On the construction of highly symmetric tight frames and complex polytopes

Many “highly symmetric” configurations of vectors in C^d${\mathbb{C}}^d$, such as the vertices of the platonic solids and the regular complex polytopes, are equal-norm tight frames by virtue of being the orbit of the irreducible unitary action of their symmetry group. For nonabelian groups there are uncountably many such tight frames up to unitary equivalence. The aim of this paper is to single out those orbits which are particularly nice, such as those which are the vertices of a complex polytope. This is done by defining a finite class of tight frames of n   vectors for C^d${\mathbb{C}}^d$ (n and d fixed) which we call the highly symmetric tight frames. We outline how these frames can be calculated from the representations of abstract groups using a computer algebra package. We give numerous examples, with a special emphasis on those obtained from the (Shephard–Todd) finite reflection groups. The interrelationships between these frames with complex polytopes, harmonic frames, equiangular tight frames, and Heisenberg frames (maximal sets of equiangular lines) are explored in detail.     

Tight frames generated by finite nonabelian groups

Let $\cal H$ be a Hilbert space of finite dimension d, such as the finite signals ? ₂(d) or a space of multivariate orthogonal polynomials, and n?≥?d. There is a finite number of tight frames of n vectors for $\cal H$ which can be obtained as the orbit of a single vector under the unitary action of an abelian group G (of symmetries of the frame). Each of these so called harmonic frames or geometrically uniform frames can be obtained from the character table of G in a simple way. These frames are used in signal processing and information theory. For a nonabelian group G there are in general uncountably many inequivalent tight frames of n vectors for $\cal H$ which can be obtained as such a G-orbit. However, by adding an additional natural symmetry condition (which automatically holds if G is abelian), we obtain a finite class of such frames which can be constructed from the character table of G in a similar fashion to the harmonic frames. This is done by identifying each G-orbit with an element of the group algebra ?G (via its Gramian), imposing the condition in the group algebra, and then describing the corresponding class of tight frames.     

Robust dimension reduction,fusion frames,and Grassmannian packings

We consider estimating a random vector from its measurements in a fusion frame, in presence of noise and subspace erasures. A fusion frame is a collection of subspaces, for which the sum of the projection operators onto the subspaces is bounded below and above by constant multiples of the identity operator. We first consider the linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) estimation of the random vector of interest from its fusion frame measurements in the presence of additive white noise. Each fusion frame measurement is a vector whose elements are inner products of an orthogonal basis for a fusion frame subspace and the random vector of interest. We derive bounds on the mean-squared error (MSE) and show that the MSE will achieve its lower bound if the fusion frame is tight. We then analyze the robustness of the constructed LMMSE estimator to erasures of the fusion frame subspaces. We limit our erasure analysis to the class of tight fusion frames and assume that all erasures are equally important. Under these assumptions, we prove that tight fusion frames consisting of equi-dimensional subspaces have maximum robustness (in the MSE sense) with respect to erasures of one subspace among all tight fusion frames, and that the optimal subspace dimension depends on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We also prove that tight fusion frames consisting of equi-dimensional subspaces with equal pairwise chordal distances are most robust with respect to two and more subspace erasures, among the class of equi-dimensional tight fusion frames. We call such fusion frames equi-distance tight fusion frames. We prove that the squared chordal distance between the subspaces in such fusion frames meets the so-called simplex bound, and thereby establish connections between equi-distance tight fusion frames and optimal Grassmannian packings. Finally, we present several examples for the construction of equi-distance tight fusion frames.     

Saturation, Yosida Covers and Epicompleteness in Compact Normal Frames

In this article the frame-theoretic account of what is archimedean for order-algebraists, and semisimple for people who study commutative rings, deepens with the introduction of ${\mathcal{J}}$ -frames: compact normal frames that are join-generated by their saturated elements. Yosida frames are examples of these. In the category of ${\mathcal{J}}$ -frames with suitable skeletal morphisms, the strongly projectable frames are epicomplete, and thereby it is proved that the monoreflection in strongly projectable frames is the largest such. That is news, because it settles a problem that had occupied the first-named author for over five years. In compact normal Yosida frames the compact elements are saturated. When the reverse is true one gets the perfectly saturated frames: the frames of ideals Idl(E), when E is a compact regular frame. The assignment E?Idl(E) is then a functorial equivalence from compact regular frames to perfectly saturated frames, and the inverse equivalence is the saturation quotient. Inevitable are the Yosida covers (of a ${\mathcal{J}}$ -frame L): coherent, normal Yosida frames of the form Idl(F), with F ranging over certain bounded sublattices of the saturation SL of L. These Yosida frames cover L in the sense that each maps onto L densely and codensely. Modulo an equivalence, the Yosida covers of L form a poset with a top ${\mathcal{Y}} L$ , the latter being characterized as the only Yosida cover which is perfectly saturated. Viewed correctly, these Yosida covers provide, in a categorical setting, another (point-free) look at earlier accounts of coherent normal Yosida frames.     

Theory,implementation and applications of nonstationary Gabor frames

Signal analysis with classical Gabor frames leads to a fixed time–frequency resolution over the whole time–frequency plane. To overcome the limitations imposed by this rigidity, we propose an extension of Gabor theory that leads to the construction of frames with time–frequency resolution changing over time or frequency. We describe the construction of the resulting nonstationary Gabor frames and give the explicit formula for the canonical dual frame for a particular case, the painless case. We show that wavelet transforms, constant-Q transforms and more general filter banks may be modeled in the framework of nonstationary Gabor frames. Further, we present the results in the finite-dimensional case, which provides a method for implementing the above-mentioned transforms with perfect reconstruction. Finally, we elaborate on two applications of nonstationary Gabor frames in audio signal processing, namely a method for automatic adaptation to transients and an algorithm for an invertible constant-Q transform.     

Theory, implementation and applications of nonstationary Gabor frames

Signal analysis with classical Gabor frames leads to a fixed time-frequency resolution over the whole time-frequency plane. To overcome the limitations imposed by this rigidity, we propose an extension of Gabor theory that leads to the construction of frames with time-frequency resolution changing over time or frequency. We describe the construction of the resulting nonstationary Gabor frames and give the explicit formula for the canonical dual frame for a particular case, the painless case. We show that wavelet transforms, constant-Q transforms and more general filter banks may be modeled in the framework of nonstationary Gabor frames. Further, we present the results in the finite-dimensional case, which provides a method for implementing the above-mentioned transforms with perfect reconstruction. Finally, we elaborate on two applications of nonstationary Gabor frames in audio signal processing, namely a method for automatic adaptation to transients and an algorithm for an invertible constant-Q transform.     

A duality principle for groups

The duality principle for Gabor frames states that a Gabor sequence obtained by a time-frequency lattice is a frame for L²(Rd) if and only if the associated adjoint Gabor sequence is a Riesz sequence. We prove that this duality principle extends to any dual pairs of projective unitary representations of countable groups. We examine the existence problem of dual pairs and establish some connection with classification problems for II₁ factors. While in general such a pair may not exist for some groups, we show that such a dual pair always exists for every subrepresentation of the left regular unitary representation when G is an abelian infinite countable group or an amenable ICC group. For free groups with finitely many generators, the existence problem of such a dual pair is equivalent to the well-known problem about the classification of free group von Neumann algebras.     

Random Matrices and Erasure Robust Frames

Data erasure can often occur in communication. Guarding against erasures involves redundancy in data representation. Mathematically this may be achieved by redundancy through the use of frames. One way to measure the robustness of a frame against erasures is to examine the worst case condition number of the frame with a certain number of vectors erased from the frame. The term numerically erasure-robust frames was introduced in Fickus and Mixon (Linear Algebra Appl 437:1394–1407, 2012) to give a more precise characterization of erasure robustness of frames. In the paper the authors established that random frames whose entries are drawn independently from the standard normal distribution can be robust against up to approximately 15 % erasures, and asked whether there exist frames that are robust against erasures of more than 50 %. In this paper we show that with very high probability random frames are, independent of the dimension, robust against erasures as long as the number of remaining vectors is at least \(1+\delta _0\) times the dimension for some \(\delta _0>0\). This is the best possible result, and it also implies that the proportion of erasures can be arbitrarily close to 1 while still maintaining robustness. Our result depends crucially on a new estimate for the smallest singular value of a rectangular random matrix with independent standard normal entries.     

Dilation of Dual Frame Pairs in Hilbert C*-Modules

We investigate the geometric properties for Hilbert C*-modular frames. We show that any dual frame pair in a Hilbert C*-module is an orthogonal compression of a Riesz basis and its canonical dual for some larger Hilbert C*-module. This generalizes the Hilbert space dual frame pair dilation theory due to Casazza, Han and Larson to dual Hilbert C*-modular frame pairs. Additionally, for any Hilbert C*-modular dual frame pair induced by a group of unitary operators, we show that there is a dilated dual pair which inherits the same group structure.     

Pair frames in Hilbert $$\varvec{C^*}$$-modules

In this paper, we introduce pair frames in Hilbert \(C^*\)-modules and show that they share many useful properties with their corresponding notions in Hilbert spaces. We also obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for a standard Bessel sequence to construct a pair frame and get the necessary and sufficient conditions for a Hilbert \(C^*\)-module to admit a pair frame with a symbol and two standard Bessel sequences. Moreover by generalizing some of the results obtained for Bessel multipliers in Hilbert \(C^*\)-modules to pair frames and considering the stability of pair frames under invertible operators, we construct new pair frames and show that pair frames are stable under small perturbations.     

Compactly supported multiwindow dual Gabor frames of rational sampling density

We consider multiwindow Gabor systems (G _N ; a, b) with N compactly supported windows and rational sampling density N/ab. We give another set of necessary and sufficient conditions for two multiwindow Gabor systems to form a pair of dual frames in addition to the Zibulski–Zeevi and Janssen conditions. Our conditions come from the back transform of Zibulski–Zeevi condition to the time domain but are more informative to construct window functions. For example, the masks satisfying unitary extension principle (UEP) condition generate a tight Gabor system when restricted on [0, 2] with a?=?1 and b?=?1. As another application, we show that a multiwindow Gabor system (G _N ; 1, 1) forms an orthonormal basis if and only if it has only one window (N?=?1) which is a sum of characteristic functions whose supports ‘essentially’ form a Lebesgue measurable partition of the unit interval. Our criteria also provide a rich family of multiwindow dual Gabor frames and multiwindow tight Gabor frames for the particular choices of lattice parameters, number and support of the windows. (Section 4)     

Multiwavelet Frames from Refinable Function Vectors

Starting from any two compactly supported d-refinable function vectors in (L ₂(R)) ^r with multiplicity r and dilation factor d, we show that it is always possible to construct 2rd wavelet functions with compact support such that they generate a pair of dual d-wavelet frames in L ₂(R) and they achieve the best possible orders of vanishing moments. When all the components of the two real-valued d-refinable function vectors are either symmetric or antisymmetric with their symmetry centers differing by half integers, such 2rd wavelet functions, which generate a pair of dual d-wavelet frames, can be real-valued and be either symmetric or antisymmetric with the same symmetry center. Wavelet frames from any d-refinable function vector are also considered. This paper generalizes the work in [5,12,13] on constructing dual wavelet frames from scalar refinable functions to the multiwavelet case. Examples are provided to illustrate the construction in this paper.     

Extension Principles for Dual Multiwavelet Frames of $$L_2(\mathbb {R}^s)$$ constructed from Multirefinable Generators

In this work we prove that any pair of homogeneous dual multiwavelet frames of \(L_2(\mathbb {R}^s)\) constructed from a pair of refinable function vectors gives rise to a pair of nonhomogeneous dual multiwavelet frames and vice versa. We also prove that the Mixed Oblique Extension Principle characterizes dual multiwavelet frames. Our results extend recent characterizations of affine dual frames derived from scalar refinable functions obtained in [3].     

Some properties of frames of subspaces obtained by operator theory methods

We study the relationship among operators, orthonormal basis of subspaces and frames of subspaces (also called fusion frames) for a separable Hilbert space H. We get sufficient conditions on an orthonormal basis of subspaces E={Ei}_i∈I of a Hilbert space K and a surjective T∈L(K,H) in order that {T(Ei)}_i∈I is a frame of subspaces with respect to a computable sequence of weights. We also obtain generalizations of results in [J.A. Antezana, G. Corach, M. Ruiz, D. Stojanoff, Oblique projections and frames, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 134 (2006) 1031-1037], which relate frames of subspaces (including the computation of their weights) and oblique projections. The notion of refinement of a fusion frame is defined and used to obtain results about the excess of such frames. We study the set of admissible weights for a generating sequence of subspaces. Several examples are given.     

General frame constructions for Z-cyclic triplewhist tournaments

Frames are useful in dealing with resolvable designs such as resolvable balanced incomplete block designs and triplewhist tournaments. Z-cyclic triplewhist tournament frames are also useful in the constructions of Z-cyclic triplewhist tournaments. In this paper, the concept of an (h₁,h₂,…,hn;u)-regular Z-cyclic triplewhist tournament frame is defined, and used to establish several quite general recursive constructions for Z-cyclic triplewhist tournaments. As corollaries, we are able to unify many known constructions for Z-cyclic triplewhist tournaments. As an application, some new Z-cyclic triplewhist tournament frames and Z-cyclic triplewhist tournaments are obtained. The known existence results of such designs are then extended.     

On the existence of partitionable skew Room frames

Partitionable skew Room frames of type hⁿ have played an important role in the constructions of 4-frames, (K₄-e)-frames and super-simple (4,2)-frames. In this paper, we investigate the existence of partitionable skew Room frames of type hⁿ. The necessary conditions for the existence of such a design are that and h?5. It is proved that these necessary conditions are also sufficient with a few possible exceptions. As a byproduct, the known results on the existence of skew Room frames and uniform 4-frames are both improved.     

Yosida frames

A Yosida frame is an algebraic frame in which every compact element is a meet of maximal elements. Yosida frames are used to abstractly characterize the frame of z-ideals of a ring of continuous functions C(X), when X is a compact Hausdorff space. An algebraic frame in which the meet of any two compact elements is compact is Yosida precisely when it is “finitely subfit”; that is, if and only if for each pair of compact elements a<b, there is a z (not necessarily compact) such that a∨z<1=b∨z. This is used to prove that if L is an algebraic frame in which the meet of any two compact elements is compact, and L has disjointification and dim(L)=1, then it is Yosida. It is shown that this result fails with almost any relaxation of the hypotheses. The paper closes with a number of examples, and a characterization of the Bézout domains in which the frame of semiprime ideals is Yosida frame.     

Universal frames

For a class of frames we define the notion of a universal element and prove that in the class of all frames of weight less than or equal to a fixed infinite cardinal number τ there are such elements.     

Robustness and surgery of frames

We characterize frames in Rⁿ that are robust to k erasures. The characterization is given in terms of the support of the null space of the synthesis operator of the frame. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for when an (r, k)-surgery on unit-norm tight frames in R² are possible. Also a generalization of a known characterization of the existence of tight frames with prescribed norms is given.