厚体液膜动力学拆分普萘洛尔外消旋体

以S,S-酒石酸正十二酯和H3BO生成的配合物为手性载体, 通过量热分析结果初步证明该配合物的存在, 采用厚体液膜拆分了普萘洛尔外消旋体. 考察了S,S-酒石酸十二酯浓度和水相pH值对拆分性能的影响, 优化了其拆分操作条件, 同时进行了动力学分析. 得出厚体液膜拆分的一般规律, 即其拆分属于动力学拆分过程, 适当提高手性载体的浓度有利于提高对映单体流量和拆分的立体选择性, 水相pH值对于拆分性能有着重要的影响. 其拆分过程中萃取反应过程为控速步骤, 对映单体的跨膜传递可以用两个串联的准一级不可逆过程进行描述.     

胺类拆分剂从水溶液中拆分外消旋有机酸的研究

具有光学活性的化学物质目前已在药物、食品、饮料、农药等领域得到了广泛的应用,需求日益增长,但化学合成的产物多为无活性的外消旋体(混合物、化合物或固体溶液),要从中得到单一对映体必须进行拆分,非对映体盐结晶法是目前工业应用最广泛的一种拆分技术,其原理是采用一种光学活性物质与外消旋体反应生成一对非对映立体异构体,依据两者在特定溶剂中的溶解度差异实现拆分.该技术尤其适合于外消旋的有机酸、有机碱的拆分,有关这方面拆分实例的报道较多[1～3].但迄今为止,还没有该技术系统的规律性研究报道.本文以若干外消旋有机酸为对象,试图通过以水为溶剂的拆分实验研究,探讨有机酸拆分过程的特性,从而为非对映体盐结晶拆分技术规律性的研究及外消旋有机酸拆分过程工业化的实施创造条件.     

几种外消旋环氧化合物的水解动力学拆分

2 羟基 3 叔丁基 5 甲基苯甲醛 (5 )与 (S ,S) 1 ,2 二苯基乙二胺 ((S,S) 1 1 )缩合 ,得手性Salen 1 2 ,再与Co(OAc) 2 ·4H2 O反应得钴络合物 1 3 ,后者经氧化制得Salen型手性催化剂 (S ,S) 2。几种外消旋环氧化合物用 (S ,S) 2催化水解进行动力学拆分 ,同时得到光学活性环氧化合物和二醇 ,对映体过量最高达 61 6%。根据分子力学对催化剂构象优化的结果讨论了催化剂结构对其催化效率和选择性的影响     

酶催化不对称还原和消旋动力学拆分及其在合成上的应用

最近,酶催化不对称还原反应和消旋动力学拆分,在合成光学活性物质的方法上,有较大进展,有些反应已有实用价值。酶催化反应中,所用的酶往往直接利用生物体本身,来源方便,价格低廉,操作简便。目前,在酶催化反应中,以羰基的不对称还原应用最广。与此有关的酶催化消旋动力学拆分的研究也日益增多。本文对这两方面的最新研究情况作一简要介绍。     

基于泡沫分馏技术立体选择拆分蛋氨酸外消旋体

以青霉素G钾盐(PEN-K)为手性捕集剂,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为起泡剂,采用泡沫分馏技术对蛋氨酸外消旋体进行拆分,采用正交实验法考察了回流时间(A)、溶液pH值(B)、柱填料高度(C)、回流气速(D)和待分馏溶液中各物质浓度比(E)等对拆分性能的影响。通过直观分析和方差分析研究可知,五因素中对对映体过量值影响次序为:DEBAC,从而得到拆分蛋氨酸外消旋体的优化工艺条件为D2E2B1A4C4。在回流时间60min、溶液pH值2.0、柱填料高度28cm、回流气速40L/h、溶液中各物质浓度比60∶1∶0.6的条件下得到的对映体过量值为50.0。     

厚体液膜拆分克伦特罗外消旋体及其动力学研究

以D-( )-二苯甲酰酒石酸(D-( )-DBTA)为流动载体,研究了克伦特罗(clenbuterol,Cle)对映体的厚体液膜法拆分,建立了手性拆分条件和动力学拆分模型。考察了D-( )-DBTA浓度、缓冲液pH值对手性拆分性能的影响,进行了动力学分析,并测定了膜-料液界面的萃取反应表观速率常数k1和膜-反萃相界面的反萃取表观速率常数k2。结果表明:在优化的实验条件下(pH为7,手性载体与Cle浓度比为1∶4),Cle外消旋体能被含有手性载体D-( )-DBTA的厚体液膜有效拆分,分离因子大于1.08;Cle单体的跨膜迁移过程可以用两个串联的准一级不可逆过程进行描述。     

氨基酰化酶的固定化和苯丙氨酸消旋体的拆分

本文合成了一种功能高分子材料,利用其适宜的物理性质和匹配的功能基来固定氨基酰化酶,并进行苯丙氨酸消旋体的拆分,研究结果表明:这种载体对氮基酰化酶蛋白固定容量大,固定化酶比活力高,活力损失小,本文系统地研究了氮基酰化酶拆分苯丙氨酸消旋体的理化性质,包括温度、pH、离子浓度、热稳定性、激活离子、底物浓度以及蛋白变性剂等,并进行苯丙氨酸消旋体的连续拆分,对拆分产物采用离子交换法进行分离精制,真空浓缩得到L-苯丙氨酸的盐酸盐,产率高,对产品进行旋光检验,纯度高。     

手性化合物的动态动力学拆分研究进展

获得光学纯手性化合物已成为精细化学品和制药行业的重要目标,外消旋体的拆分是合成光学纯手性化合物最主要的途径之一[1],其中动力学拆分是常用的方法.然而经典的动力学拆分方法的缺点是最大理论产率仅为50%.     

动态动力学拆分制备(R)-1-氨基茚满

首次采用动态动力学方法成功制备光学纯(R)-1-氨基茚满.以十二烷基磺酸根离子改性的层状双氢氧化物(LDH)为载体负载金属钯制备了新型消旋催化剂Pd/LDH-DS,对其消旋化(S)-1-氨基茚满的反应条件进行了研究,发现其具有优越的反应性能;在此基础上结合脂肪酶Novozym 435的反应条件,最终确定以甲苯为反应溶剂,戊酸对氯苯酯为酰基供体,底物浓度为82.5 mmol/L,55℃条件下反应15 h后制备得到(R)-1-氨基茚满戊酸酯,产物转化率>99%,产物光学纯度eeP>99%.     

非酶催化动力学拆分的研究进展

动力学拆分是合成光学纯化合物的重要方法之一. 在酶催化的动力学拆分取得进展的同时, 近几年有关非酶催化的动力学拆分正在成为人们研究的热点, 主要拆分反应涉及对映选择性的酰化、氧化、还原、开环、成环、取代和加成等反应, 对该领域的最新研究进展进行了简要综述.     

Intermolecular Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Cooperatively Catalyzed by an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and a Lewis Acid

The ubiquitous structure of δ‐lactones makes the development of new methods for their enantioselective and stereoselective synthesis an important ongoing challenge. The intermolecular dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of β‐halo‐α‐ketoesters cooperatively catalyzed by an N‐heterocyclic carbene and a Lewis acid generates two contiguous stereocenters with remarkable diastereoselectivity through an oxidation/lactonization sequence.     

Kinetic and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Tertiary Bromides by Pentanidium‐Catalyzed Phase‐Transfer Azidation

We have developed a method to afford enantiomerically enriched tertiary azides and bromides through pentanidium‐catalyzed kinetic resolution (KR) of racemic tertiary bromides under base‐free conditions. We found that the absence of water is crucial to attain a high selectivity factor (s). On the other hand, new experimental observations and DFT modeling led us to propose that enantioconvergent azidation of tertiary bromides proceeded through dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). The investigations particularly identified the crucial roles of base and water in the enantioconvergent process, thus supporting the proposal that the tertiary bromide isomerizes in the presence of base and water through a S_N2X pathway.     

N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Pyranones

The dynamic kinetic resolution of 6‐hydroxypyranones with enals or alkynals through an asymmetric redox esterification is catalyzed by a chiral N‐heterocyclic carbene. The resulting esters are obtained in good to high yields and with high levels of enantio‐ and diastereocontrol. The reaction products are further derivatized to obtain functionalized sugar derivatives and natural products.     

Acid Zeolites as Alcohol Racemization Catalysts: Screening and Application in Biphasic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution

Acid zeolites were screened as heterogeneous catalysts for racemization of benzylic alcohols. The most promising zeolites appeared to be H‐Beta zeolites, for which the optimal reaction conditions were studied in further detail. The zeolite performance was compared to that of homogeneous acids and acid resins under similar reaction conditions. In a second part of the research, H‐Beta zeolites were applied in dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of 1‐phenylethanol, which was conducted by means of a two‐phase approach and which resulted in yields smoothly crossing the 50 % border up to 90 %, with an enantiomeric excess of >99 %. To explore the applicability of this biphasic methodology, several other substrates were examined in the standard racemization reaction and in the biphasic dynamic kinetic resolution.     

Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Heterobiaryl Ketones by Zinc‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation

A diastereo‐ and highly enantioselective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of configurationally labile heterobiaryl ketones is described. The DKR proceeds by zinc‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of the carbonyl group, thus leading to secondary alcohols bearing axial and central chirality. The strategy relies on the labilization of the stereogenic axis that takes place thanks to a Lewis acid–base interaction between a nitrogen atom in the heterocycle and the ketone carbonyl group. The synthetic utility of the methodology is demonstrated through stereospecific transformations into either N,N‐ligands or appealing axially chiral, bifunctional thiourea organocatalysts.     

Kinetic and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Tertiary Bromides by Pentanidium-Catalyzed Phase-Transfer Azidation

We have developed a method to afford enantiomerically enriched tertiary azides and bromides through pentanidium-catalyzed kinetic resolution (KR) of racemic tertiary bromides under base-free conditions. We found that the absence of water is crucial to attain a high selectivity factor (s). On the other hand, new experimental observations and DFT modeling led us to propose that enantioconvergent azidation of tertiary bromides proceeded through dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR). The investigations particularly identified the crucial roles of base and water in the enantioconvergent process, thus supporting the proposal that the tertiary bromide isomerizes in the presence of base and water through a S_N2X pathway.     

Bifunctional Gyroidal MOFs: Highly Efficient Lewis Base and Lewis Acid Catalysts

A family of gyroidal metal–organic frameworks (STUs) composited with transition metal ions and bi‐imidazolate ligands (BIm) were prepared and applied as both Lewis base and acid catalysts. Benefiting from the intrinsic basicity of the ligands and the Lewis acidic sites of the open metal centres, the STUs materials show excellent catalytic activities as Lewis base for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction between various aldehydes and malononitrile, and as Lewis acid for cyanosilylation reactions. Among these STUs, STU‐4 (Ni(BIm)) shows the best catalytic efficiency (conversions >99 %) in both Knoevenagel condensation and cyanosilylation reactions under mild conditions, providing thus an advanced material for both Lewis base and Lewis acid catalysis.     

Biocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution for the Synthesis of Atropisomeric Biaryl N‐Oxide Lewis Base Catalysts

Atropisomeric biaryl pyridine and isoquinoline N‐oxides were synthesized enantioselectively by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of rapidly racemizing precursors exhibiting free bond rotation. The DKR was achieved by ketoreductase (KRED) catalyzed reduction of an aldehyde to form a configurationally stable atropisomeric alcohol, with the substantial increase in rotational barrier arising from the loss of a bonding interaction between the N‐oxide and the aldehyde. Use of different KREDs allowed either the M or P enantiomer to be synthesized in excellent enantiopurity. The enantioenriched biaryl N‐oxide compounds catalyze the asymmetric allylation of benzaldehyde derivatives with allyltrichlorosilane.     

Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Alcohols by Enantioselective Silylation Enabled by Two Orthogonal Transition‐Metal Catalysts

A nonenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution of acyclic and cyclic benzylic alcohols is reported. The approach merges rapid transition‐metal‐catalyzed alcohol racemization and enantioselective Cu‐H‐catalyzed dehydrogenative Si‐O coupling of alcohols and hydrosilanes. The catalytic processes are orthogonal, and the racemization catalyst does not promote any background reactions such as the racemization of the silyl ether and its unselective formation. Often‐used ruthenium half‐sandwich complexes are not suitable but a bifunctional ruthenium pincer complex perfectly fulfills this purpose. By this, enantioselective silylation of racemic alcohol mixtures is achieved in high yields and with good levels of enantioselection.