Skyrme Forces and Their Applications in Low Energy Nuclear Physics

This paper reviews the present status of Skyrme forces and their applications in the field of low energy nuclear physics as an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. Their applications in the following five domains are presented:1). Hartree-Fock (HF), selfconsistent semiclassical (SCSC) calculations and nuclear ground state properties;2). random phase approximation (RPA), sum rule approach and properties of nuclear giant resonances;3). calculations of microscopic nucleon-nucleus optical potentials and related quantities;4). calculations of nucleus-nucleus optical potentials and fusion barriers;5). multifragmentation, liquid-gas phase transition and instability of hot/compressed nuclei.     

Nuclear Level Mixing: From a Curiosity to Applications in Nuclear Physics, Solid State Physics and Gamma Optics

The history of “Nuclear Level Mixing” is closely related to the research that Prof. Coussement performed during the last 25 years. In particular, the impact of this quantum mechanical concept on different research fields will be discussed. Without going in detail, we aim to give the reader an idea of how one single concept may lead to different discoveries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Majorana: From Atomic and Molecular, to Nuclear Physics

In the centennial of Ettore Majorana’s birth (1906–1938?), we re-examine some aspects of his fundamental scientific production in atomic and molecular physics, including a not well known short communication. There, Majorana critically discusses Fermi’s solution of the celebrated Thomas–Fermi equation for electron screening in atoms and positive ions. We argue that some of Majorana’s seminal contributions in molecular physics already prelude to the idea of exchange interactions (or Heisenberg–Majorana forces) in his later works on theoretical nuclear physics. In all his papers, he tended to emphasize the symmetries at the basis of a physical problem, as well as the limitations, rather than the advantages, of the approximations of the method employed.     

Nuclear Forces from Chiral Effective Field Theory: Achievements and Challenges

In the past decade, there has been substantial progress in the derivation of nuclear forces from chiral effective field theory. Accurate two-nucleon forces have been constructed at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N³LO) and applied (together with three-nucleon forces at NNLO) to nuclear few- and many-body systems—with a good deal of success. This may suggest that the 80-year old nuclear force problem has finally been cracked. Not so! Some pretty basic issues are still unresolved. In this talk, I focus on the two most pressing ones, namely, the proper renormalization of the two-nucleon potential and subleading many-body forces.     

Reversible hydrogen-storage functions for mixtures of Li3N and Mg3N2

The hydriding and dehydriding reactions occurring in mixtures of lithium and magnesium nitrides (Li₃N and Mg₃N₂) were investigated for the first time in fixed composition ratios. A mixture of Li₃N–20 at.%Mg₃N₂ after heat treatment at 833 K was hydrogenated at 523 K in 35 MPa according to the following overall reaction: 4Li₃N+Mg₃N₂+12H₂ 12LiH+3Mg(NH₂)₂. This reaction is one of the candidates for reversible hydrogen-storage functions in which 9.1 mass% of hydrogen can be stored in the solid state. PACS 81.05.Zx; 71.20.Ps; 82.30.-b     

Hadronic atoms and ticklish nuclei: The E2 nuclear resonance effect

The E2 nuclear resonance effect in hadronic atoms offers a way to increase the hadronic information that can be obtained from hadronic X-ray experiments. The effect occurs when an atomic deexcitation energy closely matches a nuclear excitation energy, so that some configuration mixing occurs. It shows up as an attenuation of some of the hadronic X-ray lines from a resonant versus a normal isotope target. A number of promising cases for ifπ^?, K^?, p?, and Σ^? atoms are discussed and a spectacular and potentially very informative experiment on p?-¹⁰⁰Mo is proposed.     

Marietta Blau: Pioneer of Photographic Nuclear Emulsions and Particle Physics

During the 1920s and 1930s, Viennese physicist Marietta Blau (1894–1970) pioneered the use of photographic methods for imaging high-energy nuclear particles and events. In 1937 she and Hertha Wambacher discovered “disintegration stars” – the tracks of massive nuclear disintegrations – in emulsions exposed to cosmic radiation. This discovery launched the field of particle physics, but Blau’s contributions were underrecognized and she herself was nearly forgotten. I trace Blau’s career at the Institut für Radiumforschung in Vienna and the causes of this “forgetting,” including her forced emigration from Austria in 1938, the behavior of her colleagues in Vienna during and after the National Socialist period, and the flawed Nobel decision process that excluded her from a Nobel Prize.     

大学物理课程中“概念转变”与“探究性教学”的探讨

1引言 近年来国际物理教育领域以建构主义为范式开展了大量研究,采用实证性方法研究不同学习阶段的学生在物理学的各个领域存在的原有经验,这些经验在不同情境中与新知识的相互作用模式,学生的认识和推论模式以及学生在学习过程中出现的错误概念或相异构想等,从而加深了教育界对学生如何学习物理的认识和理解[1].     

放射性核束为核物理和核天体物理提供的新机遇

简要介绍了有关放射性核束的研究状况,特别是它为核物理和核天体物理提供的研究机遇,,以及相对论连续谱Ｈａｒｔｒｅｅ－Ｂｏｇｏｌｉｕｂｏｖ的新进展。     

用于核物理研究的精密激光谱技术的发展和展望

原子核基本性质（自旋、质量、寿命、磁矩、电四极矩和电荷半径等）与原子核的内在结构密切相关,是检验和发展原子核理论模型的重要依据。实验上可以通过多学科交叉的精密激光谱技术测量原子核外电子的超精细结构和同位素移位,来模型独立地提取原子核的自旋、磁矩、电四极矩和电荷均方根半径等多个核物理参量。这些基本性质的系统测量可以用于探索不稳定原子核中展现出来的新奇的物理现象与规律。近年来,为了测量产额更低的丰中子核的基本性质,激光谱技术不断更新和发展,以实现高分辨、高效率测量。本文详细介绍了激光谱测量的基本原理以及由此发展起来的用于不稳定原子核结构研究的各类互补的激光谱学技术,如共线激光谱（高分辨率低灵敏度）、在源激光谱（高灵敏度低分辨率）、共线共振电离谱（高分辨率高灵敏度）等激光谱技术,以及在不同核区的测量优势和局限。最后结合我国正在发展和规划中的新一代放射性核束装置,讨论精密激光谱技术在国内的发展以及在核物理研究中的应用。     

Nuclear vibron model with 2 and 3 clusters for heavy nuclear molecules

An algebraic vibron model for two- and three-cluster nuclear molecules is presented, where all clusters are deformed. It is shown that if the clusters are deformed a minimum can be obtained for r ≠ 0, even in the relative vibrational limit U _R (4) ? U _R (3) for the case of two clusters, and U _R (7) ? U _R (3) ? U _R (3) for three clusters. By using coherent states, the geometrical mapping is discussed.     

Extended supergravity on the supergroup manifold: N = 3 and N = 2 theories

In this paper I construct the group-manifold first-order formulation of N = 2 and N = 3 supergravity based on the $\text{Osp}\text{(}\text{4}\text{2}\text{)}\text{and Osp}\text{(}\text{4}\text{3}\text{)}$ supergroups, respectively. In the case N = 2, a group manifold version of the theory was already presented in a previous paper. Here a simpler formulation is given which shows exact factorization in the SO(2) subgroup absent in the previous one. Particular attention is paid to the algebraic role played by the $\text{spin}\text{-}\text{1}\text{2}$ field which is the novel feature of the N = 3 case with respect to N = 2. It is shown how the “non-geometrical” term in the gravitino transformation law in the N = 2 theory arises from the rheonomic symmetry mechanism.     

2N and 3N Systems in a Three Dimensional Formalism

We present an overview of our framework used to treat two- and three-nucleon (2N, 3N) systems employing three dimensional momentum eigenstates. Using a three dimensional formalism instead of the classical partial wave approach is an attractive alternative for a number of reasons, the most prominent being the very direct way of performing calculations. With the use of our tools it is possible to produce a working numerical realization of calculations in only a couple of steps from the fundamental (Schrödinger or Lippmann–Schwinger) equations. The FORTRAN implementations of the most complicated parts of the calculations are generated automatically by \({Mathematica^{\circledR}}\) software that was written in our group. Additionally, at higher energies, three dimensional calculations avoid problems arising from slow convergence of partial wave decomposition based techniques. Our approach utilizes a very general form of the 2N and 3N forces and has been successfully used to obtain results for the 2N transition operator as well as for the 2N and 3N bound states (Golak et al. in Phys Rev C 81:034006, 2010; Few-Body Syst 53:237, 2012a; Few-Body Syst, 2012b).     

Walther Bothe's Graphite: Physics,Impurities, and Blame in the German Nuclear Program

The physics, experimental setup, and analysis of results involved in Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen's mistaken 1941 measurement of the capture cross section for thermal neutrons by carbon are examined. Their experiment, while well-conceived and executed, was corrupted by the presence of unappreciated impurities. This erroneous measurement was crucial as it prompted a decision by German military administrators to abandon graphite as a possible moderator for a nuclear pile in favor of heavy water, a decision which set their program back irreparably.