化学新课程“过程与方法”目标的理解与设计

“过程与方法”作为课程目标之一,是化学新课程改革的一个突出特点。相对于“知识与技能”目标,“过程与方法”目标的内容更为深刻、复杂。从内容构成、目标要求2个方面阐述了对化学新课程“过程与方法”目标的理解,对教学实践中“过程与方法”目标设计与实施方面的常见问题及其原因进行了多角度的分析,并相应地从以化学课程标准为基本依据、挖掘具体教学内容潜在的过程与方法、考虑学生基础和学生认知发展水平、明确学生在过程中应发生的学习行为4个方面,进一步阐述了化学教学“过程与方法”目标设计的基本策略。     

高中新课程化学实验教学现状的调查与分析——来自浙江新课程实验区的调查报告

对宁波地区实施高中新课程以来,化学实验教学的实际情况进行了调查,从实验教学的功能、实验开设情况、学生实验中活动方式、实验教学的评价、实验资源的开发利用等方面进行了分析,并就如何落实实验教学的三维目标、发挥实验教学功能、加强实验教学评价、开发实验教学资源等方面进行了反思,试图为一线教师和教材编写者提供一些参考。     

实验是中学化学教学中永恒的主题

在新课标的化学教材中,增加了许多化学实验尤其是探究性实验。化学实验成为落实新课程改革目标的重要手段之一,是化学教学中永恒的主题。本文分析了化学实验在中学化学教学中的重要作用,提出了如何在教学中加强实验教学的一些方法。     

对新编高中化学教材中几则实验的分析与与建议

人民教育出版社出版的普通高中课程标准实验教科书《化学1 (必修) 》和《化学2 (必修) 》中,在实验教学方面体现新课改精神之处甚多,开辟了“科学探究”、“实践活动”等栏目,对学生进行素质教育,培养其主动学习能力起到了很大作用。教材还针对以往高中教材中某些难以完成的实验作了一些改进。但是在几则实验安排上,仍存在一定问题,为更好的实施新课程,特做分析并提出建议如下。     

在医用化学验证性实验教学中培养学生探究性能力的探讨

通过改革实验教学探讨了在验证性实验教学中培养学生探索性和研究性能力的方法。实践证明,改革实验教材增加综合性实验内容、让学生参加实验前准备、在实验中设置“障碍”、开展即时实验技能竞赛是提高学生实验能力培养学生科研意识和创新能力的有效途径。     

食用碱组成分析与组分含量测定的综合实验设计与教学实践

以“食用碱组成分析与各组分含量的测定”为例,开展了教学模式、组织方式、考评方法等几方面的实验教学改革,探讨了将此实验项目开设成综合设计实验的意义和实施的方法等。实践表明,将此实验项目开设成综合设计实验后,教学效果良好。     

基于创新能力培养的化学专业本科实验教学新体系的构建与实践

课程体系是人才培养的载体。为了更好地培养拔尖创新人才,南京大学化学国家级实验教学示范中心依据化学学科的特点和发展趋势,以科学内容的内在联系和研究规律为主线构建了“化学实验基础?化学合成与表征+化学原理与测量?化学功能分子实验+化学生物学综合实验+基于项目的研究实验”实验课程新体系,按照一流课程建设要求(高阶性、创新性和挑战度)对实验教学内容进行了优化,并建立起与之相适应的实验教学平台。新课程体系综合考虑了化学一级学科的整体性和关联学科的交叉性,在南京大学化学化工学院“拔尖计划”和“强基计划”学生中实施,教学效果显著。     

化学课程·教材·教法与化学实验改革

化学是一门以实验为基础的自然学科,化学课程、教材、教法改革的重点之一,应该是化学实验的改革。过去研究实验改革,其重点是根据教材中知识点及其认知水平的需要,对某个实验进行改革或创新,使其简便易行,现象明显,操作安全;或是根据教学目标的要求,对实验教学方法提出改进意见,例如将演示实验改进为边讲边实验,将验证性实验改进为探索性实验。无疑,这些研究是必要的,今后仍将需要这方面的改革。     

探索性实验教学的研究与实践

以“氨的催化氧化”实验为例,从课题的选择、实施过程、教学评价及教学反思等方面对我院“中学化学实验研究”教学中开展探索性实验教学的实践进行了阐述。     

安徽省农村初中化学实验教学现状的调查与思考

新课程将化学实验、科学探究作为化学课程改革的突破口,以培养学生的主动性和创新意识,提高学生的科学素养。自从新课程实施以来,农村中学化学实验教学情况如何,笔者通过对安徽省部分农村初中化学实验教学情况进行调查,探研问题存在的原因,并提出改进农村化学实验教学的几点建议。     

Switching "on" and "off" the expression of chirality in peptide rotaxanes

The hydrogen-bond-directed synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and optical properties of the first chiral peptide rotaxanes are reported. Collectively these systems provide the first examples of single molecular species where the expression of chirality in the form of a circular dichroism (CD) response can selectively be switched "on" or "off", and its magnitude altered, through controlling the interactions between mechanically interlocked submolecular components. The switching is achievable both thermally and through changes in the nature of the environment. Peptido[2]rotaxanes consisting of an intrinsically achiral benzylic amide macrocycle locked onto various chiral dipeptide (Gly-L-Ala, Gly-L-Leu, Gly-L-Met, Gly-L-Phe, and Gly-L-Pro) threads exhibit strong (10-20k deg cm(2) dmol(-1)) negative induced CD (theta;) values in nonpolar solvents (e.g. CHCl(3)), where the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between thread and macrocycle is maximized. In polar solvents (e.g., MeOH), where the intercomponent hydrogen bonding is weakened, or switched off completely, the elliptical polarization falls close to zero in some cases and can even be switched to large positive values in others. Importantly, the mechanism of generating the switchable CD response in the chiral peptide rotaxanes is also determined: a combination of semiempirical calculations and geometrical modeling using the continuous chirality measure (CCM) shows that the chirality is transmitted from the amino acid asymmetric center on the thread via the macrocycle to the C-terminal stopper of the rotaxane. This understanding could have important implications for other areas where chiral transmission from one chemical entity to another underpins a physical or chemical response, such as the seeding of supertwisted nematic liquid crystalline phases or asymmetric synthesis.     

基于现代信息技术的结构化学一维势箱理论和HMO法“翻转课堂”教学设计

In the article, we presented an instructional design of "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory" application based on flipped classroom teaching. The students are instructed to use both "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory" to solve the electronic structure of olefins and enhance their understanding of quantum mechanics theory via comparison of "Particle in One-Dimensional Box Theory" and "HMO Theory".     

Basic concepts of "cation pool" and "cation flow" methods and their applications in conventional and combinatorial organic synthesis

Carbocations have been generally considered to be relatively unstable and transient species. But the "cation pool" method enables the easy accumulation of carbocations in conventional reaction media such as dichloromethane. In the "cation pool" method, carbocations are generated by low-temperature electrochemical oxidation and accumulated in a solution. In the next step, the carbocations thus produced are allowed to react with various nucleophiles. Combinatorial parallel synthesis based upon the "cation pool" method has also been developed. The applicability of the "cation pool" method depends upon the stability of the cation that is accumulated. This problem can be overcome by the "cation flow" method. In the "cation flow" method, carbocations are generated in a microflow electrochemical system. Short residence times and efficient temperature control of the microflow system are advantageous. Combinatorial sequential synthesis has been achieved based on the "cation flow" method.     

"Alpha"-, "beta"- and "delta"-anhydrodigitoxigenin

The syntheses of 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-14, 20:22-dienolide (= «β»-anhydro-), 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-8:14, 20:22-dienolide (= «α»-anhydro-) and «δ»-anhydro-digitoxigenin (= probably 3β-hydroxy-5β, 14β-carda-8, 20:22-dienolide) by the best ways known to date, have been described. «δ»-Anhydro-digitoxigenin represents the thermodynamically most stable isomer. In this isomer the double bond in position 8 is unaffected by hydrogenation with Pt in acetic acid; with perbenzoic acid an epoxide results from which, on hydrogenation, the double bond can be regenerated in its original position. Analogous reactions are known to occur in the 8:14-epoxides.     

Photoassisted "gate-lock" fluorescence "turn-on" in a new Schiff base and coordination ability of E-Z isomers

Rapid photoresponse (1.0-8.0 min) through fluorescence "turn-on" signaling displayed by a novel Schiff base (L) creating "gate lock" via intramolecular C-H···N interaction in photoisomerized product (L') has been described. Coordination chemistry of pre- and postirradiated species demonstrated a drastic change in the reactivity which has been supported by NMR, HRMS, UV-vis, emission, electrochemical, and complexation studies.     

Making "wheels" and "cubes" from triangles

[Mn(IV)Mn(II)3] triangular units directed by the presence of tripodal alcohols self-assemble in the presence of azide and acetate ligands to form either a [Mn24] "wheel" or a [Mn32] "cube".     

"Nonsolvent" applications of ionic liquids in biotransformations and organocatalysis

The application of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as (co)solvents and/or reagents is well documented. However, RTILS also have "nonsolvent" applications in biotransformations and organocatalysis. Examples are the anchoring of substrates to RTILs; ionic-liquid-coated enzymes (ILCE) and enzyme-IL colyophilization; the construction of biocatalytic ternary reaction systems; the combination of enzymes, RTILs, membranes, and (bio)electrochemistry; and ionic-liquid-supported organocatalysts. These strategies provide more robust, more efficient, and more enantioselective bio- and organocatalysts with many practical applications. As shown herein, RTILs offer a wide range of promising alternatives to conventional chemistry.     

“腐蚀与防腐”教学中学生实践能力的培养

针对油气储运工程专业“腐蚀与防腐”课程实践环节中存在的问题,对课程教学进行了改革,包括调整课程目标和教学内容,建设“腐蚀与防腐”实践教学基地,构建实践教学新体系等。将实践能力培养贯穿在整个课程的教学当中,培养学生动手能力与工程实践素质,为将来毕业后的工作提供基本方法、基本技能和科学思维的保障。