关于高聚物分子量测定方法的分类问题

高分子化合物区别于低分子物质的特征之一,就是它的分子量很大和分子量的不均一性。这也是造成高分子材料具有许多宝贵特性(高弹性、高强度等)的原因。任何一种高聚物实质上都是一类具有相同化学组成而分子链长短各异的同系物。高聚物的分子量实际上是各种大小不等高分子的分子量的统计平均值,由于测定方法不同、采用的统计平均方式不同,便得到不同的平均分子量,即最常用的数均分子量(M_n)、重均分子量(M_w)、z均分子量(M_z)和粘均分子量(M_q)四种:     

凝胶渗透色谱在确定特性粘数——分子量关系中的应用

粘度法测聚合物的分子量,有方便、快速、重复性好等优点。但此法需要由其他的测定分子量的绝对法如光散射,渗透压等测一组聚合物样品的分子量,与其在某一溶剂中,特定温度下的特性粘数合并使用。定出特性粘数——分子量关系式[η]=kM~a中的K、α值。式中K值是受高聚物分子量分布影响的。因此用G、P、C法测定的各聚合物样品的分子量分布指数对K值作多分散改正,有重要意义。     

高聚物的分子量

一、高聚物分子量的意义合成高聚物是单体分子经过加聚或缩聚作用产生的,从聚合作用的过程来看,很难想像在一次作用所生成的产物中,高聚分子有均一的聚合度。就是天然的高分子,除几种蛋白质以外,分子量也都是不均一的。所以一个高聚物试样,有它的分子量分布,应该用分子量分布曲线来表示这高聚物的聚合情况。但是分子量分布曲线的测定,目前还是很困难的工作。在高分子化学中,所谓高聚物的分子量,只有统计的意义,就是说是一种统计的平均分子量。由于统计方法的不同,就可以有许多种不同     

粘度法测定高聚物的分子量

一、引言分子量是高聚物的最基础数据,在了解聚合作用的进度和叙述聚合物成品的规范时,都须要测定分子量。高聚物的分子量很大,一般地说,在10~3—10~7的范围内。目前用以测定这些分子量的实验方法,大都是利用高分子在溶液里的性质:     

利用流变仪测定聚苯乙烯的分子量和分子量分布的研究

用先进流变扩展系统ARES（Advanced Rheology Expanded System）对聚苯乙烯的分子量和分子量分布进行了测定,并且将所得的结果与GPC的结果进行了比较,发现误差非常小．因此认为用ARES进行特定聚合物的分子量及分子量分布测定,是一种快速、准确的测定方法,对生产的质量控制有一定的帮助．     

数均分子量的测定法——气相渗透法简介

一、引言随着我国社会主义建设事业的蓬勃发展,工业、农业、军工、医药以及日常生活中使用高分子材料的地方日益增多。因为高分子材料的分子量对其加工和使用性能都有一定的影响,所以,研究简便、快速测定分子量的方法,也就特别引起人们的注意。高聚物本身是不同分子量级分的混合物,因而所测定的分子量只能给出平均值。根据平均方法的不     

粘度测定作为绝对法测定高聚物的分子量

高聚物的使用價值在很多應用場合依賴於它的平均分子量。通常情况下,機械强度、彈性和在突加應力下的抗撕裂性等隨分子量的增加而增加。反之,加工成型和溶解度隨分子量的增加而降低。從質量和經濟觀點兩個相反的要求來看,就必須儘可能準確地知道分子量的數值,以便肯定產品的分子量在某一應用上是否合適。 一般情况下,去叙述某一產品的品質規範,通過一個簡單的粘度测定就够了。當有可能將不     

值得商榷的聚合物分子量分布宽度指数表达式

认为张晓云在“有关聚合物平均分子量和分子量多分散性的教学点滴”一文中对聚合物分子量分布宽度指数的定义以及由此得出的结论是值得商榷的。本文介绍了具有统计意义的分子量分布宽度指数的定义，比较了四种常用平均分子量的相对大小。     

基团转移聚合中分子量和分子量分布的研究

<正> 基团转移聚合的主要优点是能在室温下进行甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸酯和丙烯腈等极性单体的控制聚合,得到实测分子量和理论分子量相近的、多分散指数较小的聚合物。对于每一种新发现的引发剂和催化剂组成的引发-催化体系,亦是在高转化率的前提下,视其实测分子量和理论分子量的相符程度和多分散指数的大小而评判其优劣。目前已报道的有关控制分子量及多分散指数的工作,大多限于研究催化剂含量的影响。而反应条     

关于气相渗透法仪器常数问题——一个新模式

气相渗透法广泛用于测定齐聚物和低分子量聚合物的数均分子量(M_n)。分析文献数据和本文的实验证明,仪器常数K值随溶质的分子量而变化。本文提出了一种新的说明 VPO法 K值依赖于溶质分子量的模式,根据此模式,可清楚地说明这种依赖关系。     

Gel permeation chromatography—II. The effect of solvent flow rate on the calculated molecular weight averages

The experimental data reported previously have been used to calculate the differential molecular weight distribution of the samples as a function of the solvent flow rate. These calculations were performed without applying a dispersion correction and also with a dispersion correction method called “Reshaping”. The effect of flow rate on molecular weight averages has been determined. The resolution parameter, relating observed to ideal behavior, has been found to be molecular weight dependent at 1·0 ml/min flow rate but independent of molecular weight at 0·2 ml/min flow rate.With this polystyrene gel column, the efficiency was greater when tetrahydrofuran, rather than toluene, was used as solvent, at similar flow rates.     

醋酸乙烯(VAc)的活性/可控自由基聚合

本文综述了醋酸乙烯(VAc)单体的活性/可控自由基聚合研究进展.醋酸乙烯是一种重要的单体,是生产聚醋酸乙烯(PVAc)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)的原料.传统的自由基聚合方法如溶液、乳液、悬浮和分散等都可以用来实现VAc的聚合,得到不同分子量的PVAc和PVA.由于醋酸乙烯增长自由基的高活性,存在向聚合物链的链转移从而导致聚合物的分子量分布比较宽,为了得到分子量分布更窄的聚合物,活性可控聚合方法也被用来实现VAc的聚合.     

ASSOCIATION OF ETHYLENE—VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS Ⅲ. CRITICAL ASSOCIATION CONCENTRATION*

Association behavior of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer in foursolvents 1, 2-dichloroethane (DCE), cyclohexane (CYH), xylene (XYL) and chloroform(CF) has been investigated by dilute solution viscometry The critical association concen-tration (C_A) was determined at which the incipient decrease in slope of the η_(sp)/C～ Ccurve in solutions at the dilute regime. Our results showed that whether the CA couldexist depends on solvent property. The values of CA in DCE increase with increasing, oftemperature and vinyl acetate (VA) content in EVA and decreasing of molecular weight ofEVA.     

4-乙烯基吡啶与丙烯酰胺共聚合的研究

以过硫酸钾为引发剂 ,采用溶液自由基共聚合方法 ,实现了丙烯酰胺 (AM)与 4 乙烯基吡啶 (4 VP)的共聚合 .通过详细研究共溶剂体系、单体总浓度、反应温度、反应时间及引发剂量对共聚合过程中转化率和分子量的影响 ,从而确定了适宜的共溶剂体系和最佳的工艺条件 .用紫外分光光度法测得了共聚物的组成 .用Kelen Tudos方法 ,求得 4 乙烯基吡啶 (4 VP)和丙烯酰胺 (AM)单体的竞聚率 ,r4 VP =0 6 4 4 ,rAM =0 371.最后通过FTIR和1 3C NMR表征共聚物的结构并验证了共聚物的组成 .     

Practical experience with organic solvent flow field-flow fractionation

Summary Several types of membrane have been tested for use in organic solvent flow field-flow fractionation in an asymmetric channel. The practical problems most commonly encountered were leakage of air and solvent through the support layer on which the membranes are cast, and unequal swelling of the membrane and the support layer in the organic solvent, leading to ridging of the membrane in the channel. Three types of membrane were found suitable for the separation of polystyrene standards with tetrahydrofuran as solvent. The best results were obtained with a fluoropolymer membrane. Fair agreement was found between theory and practice for the dependence of retention times on the relative molecular mass of the standards and on the flow regime. Use of scanning electron microscopy revealed that for a number of the membrane materials some pores were much larger than expected on the basis of the indicated molecular weight cut-off. Whereas these materials could not be used for the fractionation of soluble polymers, they could be applied with some success to the separation of solid latex and silica particles. A PTFE membrane could be used for the separation of latexes and silica particles suspended in acetonitrile as carrier liquid. In general, however, the retention times of these particles were shorter than theoretically predicted.     

Solution properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers

High-pressure ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers of four different chemical compositions(9%, 15%, 45%, and 70% VA) were characterized to determine molecular weight and distribution. The four samples were fractionated by solvent–nonsolvent precipitation methods. Light-scattering, osmometry, and viscosity measurements were made on these fractionated copolymers to determine weight-average molecular weight \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {M_w } $\end{document}, number-average molecular weight \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {M_n } $\end{document}, molecular size in solution, and interaction constants. Dilute solution viscosity was measured on the fractions to determine intrinsic viscosity and Huggins' constant k′. Viscosity–molecular weight equations were established for the four copolymer compositions. The log intrinsic viscosity versus log molecular weight diagrams were analyzed and the average length of branches calculated. The composition of the polymer fractions, determined by C and H combustion analysis, was found not to vary significantly with molecular weight. The uniformly random character of the E/VA copolymers was thereby confirmed. The density of the fractions was determined by density-gradient column method. Chain sequence distribution of monomer units for the four copolymers was calculated by using IBM 704 computations involving the actual monomer reactivity ratios. Long sequences of either ethylene or vinyl acetate are improbable, except at the extremes of copolymer composition.     

Polymer characterization by coupling gel-permeation chromatography and automatic viscometry

A method is proposed for use of the universal calibration curve, i.e., the product of molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity versus retention volume, in calculating the molecular weight distribution of a polymer from gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) when the Mark-Houwink relation of the polymer in the solvent used for the GPC is unknown. This is achieved by measuring the viscosity of each fraction with an automatic capillary tube viscometer. Application of this technique to poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate) proved to be successful.     

Flow rates of polymer solutions through porous disks as a function of solute. II. Thickness and structure of adsorbed polymer films

The thickness of films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), and polystyrene (PS) adsorbed on Pyrex glass was studied by measuring the flow rates of polymer solutions and the corresponding pure solvents through sintered filter disks. Adsorption isotherms were in agreement with those reported by other workers and showed saturation adsorption equivalent to 2–8 condensed monolayers of monomer units. Film thicknesses were of the order of magnitude of the free coil diameters in solution and were directly proportional to the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer, except for PS in benzene where the thicknesses leveled off as molecular weight increased. It was concluded that polymers adsorb from solution in monolayers of compressed or interpenetrating coils; that below some critical molecular weight which varies with polymer and solvent, a much larger fraction of the segments lies directly in the interface; that adsorbed films may consist of a dense layer immediately adjacent to the surface and a deep layer of loops extending into the solvent; and that it is the segment—solvent interaction rather than the segment—surface interaction which dominates the conformation of the adsorbed chain.     

Rapid determination of molecular parameters of synthetic polymers by precipitation/redissolution high‐performance liquid chromatography using “molded” monolithic column

Rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of polystyrenes, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(vinyl acetates), and polybutadienes using a monolithic 50 × 4.6 mm i.d. poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) column have been carried out. The separation process involves precipitation of the macromolecules on the macroporous monolithic column followed by progressive elution utilizing a gradient of the mobile phase. Depending on the character of the separated polymer, solvent gradients were composed of a poor solvent such as water, methanol, or hexane and increasing amounts of a good solvent such as THF or dichloromethane. Monolithic columns are ideally suited for this technique because convection through the large pores of the monolith enhances the mass transport of large polymer molecules and accelerates the separation process. Separation conditions including the selection of a specific pair of solvent and precipitant, flow rate, and gradient steepness were optimized for the rapid HPLC separations of various polymers that differed broadly in their molecular weights. Excellent separations were obtained demonstrating that the precipitation‐redissolution technique is a suitable alternative to size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). The molecular weight parameters calculated from the HPLC data match well those obtained by SEC. However, compared to SEC, the determination of molecular parameters using gradient elution could be achieved at comparable flow rates in a much shorter period of time, typically in about 1 min. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2767–2778, 2000     

Effects of solvent goodness and polymer concentration on rejection of polystyrene from small pores

Solutions of polystyrene of molecular weight 4.5 × 10⁶ and 8.4 × 10⁶ in mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride/methanol were filtered through track-etched mica membranes at low membrane velocities. The unperturbed hydrodynamic radius of the polymer was always larger than the pore radius. The reflection coefficient σ, defined as the fraction of polymer held back by the membrane, was determined from material balances as a function of solvent flow rate per pore q, volume percent CCl₄ of the solvent, and polymer concentration C₀. In the dilute region (C₀ < C^*) σ was found to depend primarily on q and was essentially independent of chain size (or solvent goodness), molecular weight, and pore radius. In the semidilute region (C₀ > C^*) σ decreased significantly as C₀ was increased.