激光拉曼光谱(二)

四、在化学上的应用 1.拉曼光谱与红外光谱虽然红外光谱和拉曼光谱均属分子光谱的范畴,研究的对象也大致相同,然而在产生光谱的机理、实验技术、光谱的解析等方面有较大的差别。因此,我们先将两种光谱作一简要的比较。样品的分子吸收红外光源产生红外吸收光谱,对单色光源的散射产生拉曼光谱。吸收光谱和散射光谱都与分子的振动,转动和品格振动等物理过程相关。因此,与红外光谱一样,拉曼光谱也是研究分子(或晶格)振动光谱和分子转动光谱的一种方法。     

群论解析化合物振动光谱的微机程序

红外光谱是分子在光作用下,分子中原子在平衡位置附近运动而产生的,它与分子的振动能级有关。不同构型的分子表现出特征的红外和拉曼光谱。通过红外光谱的研究和解析可     

红外光谱法在双亲性化合物水溶液体系研究中的应用

浓度，温度，压力，体系组分及不同分子间相互作用等因素对双亲性化合物分子在水溶液体系中的聚集状态及相变过程均有影响。本文综述了富里叶变换红外光谱方法在这一研究领域内应用十余年间的研究进展。     

酰胺水化作用的富里埃红外光谱研究及其SCFPPP计算

本文用富里埃红外光谱仪研究了酰胺水化作用引起的红外光谱变化。用SCFPPP方法对五种酰胺进行了计算。含水酰胺的羰基伸缩振动频率向低波数的位移与酰胺和水分子间的氢键强度成正比。其氢键强度与羰基上氧原子的净电荷密度成正比,与酰胺分子的HOMO轨道能量成反比。     

含柔性间隔链段的芳香共聚酯热致性液晶高分子的结构研究

本文用富里叶红外光谱方法研究了一系列柔性间隔链段长度不等的芳香共聚酯热致性液晶高分子。测定了它们的变温光谱和偏振性质。并将谱带的变温行为与液晶转变相关联。结果表明,芳香共聚酯热致性液晶中液晶基元之间的相互作用很强而柔性间隔链之间的相互作用很弱。柔性间隔链段主要是伸直的反式构象。从一些谱带的二向色性估算了体系的有序度参数以及取向角。分子链的取向程度随柔性间隔链段长度的增加而减小。     

FC(O)NCS 分子振动光谱的理论研究

采用DFT(B3LYP)方法,以6-3G*为基组对FC(O)NCS的顺式和反式两种构型的几何结构,振动谐性力场和红外光谱进行了研究。B3LYP/6-31G*计算水平和大多数有机分子的一套固定标度因子进行标度。根据标度后的理论力场进行简正坐标分析得到的势能分布(PED)和红外光谱强度值对FC(O)NCS分子的顺式和反式两种构型的振动基频进行了理论归属。     

抗早老性痴呆症天然产物石杉碱甲的红外光谱与简正分析——量子化学密度函数理论(DFT)研究

运用量子化学密度函数理论B3LYP/ 6 31G 方法计算了石杉碱甲的电子结构和红外光谱 ,得到了与实验结果的谱图特征基本一致的红外振动光谱 .通过对振动模式的分析 ,指认了 1 0 2个振动模式中分离得比较完全的 45个振动模式 ,结果表明其吡啶酮CO伸缩振动的红外活性最强 ,吡啶酮NH键的伸缩振动的频率最高 .涉及可形成氢键的石杉碱甲氨基氢及吡啶酮内酰胺氢的红外振动吸收的理论值与实验值差异较大 ,其原因是在晶体中存在分子间氢键 ,这不仅改变了这些氢在空间的取向 ,而且也改变了键的力学性质 ,导致红外振动吸收频率发生改变     

氨基酸在薄层原位的傅里叶变换表面增强拉曼光谱

应用表面增强技术将薄层色谱与红外傅里叶变换拉曼光谱联用，在薄层色谱原位获得两种氨基酸光谱。研究表明，在薄层原位微量样品的ＮＩＲ－ＦＴ－ＳＥＲＳ光谱与纯固体样品ＦＴ－Ｒａｍａｎ光谱的主要特征谱带频率基本一致，在银微粒作用下，色氨酸分子中吲哚环环伸缩振动获最大增强，组氨酸分子中Ｃ＝Ｎ双键的伸缩振动是明显增强，对８μｇ样品就能在薄层色谱原位较可靠地反映了分子的结构信息。     

我们为什么选择VECTOR22型红外光谱仪

红外光谱对应于振动过程中发生偶极变化的各种分子的振动/转动光谱,红外光谱在各种官能团鉴定及分析中应用十分重要,可用于有机化合物鉴定、高分子材料及各种金属有机化合物鉴定与分析,是相关学科研究的重要工具.     

石墨烯分子振动模式因子群分析与密度泛函计算

运用因子群分析法对石墨烯的分子振动模式进行了理论分析,得到石墨烯的分子振动模式,计算出各振动模式的光谱特性.对所建立的石墨烯晶体的布拉维单胞模型采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理进行分子振动频率与模式的计算,所得的振动模式数目以及各振动频率的光谱特性同因子群分析方法所得结论一致.结合上述计算结果,通过系统比较石墨与石墨烯之间的红外光谱和拉曼光谱的差别,从理论上解释了具有D6h对称的石墨烯的A2u、E1u红外活性特征振动模式没有在红外光谱中出现的原因.     

金属电沉积过程中的分形研究

概要地介绍了分形的概念，分形的模型，以及分形与电化学结合在一起，所构成凝聚体电化学生长的实验内容，文章着重叙述了分形在电沉枝晶中的应用。     

中药色谱指纹图谱的小波变换及分形表达方法

提出一种基于小波变换的色谱指纹图谱分形表达方法。该法运用小波变换将色谱谱线分解至不同分辨尺度，然后计算各尺度分量的分形维数，用色谱的小波基分形参量替代色谱指纹图谱的采样值。仿真实验结果表明，色谱小波基分形参量对谱峰保留时间漂移具有较好的抗干扰能力。以当归和川芎两种中药材的品种及道地性鉴别分类问题为实例，比较研究色谱采样值与小波基分形参量，k-近邻法的交叉验证计算结果表明，小波基分形参量的分类效果优于色谱采样值。     

Probing into interesting effects of fractal Ge nanoclusters induced by Pd nanoparticles

Metal/semiconductor thin films are a class of unique materials that have widespread technological applications, particularly in the field of microelectronic devices. New strategies of fractal assessment for Pd/Ge bilayer films formed at various annealing temperatures are of fundamental importance in the development of micro/nanodevices. Herein, Pd/Ge bilayer films with interesting fractal nanoclusters were successfully prepared by evaporation techniques. Temperature-dependent properties of resistance and fractal dimensions in Pd/Ge bilayer films with self-similar Ge fractal nanoclusters were investigated in detail. Experimental results indicated that the fractal crystallization behavior and film resistance in Pd/Ge bilayer films are influenced significantly by annealing temperatures and fractal dimensions. The measurements of film resistance confirmed that there is an evident relationship between the film resistance and the fractal dimension. These phenomena were reasonably explained by the random tunneling junction network mechanism.     

An experimental study of gas adsorption on fractal surfaces

The validity of the fractal versions of the FHH and BET theories for describing the adsorption of butane and nitrogen on a variety of partially dehydroxylated silica surfaces has been tested. The fractal dimensions obtained from adsorption data have been compared with those obtained completely independently using SAXS. It was found that the fractal dimensions obtained from butane adsorption isotherms, using both the fractal FHH and fractal BET theories, agreed well with the corresponding values obtained from SAXS over overlapping length scales. However, in general, a systematic deviation between the fractal dimension obtained from nitrogen adsorption and that obtained from SAXS was observed. The fractal dimensions obtained from nitrogen adsorption were consistently larger than those obtained from SAXS, which is the opposite of what has often been found in the literature. It has been suggested that the differences in the suitability of the adsorption theories tested to describe butane and nitrogen adsorption is due to the significant difference between the interaction strengths of these two different molecules with silica surfaces. A modified theory that can account for the discrepancy between the fractal dimensions obtained from nitrogen adsorption and SAXS has been proposed. The implications of the new theory for the accuracy of nitrogen adsorption BET surface areas for silicas are discussed.     

Fractal Characterization of Silica Sol Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method: From the Sol Formation to the Flocculation Process

The fractal characterization of silica particles prepared by the sol-gel method was obtained; from the beginning of the sol-gel synthesis to the aggregation process of these particles by adding metal ions in solution, the fractal dimension was determined. At the beginning of the sol-gel process, unstable structures were formed due, essentially, to the auto-catalytic nature of the sol-gel condensation reactions; these particles are fractal structures with a fractal exponent corresponding to a reaction limited aggregation regime. As the time proceeds, the reactants are consumed approaching the system to equilibrium, stabilizing the size of the silica particles. The silica sol can be flocculated by adding metal ions in solution. The fractal exponent for the aggregation process was determined, obtaining a value corresponding to a diffusion limited aggregation regime.     

Multiple rate-determining steps for nonideal and fractal kinetics

We show that the kinetic model of a single rate-determining step in a reaction mechanism can be extended to systems with multiple overall reactions for which the elementary reactions obey nonideal or fractal kinetics. The following assumptions are necessary: (1) The system studied is either closed or open, but no constraints exist preventing the evolution toward equilibrium. (2) Elementary reactions occur in pairs of forward and backward steps. (3) The kinetics of the elementary steps are either nonideal or fractal and are compatible with equilibrium thermodynamics. (4) The number of reaction routes is identical with the number of rate-determining steps. If these hypotheses are valid, then the overall reaction rates can be explicitly evaluated: they have a form similar to the kinetic equations for the elementary reactions and the apparent reaction orders and fractal coefficients can be expressed analytically in terms of the kinetic parameters of the elementary reactions. We derive a set of relationships which connect the equilibrium constants of the reaction routes, the corresponding overall rate coefficients, and the stoichiometric numbers of the rate-determining steps. We also derive a set of generalized Boreskov relations among the apparent activation energies of the forward and backward overall processes, the corresponding reaction enthalpies, and the stoichiometric coefficients of the rate-determining steps. If the elementary reactions obey fractal kinetics, the same is true for the rate-determining steps. The fractal exponents of the forward and backward overall reactions are linear combinations of the fractal exponents of the fractal elementary reactions. Similar to the theory of single rate-determining steps, our approach can be used for selecting suitable reaction mechanisms from experimental data.     

Eu(DBM)3纳米微晶的低频喇曼光谱

The fractal property and low frequency Raman scattering of Eu(DBM)3 nanosized microcrystals were investigated. The influence of the fractal structure of Eu(DBM)3 non-crystalline solids on low frequency scattering was studied. It was found that vibrational excitations on the fractal are localized and can be described in terms of fractions. It was shown that reduced Raman scattering intensity is of a power law dependence of the vibrational frequencies for all samples. The fractal and spectral dimension were also determined, we found that our experimental value was in fair agreement with the theoretical one.     

二次电子衬度曲线法研究PVC/MBS共混物断面的分形特征

利用二次电子衬度曲线法测定了聚氯乙烯甲基丙烯酸甲酯丁二烯苯乙烯共聚物(PVCMBS)共混物冲击断面的形貌特征及对应的分形维数值.结果表明,材料的断口或微观结构并不是严格的分形结构,这种自相似性仅存在于一定尺码范围内,不同断面形貌特征所对应的分形维数测量值不同,随着MBS用量增加,PVCMBS共混物缺口冲击强度随满足自相似原理的形貌特征所对应的分形维数值增大而增大.本文从理论上讨论了材料断裂韧性与分形维数的关系.     

Prediction of three-dimensional fractal dimensions using the two-dimensional properties of fractal aggregates

Fractal dimension analysis using an optical imaging analysis technique is a powerful tool in obtaining morphological information of particulate aggregates formed in coagulation processes. However, as image analysis uses two-dimensional projected images of the aggregates, it is only applicable to one and two-dimensional fractal analyses. In this study, three-dimensional fractal dimensions are estimated from image analysis by characterizing relationships between three-dimensional fractal dimensions (D(3)) and one (D(1)) and two-dimensional fractal dimensions (D(2) and D(pf)). The characterization of these fractal dimensions were achieved by creating populations of aggregates based on the pre-defined radius of gyration while varying the number of primary particles in an aggregate and three-dimensional fractal dimensions. Approximately 2000 simulated aggregates were grouped into 33 populations based on the radius of gyration of each aggregate class. Each population included from 15 to 115 aggregates and the number of primary particles in an aggregate varied from 10 to 1000. Characterization of the fractal dimensions demonstrated that the one-dimensional fractal dimensions could not be used to estimate two- and three-dimensional fractal dimensions. However, two-dimensional fractal dimensions obtained statistically, well-characterized relationships with aggregates of a three-dimensional fractal characterization. Three-dimensional fractal dimensions obtained in this study were compared with previously published experimental values where both two-dimensional fractal and three-dimensional fractal data were given. In the case of inorganic aggregates, when experimentally obtained three-dimensional fractal dimensions were 1.75, 1.86, 1.83+/-0.07, 2.24+/-0.22, and 1.72+/-0.13, computed three-dimensional fractal dimensions using two-dimensional fractal dimensions were 1.75, 1.76, 1.77+/-0.04, 2.11+/-0.09, and 1.76+/-0.03, respectively. However, when primary particles were biological colloids, experimentally obtained three-dimensional fractal dimensions were 1.99+/-0.08 and 2.14+/-0.04, and computed values were both 1.79+/-0.08. Analysis of the three-dimensional fractal dimensions with the imaging analysis technique was comparable to the conventional methods of both light scattering and electrical sensing when primary particles are inorganic colloids.