Phylogenetic position of three Condylostoma species （Protozoa,Ciliophora, Heterotrichea） inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

The systematically poorly known ciliate genus Condylostoma was erected by Vincent in 1826. About 10 morphotypes have been reported, but any molecular investigations concerning this group so far are lacking. In this work, the small subunit ribosomal RNA （SS rRNA） gene of three marine Condylostoma species was sequenced, by which the phylogenetic trees were constructed by distancematrix, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The results show that （1） all the trees have similar topologies with high supports; （2） Condylostoma is mostly related to the genus Condylostentor; and （3） three Condylostoma species as well as Condylostentor auriculatus cluster together and form a sister group with other heterotrichs. This is moderately consistent with the assessment of phylogenetic relationships of Condylostoma-related heterotrichs from the morphological information. The phylogenetic relationship of some other related heterotrichs, Peritromus, Folliculina, Stentor and Blepharisma, has been also discussed.     

Phylogenetic position of three Condylostoma species(Protozoa,Ciliophora,Heterotricheal inferred from the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

The systematically poorly known ciliate genus Conadylostoma was erected by Vincent in 1826.About 10 morphotypes have been reported,but any molecular investigations concerning this group SO far are lacking.In this work,the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SS rRNA)gene of three marine Conaylostoma species was sequenced,by which the phylogenetic trees were constructed by distance-matrix,maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods.The results show that(1)all the trees have similar topologies with high supports;(2)Condylostoma is mostly related to the genus Condylostentor;and(3)three Condylostoma species as well as Conadylostentor auriculatus cluster together and form a sister group with other heterotrichs.This is moderately consistent with the assessment of phylo-genetic relationships of Conaylostoma-related heterotrichs from the morphological information.The phylogenetic relationship of some other related heterotrichs,Peritromus,Fotlictllina,Stentor and Blepharisma,has been also discussed.     

东亚特有植物侧囊苔属(Delavayella Steph．)的模式标定和系统位置探讨

对东亚特有植物侧囊苔属（Delavayella Steph.）的模式标本进行了标定，并作了详细的描述和绘图。在标本查检和文献考证基础上，对该属的系统位置和地理分布进行了探讨，支持侧囊苔属从合叶苔科（Scapaniaceae）中独立出来成为侧囊苔科（Delavayellaceae）的观点。     

Investigations into the perplexing interrelationship of the Genus Takifugu Abe, 1949 (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae)

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Takifugu Abe, 1949 (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodonti- dae) remain unresolved. Because of the use of Takifugu as model organisms, the resolution of these relationships is crucial for the interpretation of evolutionary trends in biology. Pufferfishes of this ge- nus are comprised of a comparatively small number of species and are mainly distributed along the coastal region of the western part of the Sea of Japan and the coastline of China. Mitochondrial gene sequences were employed to test the phylogenetic hypotheses within the genus. Seventeen species of the genus were examined. Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum parsi- mony, neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our hypothesis of internal relationships within the genus differs from previous hypotheses. Our results indicate that (1) the genus Takifugu is a monophyletic assemblage; (2) the genus is divided into 6 subgroups based on the mo- lecular data; and (3) there is low genetic diversity among the species within this genus. In addition, speciation within Takifugu appears to be driven by hybridization and isolation by distribution. Our re- sults also suggested that the taxonomy in the genus should be clarified based on both molecular and morphological data.     

Reconsideration of the phylogenetic positions of three stichotrichous genera Holosticha, Anteholosticha and Pseudokeronopsis （Spirotrichea： Ciliophora） inferred from complete SSU rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene for six marine stichotrichs, Pseudokeronopsis carnea, P. flava, Holosticha heterofoissneri, H. diademata, H. bradburyae and Anteholosticha manca, was sequenced and characterized. Using this molecular information, the phylogenetic positions of three related genera, Pseudokeronopsis, Holosticha and Anteholosticha were determined. The results indicate that the family Urostylidae is clearly separated from the family Pseudokeronopsidae. The present phylogenetic analyses unambiguously placed Pseudokeronopsis close to Holosticha, and support the conclusion that these genera should be regarded as the members of the order Urostylidae within the stichotrich clade. Furthermore, the results of this study also support the monophyly of the genus Pseudokeronopsis,the redefinition of Holosticha s. str. and the placement of Anteholosticha in a clade separate from Holosticha.     

Phylogenetic positions of two marine ciliates, Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi (Protozoa, Ciliophora,Scuticociliatia), inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene was sequenced for two marine scuticociliates Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi. The results show that this gene comprises 1763 and 1753 nucleotides in the two marine ciliates respectively. Metanophrys similis is phylogenetically closely related to the clade containing Mesanophrys carcini and Anophyroides haemophila, which branches basally to other species within the order Philasterida. Pseudocohnilembus hargisi groups with its congener, P. marinus, with strong bootstrap support. Paranophrys magna groups with the clade including Cohnilembus and Uronema, representing a sister clade to that containing the two Pseudocohnilembus species.     

Phylogenetic identification and microbial diversity in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu Mountain,Tibet

The bacterial diversity and abundance in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu mountain, Tibet, were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by scanning electronic microscopy analysis. Most of bacteria were found to be of spherical or oval shape （〉95%）. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 5 genera （Caulobacter, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pelomonas and Pseudomonas）. Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant （91.25%） among the library that consists of 594 clones. The sequences found in this study are highly similar to those previously retrieved from other cold environments, such as ice core, sea ice, permafrost and snow. The results showed that the cold and barren environments strongly influence the survival of bacteria. The high similarity among sequences retrieved from snow sample and other places, such as ocean, soil and water, suggested that the bacteria in snow, soil and water environments have the same origin.     

3种色型仿刺参线粒体和核糖体序列片段遗传结构比较研究

仿刺参作为我国重要的海水养殖物种,良种选育是目前研究的重点,其中体色是重要的考虑因素之一。为了比较3种不同体色仿刺参的遗传结构,采用PCR扩增与测序技术对我国3种体色(青色、白色和紫色)仿刺参线粒体16S rRNA和COⅠ与核糖体18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列片段进行分析,揭示其遗传结构差异及系统发育关系。结果表明, 16S rRNA、COⅠ和18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列长度分别为812~830 bp、877~915 bp、1 536~1 572 bp。16S rRNA、COⅠ和18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列在青色、紫色和白色仿刺参中分别检测到单倍型个数分别为4/5/5、5/3/4和4/4/3, COⅠ序列多态性位点数目所比例最大, 16S rRNA序列最小。3种色型仿刺参16S rRNA、COⅠ和18S rRNA-ITS-28S rRNA序列遗传距离数值均比较小,范围分别为0~0.014 7、0~0.021 2和0~0.010 3,没有达到种的分化水平。以紫海胆为外群,基于COⅠ序列构建系统发育树,结果表明白刺参单独聚为一支,但是紫色和青色仿刺参不同个体间相互交叉聚集,无法通过发育树区分。     

The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Achalinus meiguensis (Reptilia: Squamata)

The mitochondrial genome complete sequence of Achalinus meiguensis was reported for the first time in the present study. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. meiguensis is 17239 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 non-coding regions (Control regions). On the basis of comparison with the other complete mitochondrial sequences reported, we explored the characteristic of structure and evolution. For example, duplication control regions independently occurred in the evol...     

Phylogenetic positions of two marine ciliates, Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene was sequenced for two marine scuticociliates Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi. The results show that this gene comprises 1763 and 1753 nucleotides in the two marine ciliates respectively. Metanophrys similis is phylogenetically closely related to the clade containing Mesanophrys carcini and Anophyroides haemophila, which branches basally to other species within the order Philasterida. Pseudocohnilembus hargisi groups with its congener, P. marinus, with strong bootstrap support. Paranophrys magna groups with the clade including Cohnilembus and Uronema, representing a sister clade to that containing the two Pseudocohnilembus species.     

Phylogenetic positions of two marine ciliates, Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia), inferred from complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene was sequenced for two marine scuticociliates Metanophrys similis and Pseudocohnilembus hargisi. The results show that this gene comprises 1763 and 1753 nucleotides in the two marine ciliates respectively. Metanophrys similis is phylogenetically closely related to the clade containing Mesanophrys carcini and Anophyroides haemophila, which branches basally to other species within the order Philasterida. Pseudocohnilembus hargisi groups with its congener, P. marinus, with strong bootstrap support. Paranophrys magna groups with the clade including Cohnilembus and Uronema, representing a sister clade to that containing the two Pseudocohnilembus species.     

异毛虫Allotricha curdsi皮层纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

FLUTAX直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记显示,原生动物腹毛目纤毛虫异毛虫(Al-lotricha curdsi)细胞微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、左右缘棘毛、背触毛等皮层纤毛器、纤毛器基部附属微管组成.其中腹面皮层纤毛器基部附属微管包括小膜托架、小膜附属微管、波动膜骨架;额腹横棘毛基部围棘纤维篮、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,它们以各自的纤毛器基部为中心,分别向皮层不同方向发射,在细胞皮层内形成一个复合三维结构微管网;并且,左、右缘棘毛基部横微管显示非镜像对称的图像,横棘毛基部微管前纵微管束向前伸展后其前端并非聚集在一起,这与目前报道的其他腹毛目纤毛虫如贻贝棘尾虫、魏氏拟尾柱虫同种结构的定位特征不一样.     

The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Achalinus meiguensis (Reptilia: Squamata)

The mitochondrial genome complete sequence of Achalinus meiguensis was reported for the first time in the present study. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. meiguensis is 17239 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, 2 rRNA, and 2 non-coding regions (Control regions). On the basis of comparison with the other complete mitochondrial sequences reported, we explored the characteristic of structure and evolution. For example, duplication control regions independently occurred in the evolutionary history of reptiles; the pseudo-tRNA of snakes occurred in the Caenophidia; snake is shorter than other vertebrates in the length of tRNA because of the truncations of TψC arm (less than 5 bp) and “DHU“ arm. The phylogenic analysis by MP and BI analysis showed that the phylogenetic position of A. meiguensis was placed in Caenophidia as a sister group to other advanced snakes with the exclusion of Acrochordus granulatus which was rooted in the Caenophidia. Therefore we suggested that the subfamily Xenodermatinae, which contains A. meiguensis, should be raised to a family rank or higher rank. At the same time, based on the phylogenic statistic test, the tree of Bayesian was used for estimating the divergence time. The results showed that the divergence time between Henophidia and Caenophidia was 109.50 Mya; 106.18 Mya for divergence between Acrochordus granulatus and the other snakes of the Caenophidia; the divergence time of A. meiguensis was 103 Mya, and Viperidae diverged from the unilateral of Elapidae and Colubridae was 96.06 Mya.     

云台山白云岩表层土可培养细菌多样性

运用纯培养法和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析贵州云台山白云岩表层土可培养细菌的多样性.稀释涂布平板分离共获得131株细菌,限制性内切酶HhaⅠ和HaeⅢ对扩增的16S rRNA基因片段进行酶切分型,根据ARDRA酶切图谱划分为40个操作分类单元.16S rRNA基因序列测定和系统发育分析结果显示,这些菌株隶属于包括厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,64.89%)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proterbacteria,3.82%)、γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proterbacteria,17.56%)、放线细菌门(Actinobacteria,11.45%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,3.82%)等5大类群,共13个属.优势菌群为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus,53.44%),亚优势菌群为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas,9.16%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,8.40%)和微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium,8.40%).15.00%的有效序列与GeneBank已知序列相似性小于等于97%,可能为潜在新类群.研究表明,云台山白云岩喀斯特地区不仅含有较为丰富的细菌物种多样性,且潜藏着许多新的微生物资源.     

Investisations into the perplexing interrelationship of the Genus Takifugu Abe, 1949 （Tetraodontiformes,Tetraodontidae）

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Takifugu Abe, 1949 （Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae） remain unresolved. Because of the use of Takifugu as model organisms, the resolution of these relationships is crucial for the interpretation of evolutionary trends in biology. Pufferfishes of this genus are comprised of a comparatively small number of species and are mainly distributed along the coastal region of the western part of the Sea of Japan and the coastline of China. Mitochondrial gene sequences were employed to test the phylogenetic hypotheses within the genus. Seventeen species of the genus were examined. Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum parsi- mony, neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our hypothesis of internal relationships within the genus differs from previous hypotheses. Our results indicate that （1） the genus Takifugu is a monophyletic assemblage; （2） the genus is divided into 6 subgroups based on the moecular data; and （3） there is low genetic diversity among the species within this genus. In addition, speciation within Takifugu appears to be driven by hybridization and isolation by distribution. Our results also suggested that the taxonomy in the genus should be clarified based on both molecular and morphological data.     

含有重组人白细胞介素18基因的工程菌的产物表达和鉴定

0引言 1996年,Ushio等[1]从人的肝脏细胞中克隆了人的白细胞介素18(IL-18) cDNA,并在大肠杆菌中得到了表达.IL-18是国际上最新获得的细胞因子[2].     

Phylogeny of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA，with references to morphological and ethological traits

We sequenced partial mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) of 18 firefly species from Southwest of China. Combined with homologous sequences previously reported, phylogenetic trees including Japanese, Korean and Chinese species were reconstructed by neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. All reconstructions agree on most nodes of the trees. Monophyly of Lampyridae is not supported because Rhagophthalmus ohbai in Rhagophthalmidae is included within it. Lamprigera, a genus placed unreliably in Lampyrinae, shows a close relationship to Amydetinae. Monophyly of Luciolinae is not supported because Pristolycus sagulatus (Lampyrinae) is included within it. In the Luciolinae, monophyly of Curtos and Hotaria is well established, respectively, but both morphological and molecular data continue to indicate that Luciola is not monophyletic and its subdivision is indeed necessary. Within the Lampyrinae, both Pyrocoelia and Diaphanes are not monophyletic, but monophyly of Pyrocoelia+Diaphanes is well supported. Phylogeny of Diaphanes is discussed for the first time. Generic placement of a newly discovered species (Diaphanes pectinealis Li et Liang) sharing some characters of Pyrocoelia and Diaphanes challenges the delimitation of these two similar genera. With references to the firefly mating systems, we suggest that more emphases should be placed on those sexually selected characters such as antennal structure in taxonomy of Lampyridae.     

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes （Teleostei： Cyprinidae） inferred from cytochrome b sequences

We recovered the phylogenetic relationships among 23 species and subspecies of the highly special-ized grade schizothoracine fishes distributing at 36 geographical sites in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions by analyzing sequences of cytochrome b genes. Furthermore, we estimated the possible divergent times among lineages based on a historical geological isolation event in the Tibetan Plateau. The molecular data revealed that the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes were not a monophyletic group, but were the same as genera Gymnocypris and Schizogypsis. Our results indi-cated that the molecular phylogenetic relationships apparently reflected their geographical and historical associations with drainages, namely species from the same and adjacent drainages clustered together and had close relationships. The divergence times of different lineages were well consistent with the rapid uplift phases of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Cenozoic, suggesting that the origin and evolution of schizothoracine fishes were strongly influenced by environment changes resulting from the upheaval of the Tibetan Plateau.     

岐脉跳小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

记述跳小蜂科岐脉跳小蜂属一新种,即念岐脉跳小蜂Diversinervus commemorans Tan,sp.nov.该新种与优雅岐脉跳小蜂Diversinervus elegans Silvestri相似,但(1)中胸盾片后部略1/4灰色,后缘具青绿色光泽,无强的蓝绿色横带;(2)缘脉和后缘脉的前缘共具6根粗长刚毛;(3)后缘脉短于缘脉;(4)腹部短于胸部.标本采自云南省蒙自县.     

四川省厕蝇属二新种(双翅目:厕蝇科)

记述采自中国四川地区厕蝇科厕蝇属Fannia R.-D.,1830二新种分别命名为象鼻厕蝇Fannia elephantocerca sp.nov.和雅安厕蝇Fannia yaanensis