质子衰变实验进展

按照粒子物理标准模型理论,重子数是绝对守恒的.而大统一理论（GUTs）明确地否定了重子数的对称性,预言质子会衰变成更轻的次粒子.文章论述了质子衰变的物理概念、基本探测条件和主要实验现状,并在探测方法的探讨和探测技术的改进方面融入了一些想法.目前一般认为质子的寿命为τp>1032年左右.质子衰变的探测,对于新理论模型的验证、宇宙学和粒子物理学的发展具有重要意义.     

质子衰变研究

介绍了质子衰变的基本原理,综述了质子衰变实验研究的现状． The principle of proton radioactivity is introduced. The present status of experimental studies on proton radioactivity is reviewed.      

双质子辐射衰变

一个国际核物理学家小组首次制得锌-54，经他们确认，锌-54会发生双质子衰变．双质子衰变是一种非常罕见的过程，在此之前人类仅发现过一种同位素会经历这种过程．这一结果有助于人们进一步解秘质子如何在原子核内部结合在一起．     

质子的衰变——兼谈一道中学物理竞赛题

 生命是短暂的,所有动物和植物都会衰亡.大多数粒子的“寿命”则更为短暂,即使“长寿”的自由中子,其寿命不过十几分钟.中子衰变后产生三个较轻的粒子:质子、电子和反中微子（n°→p⁺+e^- +（?）_e）;其他许多粒子的“寿命”只是一瞬间(10^-22～10^-10秒).那些似乎永恒的东西--山川、日月、银河等其实也总有消亡的那一天.     

对缺中子核(A<70)质子衰变的预言

在质量区A<70范围内,对远离β稳定线的缺中子核质子衰变的可能性进行了理论预言,计算基于Kelson-Garvey核力电荷对称质量关系和同位旋相似态质量公式,给出了预言的核素图,将预言计算与实验结果进行了比较,对绝大多数已发现的核,质子能量在300keV以内符合得很好.计算同时指出双质子、三质子衰变的可能性,并给出了目标核.     

衰变中的重子共振态

基于SU(3)对称性研究了χc0的遍举多体衰变χc0→B(-B)MM(B重子,M介子),通过同位旋耦合常数构造了χc0→B(-B)→B(-B)MM衰变的跃迁振幅.基于这些跃迁振幅,发现N*共振态对χc0→B(-B)ππ的贡献相对较大,这个衰变道可以在实验上用来研究N*共振态.     

xc0→BB^-MM衰变中的重子共振态

基于SU（3）对称性研究了Xc0的遍举多体衰变xc0→BB^-MM（B：重子，M：介子），通过同位旋耦合常数构造了xc0→BB^-→BB^-MM衰变的跃迁振幅．基于这些跃迁振幅，发现N^＊共振态对xc0→BB^-ππ的贡献相对较大，这个衰变道可以在实验上用来研究N^＊共振态．     

原子核基态双质子衰变的研究进展

基态双质子衰变是质子滴线区原子核的一种奇异衰变。 它可以揭示质子滴线区原子核外层质子对的结构行为, 检验现有核模型理论应用于极端条件下原子核的正确性。 搜索基态双质子衰变是人们广泛关注的一个实验难题, 直到理论预言提出后40多年才取得明显进展。 简要介绍了这一研究的进展情况。 The ground-state two-proton decay is an exotic decay beyond proton drip line. It deals with the structure behavior of the proton pair at outside orbital in a proton drip line nucleus, and can be used to check the current nuclear model under extreme condition. Experimental observation of ground state two proton decay has been widely considered as a challenge because of very low production cross section. In this short paper, the breakthrough of searching ground state two proton decay is briefly reviewed, which was made more than 40 years after the early theoretical prediction was proposed.     

稀土区近滴线的β缓发质子衰变

简要回顾了自20世纪70年代以来实验研究稀土区β缓发质子衰变的历史. 综合报道了在过去10年内中科院近物所实验研究稀土区近滴线核的β缓发质子衰变的进展, 主要包括首次观测沿奇Z质子滴线的9种新核素的β缓发质子衰变以及rp-过程中两种等待点核的衰变新数据, 并将这些结果与不同的核模型理论计算进行了比较和讨论. 最后对今后的工作进行了初步展望.     

Neutrino backgrounds in the Kolar Gold Field nucleon decay experiment

The neutrino events recorded in the Kolar Gold Field Nucleon Decay detector are analysed here. It is shown that there is good agreement between the observations and the estimates based on the intensities of atmospheric neutrinos and interaction cross-sections of neutrinos available from accelerator experiments. In the context of the search for proton decay, we show that the low energy (<2 GeV) neutrino events, which would provide the main background, are suppressed at thekgf site since it is situated near geomagnetic equator, where the geomagnetic cut-off rigidities are high. A comparison of the predicted characteristics ofv-induced events with thekgf observations shows that, within the statistical accuracy of the present data, the signal due to nucleon decay stands out distinctly within thev-induced background.     

Microscopic approach to nucleon spectra in hypernuclear non-mesonic weak decay

A consistent microscopic diagrammatic approach is applied for the first time to the calculation of the nucleon emission spectra in the non-mesonic weak decay of Λ-hypernuclei. We adopt a nuclear matter formalism extended to finite nuclei via the local density approximation, a one-meson exchange weak transition potential and a Bonn nucleon–nucleon strong potential. Ground state correlations and final state interactions, at second order in the nucleon–nucleon interaction, are introduced on the same footing for all the isospin channels of one- and two-nucleon induced decays. Single and double-coincidence nucleon spectra are predicted for ¹²_ΛC and compared with recent KEK and FINUDA data. The key role played by quantum interference terms allows us to improve the predictions obtained with intranuclear cascade codes. Discrepancies with data remain for proton emission.     

Baryon number violating nuclear decay

The expressions for baryon number violating nuclear partial decay widths are derived from the interactions as predicted by grand unified theories. Theory predicts that the baryon number violating proton decay inside the nucleus is hindered relative to the free proton decay rate. In the case of closed shell nuclei, the meson spin-isospin dependence of the partial width is the same as that for the nucleon decay. The branching ratios of decay amplitudes depend on the nuclear binding energies. Nuclear structure introduces lepton energy spread of ±49.5 MeV for light closed shell nuclei, while it does not affect the back to back emission of lepton-meson pair.     

Non-exponential decay kinetics: correct assessment and description illustrated by slow luminescence of Si nanostructures

The treatment of time-resolved (TR) photoluminescence (PL) decay kinetics is analysed in details and illustrated by experiments on semiconductor quantum dots, namely silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs). We consider the mono-, stretch- and multi-exponential as well as lognormal (LN) and some complex decay models for continuous and discrete distribution of rates (lifetimes). A particular attention is devoted to the thorough analysis of non-exponential decay kinetics. We explicitly show that a LN distribution of emitter sizes may results in LN distribution of decay rates. On the other hand, the distribution of rates cannot be, strictly speaking, Levy stable distribution (that results in the stretched-exponential decay). We introduce theoretical background and derive expressions to calculate the average decay lifetimes for some common decays with practical examples of their applications. Experimental aspects are discussed with special attention devoted to the major problems of the accurate TR PL data treatment, including background uncertainty, pulse duration, system response function etc. Finally, a thorough literature survey of TR PL in Si NCs is given. The methods and definitions outlined in this systematic review are applicable to various other material systems with slow decay like rare-earth and transition metal-doped materials, amorphous semiconductors, type-II heterostructures, singlet oxygen phosphorescence etc.     

Probing grand unification with fermion masses,neutrino oscillations and proton decay

It is noted that a set of facts points to the relevance in four dimensions of conventional supersymmetric unification based on minimally a string-unifiedG(224) symmetry, or maximallySO(10). These include: (i) the observed family structure, (ii) quantization of electric charge, (iii) meeting of the three gauge couplings, (iv) neutrino oscillations (in particular the value of δm ²(νμ−δ _τ), suggested by SuperK), (v) the intricate pattern of the masses and mixings of the fermions, including the smallness ofV _cb and the largeness ofθ _μνμτ ^osc , and (vi) the need for B-L as a generator to implement baryogenesis (via leptogenesis). A concrete proposal is presented within a predictiveSO(10)/G(224) framework that successfully describes the masses and mixings of all fermions, including the neutrinos — with eight predictions, all in agreement with observation. Within this framework, a systematic study of proton decay is carried out, which (a) pays special attention to its dependence on the fermion masses, (b) limits the threshold corrections so as to preserve natural coupling unification, and (c) uses recently improved values of the matrix element and renormalization effects. Allowing for both minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and its proposed variant, the so-called extended supersymmetric standard model (ESSM), as effective low-energy the ories, the study shows that a conservative upper limit on the proton lifetime is about (l–2)× 10³⁴ years, with ·⁻K⁺ being the dominant decay mode, and quite possibly μ⁺ K ⁰ ande ⁺π⁰ being prominent. This in turn strongly suggests that an improvement in the current sensitivity by a factor of five to ten ought to reveal proton decay. For comparison, some alternatives to the conventional approach to unification pursued here are mentioned at the end. Invited paper presented at the International Summer School held at ICTP, Trieste (June, 2001) and at WHEPP-7 Conference, Allahabad, India (January, 2002). This is an updated version of the paper presented at the Erice School (September, 2000), hep-ph/0106082.     

Study of cluster decay of heavy nuclei

The last results of studying radioactive decay of heavy nuclei ²³²Th, ²³⁶U, ²³⁶Pu and ²⁴²Cm using different dielectric detector types and methods of their development have presented.     

无中微子双贝塔衰变实验发展沿革与未来展望

无中微子双贝塔衰变是一种重要的超出标准模型的新物理。在数十年理论和实验的发展与探索的基础上,人们对其可能的物理机制以及实验的技术需求已有较为深刻的理解。国际上有多个实验组通过不同的探测器技术尝试寻找无中微子双贝塔衰变事件,并对半衰期下限给出了10²⁶年量级的限制。目前各实验组正在积极进行下一代实验装置的预研和建设,致力于将半衰期灵敏度提高到10²⁷年以上。中国正依托锦屏地下实验室国际领先的实验环境,开发多个不同路线的探测技术。文章将概述国际上主要的大型无中微子双贝塔衰变实验的现状,并展示在锦屏地下实验室中探索这一前沿物理领域的前景以及基于不同探测器技术的实验方案。     

纳米硫化镍增感的溴化银微晶中光电子衰减特性研究

利用微弱信号的微波吸收相敏检测技术, 获得了纳米硫化镍增感的立方体溴化银乳剂中, 在增感时间增加的条件下, 自由光电子和浅束缚光电子的时间衰减曲线.分析了采用纳米硫化镍进行增感的溴化银乳剂中光生电子随增感时间衰减的过程, 讨论了卤化银晶体中电子陷阱对光电子运动行为的影响, 分析了电子陷阱效应及陷阱深度同增感时间之间的关系. 通过未增感样品与增感样品的衰减曲线对比, 得到了在此实验条件下的最佳增感时间为80min. 关键词： 纳米硫化镍 衰减时间 电子陷阱 寿命     

Links between neutrino oscillations,leptogenesis, and proton decay within supersymmetric grand unification

Evidence in favor of supersymmetric grand unification including that based on the observed family multiplet-structure, gauge coupling unification, neutrino oscillations, baryogenesis, and certain intriguing features of quark-lepton masses and mixings is noted. It is argued that attempts to understand (a) the tiny neutrino masses (especially Δm ²(v ₂ – v₃)), (b) the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (which seems to need leptogenesis), and (c) the observed features of fermion masses such as the ratiom _b/m_τ, the smallness ofV _cb and the maximality of seem to select out the route to higher unification based on an effective string-unifiedG(224) =SU(2)_L ×SU(2)_R ×SU(2)^c orSO(10)-symmetry that should be operative in 4D, as opposed to other alternatives. A predictiveSO(10)/G(224)-framework possessing supersymmetry is presented that successfully describes the masses and mixings of all fermions including neutrinos. It also accounts for the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe by utilizing the process of leptogenesis, which is natural to this framework. It is argued that a conservative upper limit on the proton lifetime within thisSO(10)/G(224)-framework, which is so far most successful, is given by x 10³⁴ years. This in turn strongly suggests that an improvement in the current sensitivity by a factor of five to ten (compared to SuperK) ought to reveal proton decay. Implications of this prediction for the next-generation nucleon decay and neutrino-detector are noted.