Influence of the Measurement Volume on the Phase Error in Phase Doppler Anemometry. Part 2: Analysis by extension of geometrical optics to the laser beam; Refractive mode operation

The influence of the measurement volume can be investigated by using extended geometrical optics, which is based on geometrical optics by including the amplitude and phase distribution in the laser beam. The dynamics in phase Doppler anemometry can be analysed, in addition to effects of the particle size-dependent detection volume. Extended geometrical optics has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate these influences for each order of light scattering separately. Phase errors caused by Gaussian-beam intensity distribution and the curvature of the wave fronts beyond the beam waist can easily be calculated. According to Part 1 (Reflective Mode Operation), the influence of the particle trajectories on measured phase and mass concentration is simulated for refractive mode operation.     

Investigation of the Flow Field in the Upper Part of a Cyclone with Laser and Phase Doppler Anemometry

The cyclone is a well known apparatus for separating particles out of a gas stream. With the modern laser diagnostic technologies of laser and phase Doppler anemometry (LDA and PDA), there is the potential to measure the flow and particle field inside the cyclone. The gas phase only measurements used micron‐sized oil seeding droplets, whereas the solid phase, chosen for the PDA particle size measurements, was limestone powder. To assess the possibility of measuring milled limestone particles with PDA, the measured size distribution was compared with those obtained by laser diffraction. The measurements inside the cyclone showed that the flow field in the upper part of the cyclone was different to that commonly thought. Therefore, the vertical height of the cyclone's vortex finder could be shortened without deterioration of the separation efficiency. The particles found in the hold‐up of the cyclone air flow were considerably larger than the average particle size in the feed pipe.     

相位移法中的量化误差效应

对相位移测量技术中的条纹强度量化所引起的相位误差进行了定量研究，给出了相位测量误差与条纹强度误差之间的统计关系式，对条纹强度量化误差进行傅时叶级数展开，并利用条纹强度与相位的关系求得该级数的系数，进而得到的标准Ｎ幅算法的相位的解析表达式，最后对强度量化误差效应的一些影响因素进行了讨论。     

谐振腔光纤陀螺相位调制复位误差影响的研究

对数字相位斜波调制中2π复位误差对谐振腔光纤陀螺（R-FOG）的影响进行了研究.结果表明,相位复位误差将会导致R-FOG输出光强信号的波动,光强波动周期等于相位斜波复位周期.反射输出光强的波动在相位斜波的前后半周期明显不同,前后半周期输出光强平均值的差异与复位误差的大小和方向相关.提出了一种相位调制复位误差的消除方法,利用前后半周期平均光强差作误差信号,反馈控制相位调制通道增益,可实现复位误差的消除.     

脉冲管制冷机调相机构的研究 第一部分 双向进气模式的研究

基于线性热声理论,通过数值计算定量分析了双向进气对脉冲管制冷机性能的影响,指出:在惯性管已经为脉冲管制冷机提供了所需的最佳阻抗时,双向进气不能提高脉冲管制冷机的性能,只有在惯性管没有为制冷机提供作需的最佳阻抗时,双向进气模式才能发挥积极的作用。     

基于相位共轭的动态体全息衍射特性的实时非破坏性测量

基于相位共轭技术,提出了一种动态体全息衍射特性的实时测量方法.在光学系统设计中,通过调整使得物光和参考光较强,而与参考光共轭的再现光非常弱（约为参考光的1/1 000）,借助非常微弱的共轭再现光实现了动态体全息的非破坏性实时测量.三束光的强度和偏振态可通过1/4波片、偏振片和衰减片进行调节和组合,可记录光强调制型或偏振态调制型体全息.本方法适合于光致折射率变化和光致变色材料体全息的测量.     

动态光谱检测中的相移波形误差分析

动态光谱提取自光电容积脉搏波,是与动脉血液信息高度相关的近红外光谱,可应用于动脉血液成分的无创检测,具有很好的临床应用价值。文章依据动态光谱检测理论,对检测过程中的相移波形误差进行了分析。人体正常生理活动可导致光电容积脉搏波的周期、幅值和基线的不稳定。同时在动态光谱时域检测过程中,不同波长下检测到的脉搏波间存在一定的相位延迟。以上两个因素将导致不同波长对应的脉搏波之间存在一定的波形差异,从而使其频谱发生改变,在动态光谱中引入相移波形误差。文章对该相移波形误差进行了量化分析。结果表明,该误差与截取脉搏周期的矩形窗位置相关。通过精选矩形窗位置,可以将相移波形误差降低一个数量级。     

Influence of mode distortion on the transverse mode competition in large-mode-area amplifiers

In large mode area fiber amplifier, it is difficult to avoid the bend induced mode distortion. With the existence of mode distortion taken into account, a previous transverse mode competition model has been improved. Based on this model and the finite element difference-beam propagation method, the behaviors of bent mode competition are demonstrated and compared with the straight mode competition where the mode distortion is neglected, the comparison and quantitative results show that serious mode distortion can change the appearance of transverse mode competition in bent fiber amplifiers and even drastically degrade the amplifier performance.     

Doppler limited laser spectroscopy on hafnium lines. Part II: Hyperfine structure of odd-parity levels

The hyperfine structure of selected odd-parity levels of the configurations 5d6s ^26p and 5d ^26s6p of I was studied in 10 lines lying in the red spectral region. Hyperfine spectra were obtained by the method of laser induced fluorescence in the plasma of a liquid nitrogen cooled hollow cathode discharge. The observed hyperfine structure constants A and B, together with results from earlier studies were analyzed by means of a parametric method. The interpretation has been carried out based on a refined multiconfigurational fine structure calculation including the main Rydberg series configurations mutually interacting. The set of fine structure parameters as well as the leading eigenvector percentages of levels relevant for this paper are given. The following single electron hfs parameters were deduced for : , ,, for the lowest configuration. Received: 16 November 1998 / Received in final form: 5 February 1999     

数字波面干涉仪测量误差消除方法

主要论述了数字波面干涉仪在测量过程中影响测量准确度的各种误差,并介绍了对于不同误差的消除方法。     

The slowly reacting mode of combustion of gaseous mixtures in spherical vessels. Part 1: Transient analysis and explosion limits

Frank-Kamenetskii's analysis of thermal explosions is revisited, using also a single-reaction model with an Arrhenius rate having a large activation energy, to describe the transient combustion of initially cold gaseous mixtures enclosed in a spherical vessel with a constant wall temperature. The analysis shows two modes of combustion. There is a flameless slowly reacting mode for low wall temperatures or small vessel sizes, when the temperature rise resulting from the heat released by the reaction is kept small by the heat-conduction losses to the wall, so as not to change significantly the order of magnitude of the reaction rate. In the other mode, the slow reaction rates occur only in an initial ignition stage, which ends abruptly when very large reaction rates cause a temperature runaway, or thermal explosion, at a well-defined ignition time and location, thereby triggering a flame that propagates across the vessel to consume the reactant rapidly. Explosion limits are defined, in agreement with Frank-Kamenetskii's analysis, by the limiting conditions for existence of the slowly reacting mode of combustion. In this mode, a quasi-steady temperature distribution is established after a transient reaction stage with small reactant consumption. Most of the reactant is burnt, with nearly uniform mass fraction, in a subsequent long stage during which the temperature follows a quasi-steady balance between the rates of heat conduction to the wall and of chemical heat release. The changes in the explosion limits caused by the enhanced heat-transfer rates associated with buoyant motion are described in an accompanying paper.     

Towards beyond-1 GHz solution NMR: internal 2H lock operation in an external current mode

We have commenced a project to develop a beyond-1 GHz solution NMR spectrometer using a HTS coil. Due to a small residual resistance present in the HTS conductor and joint resistance between conductors, a stable persistent current sufficient for NMR measurements is unlikely. Therefore, a current has to be supplied to the HTS coil from an external power supply. The ripple of an external power supply causes a field fluctuation which must be stabilized. In this study we show results of NMR measurements using a 500-600 MHz NMR in such an external current mode: the field fluctuations are stabilized by an internal 2H lock. The field fluctuation from the external power supply comprises a major field fluctuation component at low frequencies, 0.003-0.005 Hz, and superimposed minor field ripples at 2 Hz and 50 Hz. The former limits the time interval of the internal 2H lock, while the latter generates sidebands in the NMR spectrum. Sideband and baseline noise are controlled by appropriate selection of the feedback loop parameters of the lock. The quality of the 1D-solution NMR spectra observed in external current mode is equivalent to that obtained in persistent current mode. However, if the feedback loop time is as short as the gradient pulse width, refocusing of the NMR signal is lost and NMR peaks disappear. The 2D-NOESY and the 2D-HSQC spectra of ubiquitin in an external current mode have been acquired. The quality of the 2D spectra is equivalent to those obtained in persistent current mode; i.e. the internal 2H lock operates stably over an experimental time interval of 40-50 min. To realize a beyond-1 GHz NMR spectrometer, further investigations must be made of (i) the long term stability of a DC power supply, (ii) the enhancement of the compensation field limit for the internal 2H lock, (iii) the extension of the helium refill time interval, and (iv) a method to correct the field homogeneity in the external current mode.