基于钴酸锂载体构筑高体积比容量硫基复合材料

锂-硫电池具有高的理论质量/体积能量密度,因而成为最具发展潜力的高比能二次电池体系. 然而,由于硫载体通常采用轻质的碳纳米材料,导致硫基复合材料的振实密度和体积比容量均偏低,制约了电池体积能量密度的提升. 本文尝试采用具有高密度特征的钴酸锂(LiCoO₂)作为硫的载体材料,以构筑高振实密度的硫基复合材料,进而提高硫正极的体积比容量. 研究显示,LiCoO₂对可溶性多硫化物具有较强的吸附作用,能够促进硫的电化学转化,因而提高了硫的活性物质利用率和循环稳定性. 同时,由于具有高的振实密度(1.90 g·cm^-3),S/LiCoO₂复合材料的首周体积比容量高达1750.5 mAh·cm^-3,是常规硫/碳复合材料的2.2倍. 因此,本文利用具有高密度特征的LiCoO₂作为硫载体来提升硫复合材料的体积比容量,有助于实现锂-硫电池的高体积能量密度.     

高容量硫/碳复合正极材料

以锂为负极、硫为正极的锂/硫二次电池,由于其较高的理论能量密度(2 600Wh/kg),而成为最具发展潜力的新型高能化学电源体系.但是,硫正极材料存在的活性物质利用率偏低和循环性能较差等缺点制约了锂/硫电池的快速发展.本文主要综述了基于多孔碳材料负载硫来构筑硫/碳复合材料,进而改善硫电极材料电化学性能的研究进展,多孔碳...     

高比能锂硫电池关键材料的研究

锂硫电池具有突出的高比能量优势和原料廉价、环境友好等优点,有望成为新一代高能电池体系,但循环性能差是制约其实用化的主要障碍.本文介绍了锂硫电池的国内外发展水平,综述了锂硫电池在正极材料、电解质、负极及体系方面的重要进展,并着重介绍了防化研究院近5年在这一领域的主要成果:制备了硫化导电高分子材料和介孔炭/硫复合材料两类正...     

锂硫电池正极材料的制备及工艺优化

锂硫电池具有能量密度高、价格低等优势,有希望应用于下一代储能领域. 但锂硫电池仍然存在一些问题,如多硫化物穿梭效应、缺乏有效的锂硫电池规模制备工艺等. 为了解决这些问题,作者以不同商用碳材料（乙炔黑、科琴黑与碳纳米管）和单质硫复合作为正极材料,探究正极制备工艺对多硫化物穿梭效应抑制效果及锂硫电池性能的影响. 通过研究,作者得出以下结论：科琴黑作为单质硫的载体,与单质硫球磨8 h后,匹配粘结剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）制备的正极浆料可实现在涂布和辊压后极片的厚度达到500 μm、压实密度达到991.65 mg·cm ^-3. 作者将最终得到的正极极片应用于高硫载量锂硫软包电池,电池首圈放电容量为137.4 mA·h,经过10圈循环后,放电容量为115.5 mA·h,表现出优异的电化学性能. 该碳硫复合正极材料制备工艺有望在锂硫电池的宏量制备中获得应用.     

高比能锂-硫电池研究进展

随着全球经济快速发展对高效绿色能源需求的不断增长,锂-硫电池因具有较高的能量密度,成为了下一代高能量密度二次电池研发的重点.然而,锂-硫电池面临的循环寿命短、库仑效率低、安全性能差、较高自放电等问题,使其目前还很难实现商品化.锂-硫电池存在的这些问题主要与正极活性硫材料的高绝缘性、放电过程中产生的多硫化物溶解于电解液、硫正极在充放电过程中的体积膨胀与收缩、以及锂负极支晶化等有关.通过从锂-硫电池硫复合正极、电解液、黏结剂和负极等4个方面综述了高比能锂-硫电池的最新研究进展,其中重点介绍了硫正极复合材料的进展情况.     

锂硫电池用多孔碳/硫复合正极材料的研究

锂硫电池具有高的理论比容量和理论能量密度,被认为是当前最有前景的二次电池体系之一。现阶段锂硫电池的研究工作主要集中于高性能硫正极材料的设计与合成。具有优良的导电性、良好的结构稳定性和多孔结构的纳米碳材料,比如活性碳、介孔碳、超小微孔碳、多级结构多孔碳、空心碳球和空心碳纤维,充分满足了锂硫电池正极材料对碳基体的要求。本文综述了近年来多孔碳/硫复合材料作为硫正极的研究进展。总结了以具有不同结构特征的多孔碳基体负载硫组装的锂硫电池的电化学性能,并分析了不同多孔结构对性能的影响。最后在此基础上,从多孔碳/硫复合正极材料的设计和合成的角度,展望了其未来的发展趋势。     

固态锂硫电池研究进展（英文）

固态锂硫电池具有高能量密度和高安全性的潜在优势,被认为是最有前景的下一代储能体系之一。虽然固态电解质的应用有效地抑制了传统锂硫电池存在的“穿梭效应”和自放电现象,固态锂硫电池仍面临着多相离子/电子输运、电极/电解质界面稳定性、化学-机械稳定性、电极结构稳定性和锂枝晶生长等关键问题亟待解决。针对以上问题,本综述对近年来固态电解质、硫基复合正极、锂金属及锂合金负极以及电极/电解质界面的研究进行了详细的论述。作为固态锂硫电池的重要组成部分,固态电解质近年来受到了研究者们的广泛关注。本文首先对在锂硫电池中得到广泛应用的聚合物基、氧化物基、硫化物基固态电解质的种类和性质进行了概述,并对其在固态锂硫电池中的最新应用进行了系统的总结。在此基础上,对以单质硫、硫化锂、金属硫化物为活性物质的复合硫正极、锂金属及锂合金负极的反应机理以及面临的挑战进行了归纳和比较,对其解决策略进行了总结和分析。此外,对制约固态锂硫电池性能的电极/电解质界面离子/电子输运以及界面相容性问题及其改性策略进行了系统的阐述。最后,对固态锂硫电池的未来发展进行了展望。     

石墨烯作为硫载体在锂硫电池中的研究进展

锂硫电池因其超高的理论能量密度以及硫资源丰富、成本低廉、无毒的优点,被认为是极具发展潜力与应用前景的新一代储能设备。然而,硫正极导电性差、体积膨胀以及穿梭效应严重等问题严重制约了其商业化应用。石墨烯具有高比表面积、高导电性和高柔韧性,并且易于进行表面化学修饰及组装,是一种理想的硫载体材料。本文主要综述了近年来三维石墨烯、表面化学修饰的石墨烯、石墨烯基复合材料以及石墨烯基柔性材料在锂硫电池正极中的研究现状,并展望了石墨烯作为硫载体在锂硫电池正极中的发展趋势。     

金属氧化物用于锂硫电池硫正极材料改性的研究进展

锂硫电池因其能量密度高、原料丰富和价格低廉等优势而被认为是下一代的重要储能器件。但是,锂硫电池的发展仍面临诸多问题,包括多硫化物的穿梭效应、单质硫的导电性差、充电过程中硫体积膨胀导致的库仑效率差、容量快速衰减以及锂负极的腐蚀等。近年来,金属氧化物由于具有可吸附多硫化物、提高多硫化物之间的相互转化能力、形成3D形态纳米级结构及对主体材料与多硫化物之间的结合能发挥着关键作用等优点在锂硫电池正极材料的改性方面得到广泛应用。本文综述了多类金属氧化物(过渡金属氧化物、二元及多元金属氧化物、其他金属氧化物)在锂硫电池正极复合材料改性中的研究进展,并对金属氧化物在锂硫电池中的应用前景进行了展望。     

锂硫电池正极材料研究进展

电动汽车行业的迅速发展,逐步提高了对二次电池容量的要求,因此急需发展新型高容量锂电池。锂硫电池具有高理论比容量(1675mAh/g)和高理论比能量(2600Wh/kg),使其能够实现锂离子电池3~5倍的能量密度。但是,正极长链多硫化物溶解引起的容量衰减快、循环寿命短等因素限制了锂硫电池的实用化进程。本文针对正极聚硫锂溶解问题,从正极材料表面包覆、表面吸附、表面催化的角度对近年来提高锂硫电池循环性能的正极材料研究思路和研究进展进行综述,最后对提高锂硫电池性能的发展趋势提出展望。     

Solution-based Preparation of High Sulfur Content Sulfur/Graphene Cathode Material for Li-S Battery

Practical Li-sulfur batteries require the high sulfur loading cathode to meet the large-capacity power demand of electrical equipment.However,the sulfur content in cathode materials is usually unsatisfactory due to the excessive use of carbon for improving the conductivity.Traditional cathode fabrication strategies can hardly realize both high sulfur content and homogeneous sulfur distribution without aggregation.Herein,we designed a cathode material with ultrahigh sulfur content of 88%(mass fraction)by uniformly distributing the water dispersible sulfur nanoparticles on three-dimensionally conductive graphene framework.The water processable fabrication can maximize the homogeneous contact between sulfur nanoparticles and graphene,improving the utilization of the interconnected conductive surface.The obtained cathode material showed a capacity of 500 mA·h/g after 500 cycles at 2.0 A/g with an areal loading of 2 mg/cm2.This strategy provides possibility for the mass production of high-performance electrode materials for high-capacity Li-S battery.     

Hybrid cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries

This review demonstrates the approaches to fabricate hybrid cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries. This short review does not claim to cover all recently published data; instead, an effort is aimed to show how the critical issues on carbon – sulfur hybrid are addressed based on selected articles in last couple of years. The influence of porous structure of carbon, the confinement effect of polysulfides in narrow micropores, and importance of hierarchical porosity are explained. Besides, the heteroatom doping on carbon in carbon–sulfur hybrids plays a vital role on improvement of bulk electronic conductivity of electrode. This review presents the twin polymerization strategy for direct preparation of nanoscale intermixed hybrid materials. Finally, the formation of sulfur containing copolymers by reacting sulfur melt with functional vinyl monomers are shown in this review with selected examples postulating the respective potential for future generation energy storage technology from the viewpoint of industrial applications.     

All-solid-state Li/S batteries with highly conductive glass–ceramic electrolytes

All-solid-state cells using sulfur-based cathode materials and Li₂S–P₂S₅ glass–ceramic electrolytes were successfully prepared and exhibited excellent cycling performance at room temperature. The cathode materials consisting of sulfur and CuS were synthesized by mechanical milling using sulfur and copper crystals as starting materials. The cell performance was influenced by the milling time for the cathode materials and the cell with cathode materials obtained by milling for 15 min retained large capacities over 650 mA h g⁻¹ for 20 cycles. Sulfur as well as CuS in cathode materials proved to be utilized as active materials on charge–discharge processes in the all-solid-state Li/S cells.     

锂硫电池硫碳复合正极材料研究现状及展望

二次锂硫电池被视为最具有发展潜力的下一代高能量密度二次电池之一. 但由于正极硫的电导率低（5×10^-30 S·cm^-1）,且在放电过程中产生的中间体多硫化物易溶于有机电解液,致使锂硫电池活性物质利用率降低,溶解后的多硫化物还会迁移到负极,被还原成不溶物Li2S2/Li2S而沉积于负极锂,使电极结构遭受破坏,造成电池容量大幅衰减,循环性能差,从而限制了进一步的开发应用. 研究表明,以碳作为导电骨架的硫碳复合正极材料能在不同程度上解决上述问题,从而有效提高了锂硫电池的放电容量和循环性能. 本文综述了近年来国内外报道的各种锂硫电池正极材料的研究进展,结合作者课题组的研究,重点探讨了硫碳复合正极材料,并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Recent Advances in Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Sodium−Sulfur Batteries

Room-temperature sodium–sulfur (RT−Na/S) batteries hold great promise to meet the requirements of large-scale energy storage due to their high theoretical energy density, low material cost, resource abundance, and environmental benignity. However, the poor cycle performance and low utilization of active sulfur greatly hinder their practical application. As the essential part directly related to the battery performance, the S-based cathode has attracted tremendous research interests in recent years. This review highlights recent progress in cathode materials for RT−Na/S batteries. Particularly, basic insights into the Na/S reaction mechanism are presented and representative works on S-based cathode materials are systematically summarized. The remaining challenges and developing trends of RT−Na/S batteries are also discussed. We hope this review can shed light on the field of next-generation metal-sulfur batteries.     

Recent advances in cathodes for all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been regarded as the candidate for the next-generation energy storage system due to the high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g), energy density (2600 Wh/kg) and the abundance of elemental sulfur, but the application of Li-S batteries is impeded by a series of problems. Recently, all-solid-state Li-S batteries (ASSLSBs) have drawn great attention because many drawbacks such as safety issues caused by metallic lithium anodes and organic liquid electrolytes can be overcome through the use of solid-state electrolytes (SEs). However, not only the problems brought by sulfur cathodes still exist, but more trouble arouses from the interfaces between SEs and cathodes, hampering the practical application of ASSLSBs. Therefore, in order to deal with the problems, enormous endeavors have been done on ASSLSB cathodes during the past few decades, including engineering of cathode active materials, cathode host materials, cathode binder materials and cathode structures. In this review, the electrochemical mechanism and existing problems of ASSLSBs are briefly introduced. Subsequently, the strategies for developing cathode materials and designing cathode structures are presented. Then there follows a brief discussion of SE problems and expectations, and finally, the challenges and perspectives of ASSLSBs are summarized.     

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of TiO2–sulfur composite cathode materials for lithium–sulfur batteries

Titania–sulfur (TiO₂–S) composite cathode materials were synthesized for lithium–sulfur batteries. The composites were characterized and examined by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. It is found that the mesoporous TiO₂ and sulfur particles are uniformly distributed in the composite after a melt-diffusion process. When evaluating the electrochemical properties of as-prepared TiO₂–S composite as cathode materials in lithium–sulfur batteries, it exhibits much improved cyclical stability and high rate performance. The results showed that an initial discharge specific capacity of 1,460 mAh/g at 0.2 C and capacity retention ratio of 46.6 % over 100 cycles of composite cathode, which are higher than that of pristine sulfur. The improvements of electrochemical performances were due to the good dispersion of sulfur in the pores of TiO₂ particles and the excellent adsorbing effect on polysulfides of TiO₂.     

Edge sulfurized graphene nanoplatelets via vacuum mechano-chemical reaction for lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium–sulfur batteries have great potential for high energy applications due to their high capacities,low cost and eco-friendliness. However, the particularly rapid capacity decay owing to the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfide intermediate into the electrolyte still hamper their practical applications.And the reported preparation procedures to sulfur based cathode materials are often complex, and hence are rather difficult to produce at large scale. Here, we report a simple mechano-chemical sulfurization methodology in vacuum environment applying ball-milling method combined both the chemical and physical interaction for the one-pot synthesis of edge-sulfurized grapheme nanoplatelets with 3D porous foam structure as cathode materials. The optimal sample of 70%S–Gn Ps-48 h(ball-milled 48 h) obtains 13.2 wt% sulfur that chemically bonded onto the edge of Gn Ps. And the assembled batteries exhibit high initial discharge capacities of 1089 mAh/g at 0.1 C and 950 mAh/g at 0.5 C, and retain a stable discharge capacity of 776 mAh/g after 250 cycles at 0.5 C with a high Coulombic efficiency of over 98%. The excellent performance is mainly attributed to the mechano-chemical interaction between sulfur and grapheme nanoplatelets. This definitely triggers the currently extensive research in lithium–sulfur battery area.     

阴离子硫氧化还原与Li1-xNiO2-ySy的结构稳定性:第一性原理研究

Ni-rich layered oxides are the preferred cathode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries currently used in electric vehicles. In this paper, we present a systematic first-principles evaluation of the deintercalation process in the Li_1-xNiO_2-yS_y. The partial density of states (PDOS) characters of the electrons near the Fermi level, redox behaviors, and thermal stability have been investigated within the GGA+U scheme. The results show that the introduction of sulfur alleviates the lattice distortion during charging, suppresses nickel migration, and enhances the stability of oxygen according to the contribution of sulfur anion redox to the charge compensation for the overcharged Li_1-xNiO_2-yS_y. This study provides a new insight on improving the stability of Ni-rich cathode materials by tuning of the electrochemical behaviors based on sulfur anion redox.     

Regulating the Deposition of Insoluble Sulfur Species for Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries

Room temperature sodium-sulfur(RT-Na-S) batteries are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation high-energy-density batteries. However, in addition to the severe shuttle effect, the inhomogeneous deposition of the insoluble sulfur species generated during the discharge/charge processes also contributes to the rapid capacity fade of RT-Na-S batteries. In this work, the deposition behavior of the insoluble sulfur species in the traditional slurry-coated sulfur cathodes is investigated using microporous carbon spheres as model sulfur host materials. To achieve uniform deposition of insoluble sulfur species, a self-supporting sulfur cathode fabricated by assembling microporous carbon spheres is designed. With homogeneous sulfur distribution and favorable electron transport pathway, the self-supporting cathode delivers remarkably enhanced rate capability(509 mA·h/g at 2.5 C, 1 C=1675 mA/g), cycling stability(718 mA·h/g after 480 cycles at 0.5 C) and areal capacity(4.98 mA·h/cm² at 0.1 C), highlighting the great potential of manipulating insoluble sulfur species to fabricate high-performance RT-Na-S batteries.