Enzyme immobilization on poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) films studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

In this study, we use the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to study the immobilization of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEAA) films. The surface polarity of spin-coated PEAA films was varied by heat treatments in air or in a 30% NaOH aqueous solution leading to COOH-depleted or COOH-enriched surfaces, respectively. Two reaction schemes, direct adsorption and amine coupling, were employed for HRP immobilization on the two surfaces. The shifts in frequency and dissipation, Deltaf and DeltaD, measured by QCM-D and the ratio DeltaD/Deltaf were used to evaluate the binding amount and the conformation of the adsorbed enzyme. It is found that HRP immobilized via covalent linkages forms rigid and little dissipative films. In contrast, directly adsorbed HRP films exhibit a highly dissipative structure. HRP-catalyzed oxidation of the 4-chloro-1-naphthol in the presence of H(2)O(2) was used to characterize the catalytic activity of the HRP films. The results show that the enzymatic activity of the covalently immobilized HRP tends to be higher.     

Voltammetry of copper species in estuarine waters induced adsorption of copper on the hanging mercury drop electrode in complexing ligand/surfactant/chloride media

The adsorption of copper species on a positively charged hanging mercury drop electrode in complexing ligand/surfactant/chloride solution is discussed. Techniques used were differential pulse voltammetry of the copper in the adsorbed film, and potential-step reduction of adsorbed copper followed by different pulse anodic stripping voltammetry of Cu(Hg). The CuCl^?₂ species is shown to be the most important copper moiety adsorbed on the electrode and the adsorption is enhanced by organic films. This can be a critical pathway in the reduction of copper(II) in estuarine waters. The induced adsorption of copper in organic layers has biogeochemical implications associated with the nature of organic films and their influence on the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple. There are also analytical applications, e.g., the compositional assay of organic monolayers by utilising Cu(II) and Cu(I) adsorption as electoractive probes and the determination of solution copper-organic binding.     

Effects of surface curvature and surface chemistry on the structure and activity of proteins adsorbed in nanopores

The interactions of proteins with the surface of cylindrical nanopores are systematically investigated to elucidate how surface curvature and surface chemistry affect the conformation and activity of confined proteins in an aqueous, buffered environment. Two globular proteins, lysozyme and myoglobin, with different catalytic functions, were used as model proteins to analyze structural changes in proteins after adsorption on ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 and propyl-functionalized SBA-15 (C(3)SBA-15) with carefully controlled pore size. Liquid phase ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the amide I and II bands of the adsorbed proteins. The amide I bands showed that the secondary structures of free and adsorbed protein molecules differ, and that the secondary structure of the adsorbed protein is influenced by the local geometry as well as by the surface chemistry of the nanopores. The conformation of the adsorbed proteins inside the nanopores of SBA-15 and C(3)SBA-15 is strongly correlated with the local geometry and the surface properties of the nanoporous materials, which results in different catalytic activities. Adsorption by electrostatic interaction of proteins in nanopores of an optimal size provides a favorably confining and protecting environment, which may lead to considerably enhanced structural stability and catalytic activity.     

石墨烯涂层在甲苯低温催化燃烧用堇青石负载Pd整体式催化剂中的作用（英文）

对于传统整体催化剂而言,堇青石等基体比表面积低,往往需先涂覆活性氧化铝等高比表面涂层,此外低温催化燃烧反应生成的水和周围空气中的水分会大量吸附于亲水性氧化物涂层表面,导致贵金属催化活性降低,同时,贵金属的分散度也是影响催化剂活性的主要因素.我们利用石墨烯高疏水性、二维平面结构、对苯环强吸附及对贵金属颗粒的高分散与锚定作用等独特性能,发展基于石墨烯涂层的高活性纳米Pd整体催化剂,以改善上述问题.所制备的Pd/石墨烯/堇青石(Pd/Gr/Cor)复合材料作为整体催化剂用于甲苯低温燃烧反应,通过考察催化性能和吸附行为,重点研究了石墨烯涂层的作用.催化性能结果表明,与无石墨烯涂层的传统Pd/Cor催化剂相比,Pd/Gr/Cor催化剂对甲苯的起燃温度从175℃降至132℃,且在水蒸气存在的情况下表现出更好的稳定性.TEM和吸水速率表征表明,石墨烯涂层可显著提高Pd纳米粒子的分散性,提高堇青石载体的疏水性.动力学研究表明,Pd/Gr/Cor催化剂上甲苯催化燃烧符合一级反应动力学规律,活化能为60.93 k J/mol.此外,研究了其吸附行为,包括吸附等温线,吸附动力学和吸附热力学.模拟结果表明,Pd/Gr/Cor催化剂对甲苯具有优异的吸附性能,对甲苯的吸附符合Freundlich模型,为化学吸附.FLm双点位吸附模型表明,石墨烯表面吸附了大量的甲苯,而Pd粒子表面吸附的甲苯相对较少,但亲和力较强.吸附热力学计算表明,石墨烯对甲苯的吸附是一个自发的放热反应,是一个熵减小的过程,表明甲苯分子可在石墨烯上高度有序组装.石墨烯与Pd之间的显著浓度差和亲和力的差距确保了反应过程中甲苯在石墨烯上的快速转移.吸附动力学研究表明,催化剂对甲苯的吸附为快速过程,催化反应为控速步骤.综上,石墨烯涂层不仅可以提高Pd纳米粒子的分散性,提高催化剂的疏水性,在催化反应过程中,还可利用其强吸附能力提高催化剂表面的甲苯浓度,而显著的浓度差和亲和力的差距可作为驱动力为Pd粒子提供甲苯,从而发挥吸附-催化协同作用优势,进一步提高催化性能.     

Donor-acceptor properties, catalytic activity, and negative charge exoemission from the alumina surface modified with lithium cations

Donor-acceptor properties of alumina modified with lithium cations were studied by ESR of paramagnetic complexes of adsorbed anthraquinone. The results were compared with the data on negative ion emission (exoemission) accompanying the decomposition of isopropyl alcohol in the adsorption layer. The data on the activity measured by the pulse microcatalytic technique in isopropyl alcohol decomposition are discussed. Small additives of lithium were found to promote catalytic activity of the samples. The role of acid and basic sites in isopropyl alcohol decomposition was discussed. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 616–621, April, 2006.     

Covalent attachment of trypsin on plasma polymerized allylamine

This paper focuses on the immobilization of a proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, on plasma polymerized allylamine (ppAA) films. The later have been deposited onto silicon substrate by means of radiofrequency glow discharge. The covalent attachment of the enzyme was achieved in three steps: (i) activation of the polymer surface with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a linker, (ii) immobilization of trypsin and (iii) imino groups reduction treatment. The effects and efficiency of each step were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fluorescent spectroscopy was used to evaluate the change of the biological activity following the immobilization steps. The results showed that enzyme immobilization on GA-modified substrate increases the enzyme activity by 50% comparing to adsorbed enzymes, while the imino reduction treatment improves the enzyme retention by about 30% comparing to untreated samples. In agreement with XPS and AFM data, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, used to quantify the amount of immobilized enzyme, showed that allylamine plasma polymer presents a high adsorption yield of trypsin. Although the adsorbed enzymes exhibit a lower activity than that measured for enzymes grafted through GA linkers, the highest catalytic activity obtained was for the enzymes that underwent the three steps of the immobilization process.     

Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化乙烯气相直接氧化制乙酸:SiO2孔结构的影响

采用二三种不同孔结构的Si02制备了Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂,通过x射线衍射、N2物理吸附、吡啶吸附红外光谱以及H2脉冲化学吸附对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂上乙烯直接氧化制乙酸反应性能.结果表明,以孔径较大的粗孔硅胶为载体制备的Pd-SiW12/SiO2催化剂显示出最高的催化活性,乙酸收率为145.2g/(L·h).这是由于Pd在粗孔硅胶载体表面良好的分散使其具有较高的催化活性.     

Adsorption and stability of streptavidin on cluster-assembled nanostructured TiOx films

The study of the adsorption of proteins on nanostructured surfaces is of fundamental importance to understand and control cell-surface interactions and, notably, cell adhesion and proliferation; it can also play a strategic role in the design and fabrication of nanostructured devices for postgenomic and proteomic applications. We have recently demonstrated that cluster-assembled nanostructured TiO x films produced by supersonic cluster beam deposition possess excellent biocompatibility and that these films can be functionalized with streptavidin, allowing the immobilization of biotinylated retroviral particles and the realization of living-cell microarrays for phenotype screening. Here we present a multitechnique investigation of the adsorption mechanisms of streptavidin on cluster-assembled TiO x films. We show that this nanostructured surface provides an optimal balance between adsorption efficacy and protein functionality. By using low-resolution protein arrays, we demonstrate that a layer of adsorbed streptavidin can be stably maintained on a cluster-assembled TiO x surface under cell culture conditions and that streptavidin retains its biological activity in the adsorbed layer. The adsorption mechanisms are investigated by atomic force microscopy in force spectroscopy mode and by valence-band photoemission spectroscopy, highlighting the potential role of the interaction of the exposed carboxyl groups on streptavidin with the titanium atoms of the nanostructured surface.     

Kinetic study of catalase adsorption on disperse carbonaceous matrices

The effect of the main factors known to govern the kinetic regularities of enzyme adsorption, such as enzyme solution concentration, temperature, pH, specific surface of the adsorbent, etc., were studied. Two kinds of disperse carbonaceous materials-activated carbon NORIT and carbon black PM-100, were used as matrices for enzyme immobilization. For both immobilization matrices studied, the amount of the adsorbed enzyme was found to reach saturation at catalase (CAT) enzyme concentrations exceeding 20 mg·mL⁻¹ (∼100 μM). The pH of the solution affected the adsorption capacities of the selected immobilization matrices; larger amounts of CAT adsorbed were estimated in neutral and alkaline solutions than under acidic conditions for enzyme immobilization. UV-spectrophotometry was employed as a basic analytical approach in this study.     

Crosslink effect and albumin adsorption onto chitosan/alginate multilayered systems: an in situ QCM-D study

The adsorption of HSA onto CHI/ALG multilayer assemblies was assessed in situ using QCM-D. It was found that the behavior of HSA on biomaterials surface can be tuned by adjusting parameters of the polyelectrolyte system such as pH, layer number, crosslinker and polymer terminal layer. Our results confirmed the key role of electrostatic interactions during HSA adsorption, since oppositely charged surfaces were more effective in promoting protein adhesion. QCM-D data revealed that crosslinking (CHI/ALG)(5) CHI films allows HSA to become adsorbed in physiological conditions. Our results suggested that the biological potential of biopolymers and the mild conditions of the LbL technique turn these natural nanoassemblies into a suitable choice to be used as pH-sensitive coatings.     

Vapor-phase hydrogenation of acetone on applied metals of the platinum group

Ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, and platinum, applied on -Al₂O₃, show a high catalytic activity in the vapor-phase hydrogenation of acetone to isopropanol at 337–393K; under these conditions palladium is inactive. A reaction mechanism has been derived from kinetic measurements, adsorption and thermal desorption data, and IR spectra includes as a limiting stage the reaction of acetone adsorbed on the metal with atomic or molecular hydrogen. The kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the reaction have been established. The order of the specific catalytic activity of the metals has been determined, the mechanism of adsorption of alcohols on transition metals has been discussed, and the inhibition of the reaction by isopropanol adsorbed on the Ru catalyst has been interpreted.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 698–706, November–December, 1986.     

Effect of electrostatic interaction on the adsorption of globular proteins on octacalcium phosphate crystal film

The electrostatic effect on the adsorption of globular proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), hen egg white lysozyme (LZM), and beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg), on octacalcium phosphate (OCP)-like crystal thin films was investigated. A poorly crystalline thin film was synthesized on a tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) surface and used as a model surface in this study. The solution pH clearly affected the electrostatic properties of both proteins and surface. The adsorbed amounts obtained at quasi-steady state were readily related to the solution pH for each protein. The adsorption rate is fast during the initial period and levels off gradually. The maximum adsorbed mass occurred at pH 7 for BSA and at pH 9 for LZM. beta-Lg adsorbed similar amounts at pHs lower than 9, but the adsorbed mass decreased at pHs higher than 9 where electrostatic repulsion exists. The pH values where the maximum adsorbed mass occurred may be considered as the conditions where electrostatic attraction is most favorable. The adsorbed mass of beta-Lg was the greatest among the proteins of interest while BSA adsorbed the least despite its greater molecular mass. LZM falls into the intermediate region. According to these observations, BSA has undergone conformational changes that prevent further adsorption to a greater extent than the others. A simple relationship between the adsorption rate and the electrostatic properties was not established. However, the order of magnitude of the adsorption rate at the initial period tends to be the same as that of maximum adsorbed mass for each protein.     

Silver residues as a possible key to a remarkable oxidative catalytic activity of nanoporous gold

Recently, several forms of unsupported gold were shown to display a remarkable activity to catalyze oxidation reactions. Experimental evidence points to the crucial role of residual silver present in very small concentrations in these novel catalysts. We focus on the catalytic properties of nanoporous gold (np-Au) foams probed via CO and oxygen adsorption/co-adsorption. Experimental results are analyzed using theoretical models represented by the flat Au(111) and the kinked Au(321) slabs with Ag impurities. We show that Ag atoms incorporated into gold surfaces can facilitate the adsorption and dissociation of molecular oxygen on them. CO adsorbed on top of 6-fold coordinated Au atoms can in turn be stabilized by co-adsorbed atomic oxygen by up to 0.2 eV with respect to the clean unsubstituted gold surface. Our experiments suggest a linking of that most strongly bound CO adsorption state to the catalytic activity of np-Au. Thus, our results shed light on the role of silver admixtures in the striking catalytic activity of unsupported gold nanostructures.     

Structure, stability, and activity of myoglobin adsorbed onto phosphate-grafted zirconia nanoparticles

The adsorption of myoglobin (Mb) onto phosphate grafted-zirconia (ZrO2-P) nanoparticles was studied in terms of conformational studies and thermal stability, determined by circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The changes in protein structure have been correlated with the catalytic activity of free and adsorbed Mb. CD and DSC studies indicate marked rearrangements in Mb structure upon adsorption onto phosphate-grafted zirconia nanoparticles. These structural rearrangements of Mb could be responsible for the loss of catalytic activity observed for the adsorbed Mb. In particular, the conformational changes due to the adsorption process induced a reduction of kcat and KM. AFM measurements indicate that the interaction with the grafted-zirconia nanoparticles also affects the morphology of the bound protein, inducing the nucleation of prefibrillar-like aggregates.     

Nanoscale organization of adsorbed collagen: influence of substrate hydrophobicity and adsorption time

The adsorption of collagen on polystyrene (PS) and polystyrene oxidized by oxygen plasma discharge (PSox) was studied as a function of time using radiolabeling, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Radiolabeling and XPS indicated that the initial step of adsorption was faster on PS than on PSox. AFM imaging under water revealed very different supramolecular organization of the adsorbed films depending on time and on the nature of the substrate: PS showed patterns of collagen aggregates at all adsorption times (from 1 min to 24 h); PSox was covered with a smooth layer except at long adsorption times (24 h), for which a mesh of collagen structures was observed. After fast drying, the collagen layer remained continuous and showed a morphology which recalled that observed under water. The mechanical stability of the adsorbed films was assessed under water by scraping with the AFM probe at different loading forces: no perturbations were created on PSox; in contrast, the layer adsorbed on PS was sensitive to scraping, the minimum force required to alter the collagen layer morphology increasing with time. These differences in the film properties were correlated with force measurements upon retraction: multiple adhesion forces were observed with collagen adsorbed on PS samples, whereas such an effect was never observed on PSox. The results show that the amount adsorbed and the organization of the adsorbed film respond differently to the adsorption time and that this is influenced by surface hydrophobicity. The quick initial adsorption on PS, compared to PSox, is thought to leave dangling collagen segments that are responsible for the observed morphology, for adhesion forces, and for lower mechanical resistance of the adsorbed layer.     

Protein adsorption onto nanomaterials for the development of biosensors and analytical devices: A review

An important consideration for the development of biosensors is the adsorption of the biorecognition element to the surface of a substrate. As the first step in the immobilization process, adsorption affects most immobilization routes and much attention is given into the research of this process to maximize the overall activity of the biosensor. The use of nanomaterials, specifically nanoparticles and nanostructured films, offers advantageous properties that can be fine-tuned to maximize interactions with specific proteins to maximize activity, minimize structural changes, and enhance the catalytic step. In the biosensor field, protein–nanomaterial interactions are an emerging trend that span across many disciplines. This review addresses recent publications about the proteins most frequently used, their most relevant characteristics, and the conditions required to adsorb them to nanomaterials. When relevant and available, subsequent analytical figures of merits are discussed for selected biosensors. The general trend amongst the research papers allows concluding that the use of nanomaterials has already provided significant improvements in the analytical performance of many biosensors and that this research field will continue to grow.     

放射标记法研究壳聚糖与牛血清白蛋白的自组装超薄膜

基片在两种带有相反电荷的聚电解质溶液中交替吸附 ,其表面形成致密有序的超薄膜的自组装 (ＥＳＡ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｓｔａｔｉｃｓｅｌｆ ａｓｓｅｍｂｌｙ)技术是由Ｄｅｃｈｅｒ及其合作者在 1 991年提出[1] ,由于简单易行 ,从一出现就受到了广大研究者的极大兴趣[2～ 4 ] .对生物材料来说 ,这无疑是一项非常重要且方便的表面改性手段 .因为生物材料在生物体内种植时 ,是否会被机体视为异物 ,关键在于机体与材料表面的相互作用 ,而与材料的本体性质基本无关[5] .因此利用这种技术 ,可对生物材料 ,特别是对那些生物相容性不好的材料表面进行…     

Adsorption of bovine serum albumin onto poly(methyl methacrylate) stereocomplex films with a molecularly regulated nanostructure

Stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) were stepwise assembled on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrate after the immersion of the QCM into alternating acetonitrile solutions at ambient temperature. A quantitative QCM analysis at each step showed stereocomplex formation on the substrate surface. The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto stereocomplex films with a molecularly regulated nanostructure was analyzed quantitatively. The adsorption constant and the maximum adsorption amount, calculated by the assumption of Langmuir‐type adsorption, showed that BSA adsorbed with a relatively weak interaction onto the stereocomplex films. The BSA adsorption onto the stereocomplex films occurred in an end‐on manner, with a smaller adsorption constant than for that onto individual spin‐coated films. The amount of BSA adsorbed was significantly affected by the molecular weight of syndiotactic PMMA. Attenuated total reflection spectra indicated that BSA adsorbed onto the films with or without denaturing. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1807–1812, 2003     

Unraveling the mechanism of catalytic reduction of O2 by microperoxidase-11 adsorbed within a transparent 3D-nanoporous ITO film

Nanoporous films of indium tin oxide (ITO), with thicknesses ranging from 250 nm to 2 μm, were prepared by Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) and used as highly sensitive transparent 3D-electrodes for quantitatively interrogating, by time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry, the reactivity of microperoxidase-11 (MP-11) adsorbed within such films. The capacitive current densities of these 3D-electrodes as well as the amount of adsorbed MP-11 were shown to be linearly correlated to the GLAD ITO film thickness, indicating a homogeneous distribution of MP-11 across the film as well as homogeneous film porosity. Under saturating adsorption conditions, MP-11 film concentration as high as 60 mM was reached. This is equivalent to a stack of 110 monolayers of MP-11 per micrometer film thickness. This high MP-11 film loading combined with the excellent ITO film conductivity has allowed the simultaneous characterization of the heterogeneous one-electron transfer dynamics of the MP-11 Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple by cyclic voltammetry and cyclic voltabsorptometry, up to a scan rate of few volts per second with a satisfactory single-scan signal-to-noise ratio. The potency of the method to unravel complex redox coupled chemical reactions was also demonstrated with the catalytic reduction of oxygen by MP-11. In the presence of O(2), cross-correlation of electrochemical and spectroscopic data has allowed us to determine the key kinetics and thermodynamics parameters of the redox catalysis that otherwise could not be easily extracted using conventional protein film voltammetry. On the basis of numerical simulations of cyclic voltammograms and voltabsorptograms and within the framework of different plausible catalytic reaction schemes including appropriate approximations, it was shown possible to discriminate between different possible catalytic pathways and to identify the relevant catalytic cycle. In addition, from the best fits of simulations to the experimental voltammograms and voltabsorptograms, the partition coefficient of O(2) for the ITO film as well as the values of two kinetic rate constants could be extracted. It was finally concluded that the catalytic reduction of O(2) by MP-11 adsorbed within nanoporous ITO films occurs via a 2-electron mechanism with the formation of an intermediate Fe(III)-OOH adduct characterized by a decay rate of 11 s(-1). The spectroelectroanalytical strategy presented here opens new opportunities for characterizing complex redox-coupled chemical reactions not only with redox proteins, but also with redox biomimetic systems and catalysts. It might also be of great interest for the development and optimization of new spectroelectrochemical sensors and biosensors, or eventually new photoelectrocatalytic systems or biofuel cells.     

金属担载量对CuO/AC干法催化氧化苯酚的影响

采用程序升温氧化（TPO）技术和吸附 催化氧化循环实验,研究了金属担载量对CuO/AC催化-吸附剂干法催化氧化苯酚的影响。结果表明，随着金属担载量的增加，CuO/AC催化-吸附剂的苯酚催化氧化活性升高，并且苯酚与催化-吸附剂之间的相互作用增强，使吸附的苯酚不易脱附/降解脱附。同时，CuO/AC催化 吸附剂自身的烧蚀活性也随金属担载量的增加而升高。对于吸附-干法催化氧化法而言，CuO/AC存在一个较佳的金属担载量范围，该范围以Cu的质量分数计为3%～5%。