值)会影响计算预测的等离子体特性．α的合适数值,需要在今后的研究工作中进一步将计算结果与实验测量结果比较来加以确定。     

[Russian Text Ignored.]

An investigation of the heterogeneous low temperature plasma ionization is stimulated by practical needs. Earlier theoretical studies of the ionization process are connected with many difficulties and realized by simple models. In this paper a solution of the kinetic equations of the electron-ion process and the Poisson equation for a self-consistent electrostatic potential is presented. A pecularity of the volume density determination of the electron-ion atmosphere around a solid particle, the connection between the integral and local density of charged particles and the own particle volume are taken into consideration. The influence of characteristic parameters of the condensed phase on the equilibrium electron density is received.