甲醇-苯混合溶剂中NaI活度系数的测定与计算

测定了甲醇-苯-NaI体系在恒压条件下的汽液平衡数据,采用双标准检验法对数据进行检验,检验结果全部合格.应用P itzer强电解质在水溶液中的活度系数模型,采用全部合格的汽液平衡数据拟合出方程中的维利系数,从而获得在双液比固定条件下盐在甲醇-苯混合溶剂中的活度系数.计算结果表明,正常泡点温度下在具有固定双液比的甲醇-苯混合溶剂中,NaI的平均活度系数随盐浓度的增加先减小,经过一个极小值后又增加.     

环己烷-乙醇体系活度系数的测定

作者通过测定环己烷 乙醇体系气液平衡实验数据,用热力学公式计算出活度系数作为实验值。然后采用超额吉布斯函数与活度系数之间的关联式,即Willson方程作数学模型,用最小二乘法对实验数据进行回归,求出关联式中的常数,从而获取整个浓度范围内的活度系数,得到的活度系数用Gibbs Duhem公式进行热力学一致性校正,说明所用模型正确,数据可靠。同时计算出超额吉布斯函数,从而可以用能量来表示实际溶液与理想溶液之间存在的偏差。     

三元无限稀释活度系数的实验测定

三元无限稀释活度系数的实验测定鲍坚斌，周秋红，李昂，韩世钧（浙江大学化学系，杭州，３１００２７）关键词三元无限稀释活度系数，气提法，汽液平衡，液液平衡传统的无限稀释活度系数一般是指二元无限稀释活度系数，即（ｉ为无限稀释单组分溶质，ｊ为单组分溶剂），它...     

新型斜式沸点仪及无限稀释活度系数的测定

本文设计制作了两种新型斜式(搅拌式和非搅拌式)沸点仪,采用非分析的方法测定了丙酮-甲醇等14组二元体系的无限稀释活度系数,并用以进行了全浓度范围汽液平衡数据的推算,获得了满意的结果。     

等压法测定Li2SO4-MgSO4-H2O体系的渗透和活度系数

在25 ℃下, 离子强度范围分别为0.2—8.7、0.6—12.7和1.4—13.5 mol·kg~(-1)时, 测定了纯Li_2SO_4、MgSO_4及Li_2SO_4-MgSO_4混盐水溶液的渗透系数. 计算了Pitzer方程和Scatchard方程的离子作用参数. 用上述两种方程及由热力学关系式直接推导出的Mckay-Perring方程计算并比较了Li_2SO_4和MgSO_4在混合溶液中的平均活度系数, 三者在实验误差范围内一致. 利用获得的Pitzer参数计算该体系的溶解度与文献值基本一致.     

等压法测定298.15K下LiCl-CaCl2-H2O体系的活度系数

The isopiestic method was used to determinate isopiestic molality and osmotic coefficients in single-salt solutions of LiCl-H2O(molality range from 0.5 to 9.0 mol· kg-1),CaCl2-H2O(molality range from 0.35 to 5.2 mol· kg-1) and multisalt solution LiCl-CaCl2-H2O(ionic strength range from 0.5 to 15.7 mol· kg-1) at 298.15K,from which Pitzer's interaction parameters of single salt ,mixed salts of the systems were obtained.The mean ionic activity coefficients of LiCl、 CaCl2 in pure and mixed solutions were reported.     

等压法测定298.15K下LiCl-CaCl2-H2O体系的活度系数

电解质水溶液热力学性质的研究一直是一个很活跃的研究领域.对含锂水盐体系热力学性质的研究不仅对电解质水溶液理论,而且对盐湖锂资源的开放利用都有非常重要的意义.姚燕等对ＬｉＣｌＫＣｌＨ2Ｏ[1],ＬｉＣｌＭｇＣｌ2Ｈ2Ｏ[2],ＬｉＣｌＭｇＳＯ4Ｈ2Ｏ[3,4],ＬｉＣｌＬｉ2ＳＯ4Ｈ2Ｏ[5]体系多温下热力学性质进行了研究,应用Ｐｉｔｚｅｒ电解质水溶液理论模型进行处理,计算出ＬｉＣｌ在不同体系中,很大的浓度范围内的活度系数.但在盐湖卤水中,ＣａＣｌ2的存在很普遍.对ＬｉＣｌＣａＣｌ2混合物在水溶液中的热力学性质研究对理解ＬｉＣｌ在盐…     

含水混合溶剂中HCl活度系数的MSA计算

多组分体系热力学性质的研究是人们感兴趣的课题.七十年代初在Debye-Hückel 理论及统计力学的基础上发展起来的Pitzer 理论,不但解决了多组分体系中电解质的活度系数问题,而且还可以适用于真正的中高浓度.但该理论所涉及到的表征粒子间相互作用的三个参数必须通过精确的实验数据并采用可靠的拟合方法方可求得.七十年代后期发展起来的平均球近似(MSA)方法是一种计算电解质水溶液的热力学性质的有效方法.近年来,国外已有人将这种方法应用于单一或混合电解质水溶液中电解质活度系数的计算并取得了令人满     

电解质活度系数测定装置的改进

电动势测定的应用之一——电解质离子的平均活度系数测定,是物理化学课程的基本内容。如能在基础物理化学实验中开设此实验,将有助于学生对该法的深刻理解。文献中所介绍的装置多数是带有双液封的H-型电池结构或更为复杂的电池结构.这类电池结构不仅仪器加工困难,而且由于电池结构复杂,造成体系中溶解氧不易赶出的“死角”(如连接两电极管的“桥”中的溶液),致使电池电动势难以达到平衡值。又因要采用两条通氢管路,使操作复杂     

Comparative studies of calculation methods for activity coefficients of unsymmetrical mixed electrolytes

Several methods for the calculation of activity coefficients for binary mixed electrolytes are compared. Their accuracies are analysed and the reasons for the different degrees of accuracies are given.     

Vapor pressure measurements on non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Part 3: Solutions of sodium lodide in ethanol, 2-propanol,and acetonitrile

Precise vapor pressure data for solutions of Nal in ethanol from 0.04 to 1.9m, and 2-propanol and acetonitrile from approximately 0.06 to 1.5m are communicated and discussed. Polynomials in molalities are given for calculating precise reference values. Osmotic coefficients were calculated by taking into account the second virial coefficients of solvent vapors. Discussion of the data at low concentrations is based on the chemical model of electrolyte solutions and ion-pair association constants are compared to those obtained from other properties of sodium iodide solutions. Pitzer equations are used to reproduce osmotic and activity coefficients at high concentrations; the set of Pitzer parameters for methanol solutions b=3.2, ₁ = 2.0, and ₂ = 20.0 may be used for ethanol, 2-propanol, and acetonitrile solutions.     

Ternary diffusion with charged-complex formation in aqueous I2+NaI and I2+KI solutions

Diaphragm cells have been used to measure ternary diffusion coefficients for I₂+NaI and I₂+KI in aqueous solution at 25°C. Although most of the iodine molecules are bound to iodide ions and are transported as the triiodide species [I₂(aq)+I^–(aq)=I ₃ ^– (aq)], diffusion of the iodide salts produces relatively small countercurrent coupled flows of the iodine component. The ternary diffusivity of the iodine component in the solutions is 10 to 20% larger than the diffusivity of the triiodide species. This behavior can be understood by considering electrostatic coupling of the ionic flows. The diffusion equations for I₂+NaI and I₂+KI components are reformulated in terns of NaI₃+NaI and KI₃+KI mixed electrolyte components.     

Thermodynamics of electrolyte mixtures. Activity and osmotic coefficients consistent with the higher-order limiting law for symmetrical mixing

The parameters for symmetrical mixing of ions of the same sign in the virial-coefficient (Pitzer) system are evaluated from literature data for 25°C in a manner consistent with the higher-order limiting law of Friedman. Twenty-four systems involve cation mixing with a common anion and fourteen involve anion mixing with a common cation. Heat of mixing data were similarly treated in a recent publication; the results give the temperature coefficients of some of these same parameters. The combined results yield the mixing parameters as functions of temperature on a basis both self-consistent and in accord with the limiting law. The results also yield, for a few systems without a common ion, predicted values in good agreement with experimental data.on leave from Liaoning University, Shenyang, China.     

Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions: An EMF study of the activity coefficients of KCl in the system KCl−KNO3−H2O at 25, 35 and 45°C

Electromotive force measurements were carried out on the system KCl–KNO₃–H₂O at constant total ionic strengths of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mol-kg^–1 and at 25, 35 and 45°C using a cell consisting of a potassium ionselective electrode and a Ag/AgCl electrode. The Harned coefficients and the Pitzer binary and ternary interaction parameters for the system have been evaluated at each temperature. The osmotic coefficients, excess free energies of mixing and heats of mixing of the system have been predicted at each of the experimental temperatures and ionic strengths. The solubility data at 25°C are also interpreted.     

Osmotic and activity coefficients of perrhenic acid and perrhenate salts

Osmotic and activity coefficients are reported for the aqueous solution of perrhenic acid and for its lithium, sodium and tetramethylguanidinium slats at 25°C. These coefficients are similar in order of magnitude but smaller than the coefficients of the corresponding perchorates. Evidence is submitted for the ion pairing of the perrhenate ion with both hydronium and tetramethylguanidinium ions in fairly dilute aqueous solutions. The association with hydronium ion decreases in more concentrated solutions.     

Osmotic and activity coefficients of aqueous bile salt solutions at 25, 37, and 45°C

Osmotic coefficients measured by vapor pressure osmometry are reported for aqueous bile salt solutions at 25, 37, and 45°C. Solute activities decrease rapidly with increasing concentration due to premicellar association and micelle formation. In all cases, activities of the dihydroxy bile salts are lower than those of the trihydroxy bile salts. Osmotic coefficients and activity coefficients increase with increasing temperature. It is suggested that hydrophobic forces contribute substantially to the stability of primary bile salt aggregates and micelles.     

Solubility of Siderite (FeCO3) in NaCl Solutions

The solubility of siderite (FeCO₃) at 25°C under constant CO₂ partial pressure [p(CO₂)] was determined in NaCl solutions as a function of ionic strength. The dissolution of FeCO₃(s) for the reaction

The mean activity coefficients of LaCl3 in dilute aqueous solution at 298.15 K

The electromotive forces of a symmetrical concentration cell with transference, Ag; AgCl|LaCl₃ (m*):LaCl₃ (m)|AgCl; Ag, were measured over the concentration range from 8.762 × 10⁻⁴ mol kg⁻¹ to 6.788 × 10⁻² mol kg⁻¹ at 298.15 K to obtain the mean activity coefficients of LaCl₃. The mean activity coefficient for reference solution at 298.15 K and the ion size parameter for LaCl₃ in the extended Debye–Hückel equation are evaluated by using an approach extrapolating concentration to unlimited dilution. A modified Debye–Hückel equation with new parameters has been established for the studied concentration range. A comparison is done of the thermodynamic data of LaCl₃ that are determined by this experiment with those reported by previous literatures, and evaluated by some models.