星载张力索网天线结构混合变量的多目标优化

以纵向拉索调整力大小和可调整的纵向拉索数目为设计变量,可调整的纵向拉索数目最少和网状反射面的均方根误差最小为目标函数,应力和频率为约束条件,建立了大型空间网状可展开天线的形面调整的多目标优化数学模型,并用遗传算法进行了优化求解。优化结果表明:该方法在提高天线表面精度的同时,能有效地减少可调整的纵向拉索数目,降低了工程人员在网面调整中的繁杂劳动。并且,网面调整的总次数也远少于实际工程中的调整,对工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

地面重力环境下可展开天线索网结构形态分析

为了模拟在地面环境测试时重力对可展开天线索网结构形面精度的影响和索网在天线展开过程中的内力变化情况,本文引入悬链线单元对天线索网结构进行了重力作用下的形态分析和计算。文中首先使用平衡矩阵线性分析方法计算出了天线索网结构各索段在无重力作用下的预张力值和索段原长;然后在不改变索段原长的条件下以悬链线单元模拟了可展开天线的上、下弦索网,以两节点直杆单元模拟天线的纵向索网,计算得到了索网结构在地面重力环境下的形状和内力分布,并仿真模拟了天线索网在展开过程中的形态和内力变化情况。基于文中的数值算例对可展开天线索网结构在重力作用下的形面精度以及在展开过程中的形态变化进行了仿真计算和分析。算例计算结果表明,自重作用下的天线索网形态与无重力作用下的索网形态差别很小,但天线索网结构在重力作用下的展开过程中,其内部各个索单元的张力表现出了强烈的非线性变化特征。     

预应力索网天线结构优化设计

索网预拉力设计是索网天线结构设计的一个重要内容.针对三向网格旋转抛物面索网天线结构,首先在不计桁架结构受力变形的条件下,从索网节点的力平衡方程出发,以索网结构的结构特征为依据,以网面索段最大拉力比最小为设计目标,给出了索网结构预拉力优化设计的有效方法;其次,考虑到在索网结构的拉力作用下,桁架结构的微小变形将导致网面索段的拉力均匀性变差,通过调节索网挂接节点的位置,对桁架结构的受力变形进行了有效补偿,改进了预应力索网天线结构的整体设计方案.算例分析结果表明,天线结构网面索段的实际设计最大拉力比为1.30,验证了方法的正确性及有效性.     

基于响应面方法的桁架截面敏度分析和优化

把响应面方法引入桁架截面优化中,将应力和位移约束近似表达为桁架截面倒变量的线性函数。为拟合响应面,基于中心复合和单纯形试验设计方法开发了中心对称和拟单纯形试验设计两种方法,既可保证约束近似精度,又降低了结构分析计算量。对于桁架结构重量目标函数,直接推出倒变量的二阶形式,以桁架重量最小为目标的优化问题构造为标准的二次规划模型。将响应面方法计算的位移对设计变量的敏度与莫尔积分方法的近似显式进行了对比。以MSC.Patran为平台的数值算例表明:结合响应面方法,应用序列二次规划对问题进行寻优,其收敛精度及稳定性都可获得保障。     

索网式展开天线网面精度调整的控制方法

针对索网式星载可展开天线调整节点之间强耦合的特点,本文研究了展开天线网面精度调整的方法.首先,基于Lagrange方程建立了网面物理模型,并推导了网面的刚度矩阵.基于刚度矩阵,在仅知道调整索节点位置量的条件下,提出了索网反射面调整的自适应控制方法.仿真结果验证了模型和控制方法的可行性与有效性.     

考虑频率和应力约束的索网式天线多目标优化设计

为确保天线的表面精度和工作性能,综合考虑了天线结构重量、频率、布局等诸多因素,提出了基于优化的设计方法来平衡这些因素.以绳索预张力大小、纵向调整索数目、辐射单元数目为设计变量,结构重量和网状反射面的均方根误差最小为目标函数,应力和频率为约束条件,建立了索网式可展开天线设计的多目标优化数学模型.并将多目标化为单目标用遗传算法进行了求解,结果表明:在结构表面精度达到约2mm 的条件下,结构重量能减轻12%.这表明文中所提出的优化设计方法是有效可行的,对网状天线结构的设计具有一定的指导意义.     

自适应桁架结构天线形状最优控制

给出了两种含压电作动杆的自适应桁架抛物面天线的形状最优控制方法,分别以天线表面点相对原设计抛物面和最佳吻合抛物面(BFP)的光程差为精度指标,建立了同时考虑精度和能耗的综合控制目标。控制考虑杆件轴力与作动电压限制,以作动电压为被控量。利用桁架力学量及天线精度与作动电压的关系,将控制问题精确表达为显式数学规划问题。理论分析和仿真结果均说明基于BFP的控制方法在天线精度和能量消耗方面的优越性,最后通过仿真算例讨论了结构受载形式和电压限设定对天线形状控制能力的影响。     

伞状天线张力索网稳定性分析

星载天线在轨要经受严酷的热环境,在地面试验时又会受到重力场的影响,作为伞状天线型面的重要组成部件,张力索网的稳定性对于天线的型面保持至关重要;同时由于天线的长设计寿命要求,需要考虑张力索蠕变的影响。如何提高张力索网在温度场下、重力场下及寿命周期内的稳定性,是张力索网设计的关键问题。通过对伞状天线张力索网的静力平衡分析,对张力索网在温度场下、重力场下及寿命周期内的稳定性进行了讨论,给出了进行张力索网稳定性设计时需要遵循的一般原则。     

天线辐射梁的连续体拓扑优化研究

针对目前反射面天线苛刻的精度要求,结合天线结构其自身特殊的工程要求,本文采用了连续体拓扑优化建模方法对其进行研究。根据天线主面母线离散点位置划分相应的拓扑区域,同时考虑支撑面板和背架的重力载荷,采用RAMP法对天线辐射梁建立了优化模型,并结合天线设计要求做了修正。最后选用MMA方法对优化模型进行求解,对比修正前的优化模型,修正后的模型可以解得相对更合理的拓扑结构。     

大型相控阵天线结构保型设计研究

针对某大型相控阵天线自重大、表面精度要求高、加强筋安装位置受限的特点,本文进行相控阵天线阵面保型的结构方案设计.考虑到加强筋安装位置和型材受限,提出了连续化过滤函数,使得型材变量与连续变量进行映射,将离散变量拓朴优化转换为连续变量拓朴优化求解,提高了求解效率,降低了求解的规模.同时,为降低支腿驱动力,以调整机构条件数为目标进行铰节点的布局优化,并进行了静、动力的计算,确定了支腿最大驱动力.对某大型相控阵雷达进行了案例验证,收到满意的结果,并且该方案将应用到工程实际中.     

Experimental study of the gravity influence on the periodic thermocapillary convection around a bubble

The 3D periodic state, following the steady thermocapillary convection state, around an air bubble immersed in a low-Prandtl-number silicone oil layer under a heated wall was experimentally investigated on the ground and during parabolic flights. This oscillation was observed under reduced gravity conditions for the first time. Consequently, the initiation of this oscillation seems to be independent of gravity and so of buoyancy convection. The reduced and increased gravity conditions showed that the gravity level modifies the oscillation. Its frequency increases with the gravity level. The comparison with the results obtained on the ground shows the bubble aspect ratio is not a relevant parameter when the gravity varies. Received: 27 November 2000/Accepted: 25 May 2001     

应用于非凸设计区域桁架拓扑优化的一种基结构生成方法

为了提高桁架拓扑优化设计中非凸区域生成基结构的效率和准确性,介绍了一种基于几何和网格信息生成初始基结构的方法。通过直接将已有几何边界作为碰撞检测的标准,避免对原有边界扩展或构建限制区域,简化了基结构生成过程并可以避免杆件识别不准确的问题;通过减少需要与凹边界碰撞检测的杆件个数来提升整体基结构的生成效率;最后,针对已生成的基结构进行基于塑性准则的桁架拓扑优化。     

黄土地层地表径流下潜模式与地质灾害

指出在黄土滑坡、地裂缝、黄土洞穴等地质灾害发生发展过程中下渗重力水所起的作用最为关键,对下渗重力水的基本特点进行了全面归纳总结。以黄土洞穴灾害为例,将黄土暗穴形成过程中黄土地层地表径流的下潜模式概化为渗透重力水漫渗型下潜模式、地表径流集中灌入下潜型模式、渗透重力水沿优势渗流通道集中下潜型模式以及混合灌渗集中下潜型模式等4种基本模式。     

构造重力扩展机制的地质力学模拟研究

本文采用相似材料的地质力学机制模拟试验再现并验证了西安地裂缝的构造重力扩展机制，得出了构造重力扩展机制是西安地裂缝形成的根本成因，同时还得出了工程建筑物只要避开地裂缝一定距离就可以安全布置，以及西安地裂缝最大可能延深为老第三系地层的中上部等重要结论，初步揭示了现今西安市异常地面沉降的成因，具有一定的理论价值和社会效益。     

Study of the influence of vehicle parameters on tractive performance in deep snow

This paper describes an experimental study of tractive performance in deep snow, carried out with a new special skid steered tracked vehicle, developed by Bodin [1]. The vehicle design parameters studied include the influence of the ground clearance of the vehicle belly and the longitudinal location of the centre of gravity on tractive performance in deep snow, as well as the effect of initial track tension. The most important results from the test show that an increase in the ground clearance has a positive effect on the drawbar pull, originating from a greater increase in the thrust than in the track motion resistance and a slight decrease in the belly drag. Tests of the longitudinal location of the centre of gravity show that a location ahead of the midpoint of the track contact length is to be preferred. The drawbar pull increases with the centre of gravity moving forward. This is due to a reduced track motion resistance, a slight decrease in the belly drag and an almost constant vehicle thrust. The reason for the decreased track motion resistance and belly drag with the centre of gravity located ahead of the midpoint of the track contact length is a decreased vehicle trim angle.     

基于偏转距离近似模型的动能撞击小行星防御任务脉冲轨道优化研究

小行星撞击对地球上的生命存在重大潜在威胁,动能撞击是目前最易实现且成熟度最高的防御方案.动能撞击任务的一种轨道优化指标为最大化偏转距离(即小行星被偏转前后近地距的改变量),若用数值积分的方法精确计算偏转距离, 会导致优化效率较低.在动能撞击任务的设计初期, 可以对动力学模型及偏转距离的计算方法进行简化,以提升优化效率. 本文首先将高精度模型简化为二体模型,分析了两种经典偏转距离解析模型的适用条件,同时提出一种基于近地点时刻预估的偏转距离近似模型; 考虑运载约束,将化学推进变轨简化为脉冲推力变轨,建立了直接转移(两脉冲及三脉冲)和行星借力飞行转移(单次及两次借力)的动能撞击轨道优化模型,利用遗传算法求解了优化问题. 以偏转小行星Apophis为例, 相比于解析模型,验证了本文提出的近似模型可以同时提升最优性、降低求解复杂性. 优化结果表明,三脉冲直接转移方案与两脉冲直接转移方案的最优偏转效果基本一致,借力飞行转移方案相比于直接转移方案对偏转距离的提升效果并不明显.在动能撞击任务的前期设计中, 可以基于二体模型进行防御效果的快速评估,虽然对计算偏转距离存在一定误差, 但对防御窗口的优化结果影响不大. 进一步,数值求解偏转距离时, 可通过引入主要引力摄动项(金星、地球、木星)修正二体模型,使其与高精度模型之间的求解误差在1%以下.      

Study of two-phase flows in reduced gravity using ground based experiments

Experimental studies have been carried out to support the development of a framework of the two-fluid model along with an interfacial area transport equation applicable to reduced gravity two-phase flows. The experimental study simulates the reduced gravity condition in ground based facilities by using two immiscible liquids of similar density namely, water as the continuous phase and Therminol 59^® as the dispersed phase. We have acquired a total of eleven data sets in the bubbly flow and bubbly to slug flow transition regimes. These flow conditions have area-averaged void (volume) fractions ranging from 3 to 30% and channel Reynolds number for the continuous phase between 2,900 and 8,800. Flow visualization has been performed and a flow regime map developed which is compared with relevant bubbly to slug flow regime transition criteria. The comparison shows that the transition boundary is well predicted by the criterion based on critical void fraction. The value of the critical void fraction at transition was experimentally determined to be approximately 25%. In addition, important two-phase flow local parameters, including the void fraction, interfacial area concentration, droplet number frequency and droplet velocity, have been acquired at two axial locations using state-of-the-art multi-sensor conductivity probe. The radial profiles and axial development of the two-phase flow parameters show that the coalescence mechanism is enhanced by either increasing the continuous or dispersed phase Reynolds number. Evidence of turbulence induced particle interaction mechanism is highlighted. The data presented in this paper clearly show the marked differences in terms of bubble (droplet) size, phase distribution and phase interaction in two-phase flow between normal and reduced gravity conditions.     

直立人体的稳定性

讨论直立人体的稳定性问题。以受控的倒置双复摆作为人体模型，分析影响直立稳定性的主观和客观条件，建立限制人体质心地面投影位置的动态稳定域，从而对实践中的现象作出理论解释。     

Mobility performance of a rigid wheel in low gravity environments

To investigate influences of gravity on mobility of wheeled rovers for future lunar/planetary exploration missions, model experiments of a soil-wheel system were performed on an aircraft during variable gravity maneuvers. The experimental set-up consists of a single rigid wheel and a soil bed with two kinds of dry sands: lunar soil simulant and Toyoura sand. The experimental results revealed that a lower gravity environment yields higher wheel slippage in variable gravity conditions. In addition to the partial gravity experiments, the same experiments with variable wheel load levels were also performed on ground (1 g conditions). The on-ground experiments produced opposite results to those obtained in the partial gravity experiments, where a lower wheel load yields lower slippage in a constant gravity environment. In low gravity environments, fluidity (flowability) of soil increases due to the confining stress reduction in the soil, while the effect of the wheel load on sinkage decreases. As a result, both of these effects are canceled out, and gravity seemingly has no effect on the wheel sinkage. In the meantime, in addition to the effect of wheel load reduction, the increase of the soil flowability lessens the shear resistance to the wheel rotation, as a result of which the wheel is unable to hold sufficient traction in low gravity environments. This suggests that the mobility of the wheel is governed concurrently by two mechanisms: the bearing characteristics to the wheel load, and the shearing characteristics to the wheel rotation. It appears that, in low gravity, the wheel mobility deteriorates due to the relative decrease in the driving force while the wheel sinkage remains constant. Thus, it can be concluded that the lunar and/or Mars’ gravity environments will be unfavorable in terms of the mobility performance of wheels as compared to the earth’s gravity condition.     

结构拓扑优化设计的三角网格进化法

针对进化或拓扑优化方法的不足，提出了一种基于遗传算法的新型进化式拓扑优化方法－－三角网格进化法，该方法不仅能够同时进行拓扑，形状与截面变量优化设计，而且在优化过程中实现了退化和进化的统一，提高了优化效率。另外本文还首次对结构类型变量进行了优化计算，取得了有益的结果。最后几个数值算例证明了本方法的可行性和有效性。