物理场防除积垢节能技术

化工生产过程换热设备积垢的防除一直是普遍存在且难以解决的问题，目前采用的防除积垢的方法是化学法或化学与机械相结合的方法，它们都有各自的不足之处，文章在调查国内外关于物理场防除积垢节能技术研究成果的基础上，较详细地介绍了该技术的原理和应用现状，并展望了今后的发展方向。     

超声波抗垢强化传热技术的研究进展

换热设备的污垢一直是普遍存在且难以解决的问题。在对国内外超声波抗垢强化传热技术的研究进行简要描述与总结的基础上，本文认为超声波抗垢强化传热是一种先进的节能环保技术，具有非常广阔的应用前景，并指出了存在的问题与研究方向。其中声学参数的选择以及因地制宜的应用方法是该技术的关键，有必要进一步结合丰富的实验进行深入的理论分析与研究。     

基于降低污垢热阻的复合强化传热研究

复合强化传热的换热系数的增加通常要比单独使用其中的任何一种技术高,但过分增长的污垢热阻会轻而易举地将对流换热系数提高的效果加以抵消。将振动看作不仅仅意味着噪声与元件损坏的能量表达方式,就有可能利用流体诱导的传热元件振动扰动水流,提高对流换热系数;同时,用振动变形清除传热表面积垢,降低污垢热阻,从而形成一种复合强化传热的新方法。     

弹性管束汽－水换热器强化传热试验研究

本文设计了一种新的传热元件－弹性管束,它对管内外流体流动具有良好的振动响应特性。利用传热表面振动提高管外对流换热系数的同时,利用振动变形减少积垢,降低污垢热阻,实现了复合强化传热。在汽水换热条件下,对流作诱导振动强化传热规律进行了试验研究,得到了管外对流换热的准则方程式。     

扭转带强化传热:实验研究和应用评价

对扭转带强化传热进行了实验研究和工业设备性能测试。扭转带的扭转比分别为1.88、2.50、2.62、3.34、3.81、4.52。实验参数变化范围为:空气进口温度 Tain=150～700℃,空气雷诺数 Rea=2500～30000。根据实验结果给出相应的圆管内空气强制对流传热关联式,并结合工业性试验,评价了扭转带强化传热的性能。     

垂直上升内螺纹管内超临界压力水的传热特性研究

对垂直上升?1.? mm六头内螺纹管内超临界压力水的传热特性进行了比较系统的实验研究.试验参数范围,压力p=22.～29. MPa,管内质量流速G=650～1200 kg/(m2·s),内壁热流密度q=200～660 kW/m2.根据试验结果,细致地分析了质量流速和压力对超临界水传热特性的影响,并探讨了大比热容区传热强化和传热恶化的发生机理.通过与亚临界压力下传热特性的比较,表明超临界压力下的对流换热不同于亚临界压力下的单相对流换热;超临界压力下的传热存在三种模式: (1)正常传热;(2)传热恶化;(3)强化传热.同时发现,超临界压力下的传热恶化类似于亚临界压力下的膜态沸腾.     

超声波强化传热的链式反应机理与模拟研究

利用超声外场作用实现强化传热的技术越来越受到人们的关注。本文开展超声波强化传热技术的作用机理分析及数值模拟研究。在理论方面,提出了超声波强化传热机理的新解释——"空化链式反应";在数值模拟方面,建立了超声波强化换热的数值模型,验证了超声波对换热的强化作用。理论分析显示超声空化核心的链式破裂具有减薄边界层、增强换热的效果;模拟给出了不同波动压力和频率下的强化换热情况,当驱动压力为7 kPa和频率为20 kHz时,超声波对流体传热的强化效果最好。     

HL-2M装置第一壁传热结构设计及传热性能测试

在 HL-2M 第一壁传热结构设计中,利用导热管的轴向快速导热特性及较短的传热路径,将面对等离 子体的第一壁表面热量快速传至真空室内壁上。第一壁背板和真空室内壁上分别焊接导热铜块作为冷热连接端, 导热管嵌入其内,导热管与铜块之间增垫导热金属箔并用压板固定压紧,以增强接触界面传热。根据此传热结构 设计,设计加工了相应的传热性能测试试验件。通过对试验件进行传热性能测试及实验条件外推可知,试验件冷 热端面间的最大传热功率为 4kW,端面间最大对流换热系数为 6kW·m^‒2。     

流化床传热机理分析

针对迄今为止对于流化床传热过程存在着相互混淆或模糊的机理性解释的情况，本文根据作者近期提出的一个流化床传热模型［１，２］，对发生在流化床内的传热过程进行了较为详尽的机理性分析，对传导、对流分量进行了新的定义，给出了一个新的传热过程模式图，并对不同颗粒尺度和温度范围给出了不同分量所占分额的定量变化结果。     

EHD强化水平管外沸腾传热的试验研究

本研究对水平管外沸腾换热的ＥＨＤ强化进行了试验,得出了沸腾换热系数与外加电场的电压、管壁热流密度等相关参数的关系,并对试验现象和外加电场的功耗进行了分析,为探索ＥＨＤ强化沸腾传热的机理和理论以及它的工程应用提供了一定的依据．     

Industrial experiments for the application of ultrasound on scale control in the Chinese sugar industry

The industrialized application of a technique of scale control by ultrasound was investigated in this paper. The results indicated that not only the viscosity of sugar solution was reduced, but also the heat transfer coefficient and evaporation intensity of the evaporation system were improved by 42.4% and 15.2% respectively, and the scale was removed remarkably with no significant effects on white sugar quality. In addition, chemical detergent was not necessary, so no chemical contamination existed and labour intensity was reduced in this technique. Furthermore, the ultrasonic equipment is easy to operate and has good performance in terms of high continuity and automisation.     

Study on removing calcium carbonate plug from near wellbore by high-power ultrasonic treatment

In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic wave on the removal of inorganic scaling and plugging in cores and the influence of the key wave field parameters, process parameters and core physical parameters on the plugging removal efficiency are systematically studied. The main dynamic mechanism of ultrasonic plugging removal is also systematically analyzed. Results show that the transducer frequency, transducer power, ultrasonic treatment time and initial permeability of core have great influence on the effect of ultrasonic scale removal. When the cumulative treatment time of ultrasonic wave exceeds 60 min, the recovery rate of core permeability tends to be stable. Best effect can be achieved when processing for 80–120 min cumulatively; the plugging removal effect is improved with the increase of ultrasonic transducer power and ultrasonic frequency, but the effect of plugging removal is not obvious with the further increasing of them. In addition, it is proved that the effect of removing calcium carbonate plug from near wellbore by hydrochloric acid solution is slightly better than that by ultrasonic treatment alone. Finally, the micro dynamic mechanism of removing inorganic scale plug by high-power ultrasonic treatment is discussed in view of ultrasonic inorganic scale body crushing, ultrasonic cavitation, ultrasonic friction, ultrasonic peristaltic transport operation and ultrasonic fracture-making and permeability-increasing effect.     

超声液位检测频率选择的理论计算和实验研究

非介入式超声液位检测中,中间层介质对反射回波强度有着显著的影响,为得到较强的检测回波信号,发射频率的选择是非常必要的。本文采用传输矩阵方法,对非介入式超声液位检测中声波在多层介质中的传播进行了研究,给出了反射回波声强与入射声波频率之间的关系,从理论上计算得到了最佳入射声波频率。实验结果与理论计算一致,由此为非介入式超声液位检测的频率选择提供了一有效的技术途径。     

The influence of magnetic field swept rate on the ultrasonic propagation velocity of magnetorheological fluids

Structure of magnetorheological (MR) fluids depends on the strength of the magnetic field applied and on the mode of its application. The ultrasonic wave propagation velocity changes under the effect of an external magnetic field as a result of formation of clusters arranged along the direction of the field in the MR fluids. Therefore, we propose a qualitative analysis of these clustering structures by measuring properties of ultrasonic propagation. Since the MR fluids are opaque, the non-contact inspection using this ultrasonic technique can be very useful. In this study, we measured ultrasonic propagation velocity in MR fluid influenced by an external magnetic field for different swept rate precisely. With increasing magnetic field intensity, the changes of the ultrasonic wave velocity are more pronounced. Sedimentation effect takes place in certain time for different swept rate due to magnetic particle size and it follows linear relationship in log scale. Significant differences of the ultrasonic wave velocity are established between the case when the field is swept at a constant rate and the case when it is stepped up.     

Image-based sizing of surface-breaking cracks by SH-wave array ultrasonic testing

This paper presents calibration-free crack sizing techniques based on ultrasonic imaging. The techniques are intended for 2D (line) surface-breaking cracks with the size of the incident wavelength or greater. The probing wave mode is the anti-plane shear wave (SH-wave). Two methods are employed for the ultrasonic imaging. One is a synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) and the other is a computed time-reversal focusing technique (TRFT). In this paper, those methods are modified so that crack tips are located directly from measured A-scope waveforms without any calibration experiments. The results are shown as a peak in the ultrasonic image created by the respective methods. Reasonable accuracies of the proposed techniques are demonstrated first for the sizing of slits with known depths. The techniques are applied thereafter to the sizing of fatigue cracks. Since fatigue cracks may not be open without an external load, ultrasonic measurements are taken with and without external loads. The results of the imaging show that the depths of open cracks can be estimated accurately. It is also shown that crack opening (closing) behavior can be deduced by observing appearance (disappearance) of the peak in the images indicating the crack tip.     

Numerical modelling of acoustic pressure fields to optimize the ultrasonic cleaning technique for cylinders

Fouling build up is a well-known problem in the offshore industry. Accumulation of fouling occurs in different structures, e.g. offshore pipes, ship hulls, floating production platforms. The type of fouling that accumulates is dependent on environmental conditions surrounding the structure itself. Current methods deployed for fouling removal span across hydraulic, chemical and manual, all sharing the common disadvantage of necessitating halting production for the cleaning process to commence. Conventionally, ultrasound is used in ultrasonic baths to clean a submerged component by the generation and implosion of cavitation bubbles on the fouled surface; this method is particularly used in Reverse Osmosis applications. However, this requires the submersion of the fouled structure and thus may require a halt to production. Large fouled structures such as pipelines may not be accommodated. The application of high power ultrasonics is proposed in this work as a means to remove fouling on a structure whilst in operation. The work presented in this paper consists of the development of a finite element analysis model based on successful cleaning results from a pipe fouled with calcite on the inner pipe wall. A Polytec 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer was used in this investigation to study the fouling removal process. Results show the potential of high power ultrasonics for fouling removal in pipe structures from the wave propagation across the structure under excitation, and are used to validate a COMSOL model to determine cleaning patterns based on pressure and displacement distributions for future transducer array design and optimization.     

Advances in ultrasonic production units for enhanced oil recovery in China

With the development of oil recovery technology, ultrasonic technology has been involved in oil production and oilfield development. The mechanism of ultrasonic wave plugging in near well is different from the conventional oil recovery technology. Ultrasonic oil production technique is an effective method to enhance oil production with low cost, good applicability, and no environmental pollution. The core part of ultrasonic oil production equipment for Enhanced Oil Recovery is a high-power ultrasonic transducer. The continuous high-power ultrasound is used to treat the reservoir, which changes the pore structure, the physical property and the state of the fluid, thus improving the permeability and flows conditions of the reservoir, and increasing the oil yield and oil recovery. Ultrasonic oil recovery equipment includes the generation of high-power ultrasonic signals, long-distance transmission and the conversion of electrical energy to acoustic energy. In this paper, state-of-the-art on the development of ultrasonic oil production devices for Enhanced Oil Recovery in China is introduced. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the development of high-power ultrasonic oil extraction equipment and its promotion in tertiary oil recovery technology.     

Study on frequency optimization and mechanism of ultrasonic waves assisting water flooding in low-permeability reservoirs

Water flooding is one of widely used technique to improve oil recovery from conventional reservoirs, but its performance in low-permeability reservoirs is barely satisfactory. Besides adding chemical agents, ultrasonic wave is an effective and environmental-friendly strategy to assist in water flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in unconventional reservoirs. The acoustic frequency plays a dominating role in the EOR performance of ultrasonic wave and is usually optimized through a series of time-consuming laboratory experiments. Hence, this study proposes an unsupervised learning method to group low-permeability cores in terms of permeability, porosity and wettability. This grouping algorithm succeeds to classify the 100 natural cores adopted in this study into five categories and the water flooding experiment certificates the accuracy and reliability of the clustering results. It is proved that ultrasonic waves can further improve the oil recovery yielded by water-flooding, especially in the oil-wet and weakly water-wet low-permeability cores. Furthermore, we investigated the EOR mechanism of ultrasonic waves in the low-permeability reservoir via scanning electron microscope observation, infrared characterization, interfacial tension and oil viscosity measurement. Although ultrasonic waves cannot ameliorate the components of light oil as dramatically as those of heavy oil, such compound changes still contribute to the oil viscosity and oil-water interfacial tension reductions. More importantly, ultrasonic waves may modify the micromorphology of low-permeability cores and improve the pore connectivity.     

Phase-transfer catalysis and ultrasonic waves. I. Cannizzaro reaction

The aim of this work is to study the effect of an ultrasonic wave on the Cannizzaro reaction catalyzed by a phase-transfer catalyst. The reaction of benzaldehyde with potassium hydroxide was chosen as the reference reaction. The kinetics of the reaction was followed by the amount of benzoic acid which is well characterized and easily isolatable. Investigations were made on variables such as the kind of aldehyde, the phase-transfer catalyst, the temperature and the frequency of ultrasonic wave. As the phase-transfer catalyst depends strongly on mass transfer between two phases, it is well understood that ultrasonic waves have a greater efficiency of interface mixing than conventional agitation. The results showed that an ultrasonic wave of 20 kHz dramatically accelerates on the reaction.     

Research on ultrasonic excitation for the removal of drilling fluid plug,paraffin deposition plug,polymer plug and inorganic scale plug for near-well ultrasonic processing technology

Near-well ultrasonic processing technology attracts more attention due to its simple operation, high adaptability, low cost and no pollution to the formation. Although this technology has been investigated in detail through laboratory experiments and field tests, systematic and intensive researches are absent for certain major aspects, such as whether ultrasonic excitation is better than chemical agent for any plugs removal; whether ultrasound-chemical combination plug removal technology has the best plugs removal effect. In this paper, the comparison of removing drilling fluid plug, paraffin deposition plug, polymer plug and inorganic scale plug using ultrasonic excitation, chemical agent and ultrasound-chemical combination plug removal technology is investigated. Results show that the initial core permeability and ultrasonic frequency play a significant role in plug removal. Ultrasonic excitation and chemical agent have different impact on different plugs. The comparison results show that the effect of removing any plugs using ultrasound-chemicals composite plug removal technology is obviously better than that using ultrasonic excitation or chemical agent alone. Such conclusion proves that ultrasonic excitation and chemical agent can cause synergetic effects.