Investigation of the third heat transfer crisis on a vertical surface

The process of development of the third heat transfer crisis for vertical orientation of the heating surface was studied experimentally. Experiments were carried out with acetone under the conditions of saturation for the pressures in the working volume from 20 to 28 kPa. In all experiments, the third heat transfer crisis was preceded by propagation of evaporation front along the heating surface. The threshold values of heat flux densities, above which a stable vapor film is formed on the whole heating surface, are lower for vertical orientation of this heating surface than for the horizontal one. Data on the threshold heat flux densities and overheating before boiling-up were obtained. Above these values, formation of evaporation fronts was observed. The range of operation parameters corresponding to formation of the sites of unstable film boiling on the heating surface after boiling-up was determined.     

圆形液体浸没射流冲击沸腾起始点的实验研究

本文严格按照实验程序,首次系统地研究了沸腾起始点受圆形浸没射流冲击速度大小、液体流动方向、液体过冷度和喷嘴直径等因素的影响,将沸腾终止点与理论值进行了比较。结果表明：起沸点随液体过冷度增加而降低,与其它因素无关。并从强润湿性液体沸腾机理的角度对起沸点的影响因素给出了相应的解释。     

Third heat transfer crisis at subcooling

The effect of liquid subcooling below the saturation temperature on the third heat transfer crisis was studied experimentally at pool boiling. Experimental data on the threshold values of superheating and heat fluxes, above which the evaporation front and third heat transfer crisis for acetone at subcooling from 0.3 to 10 K are formed, were shown. Formation of evaporation fronts is the necessary, but not sufficient condition for the third heat transfer crisis at subcooling. It was found that formation of a stable vapor film after propagation of condensation fronts over the heater surface is possible at heat fluxes considerably lower than the first critical one.     

过冷沸腾起始点和净蒸汽产生点的实验研究

本文报告了使用Ｒ－１２作工质进行的自然循环过冷沸腾起始点和净蒸汽产生点的实验结果。实验过程中使用可视化方法观察确定过冷沸腾起始点和净蒸汽产生点。在相当宽广的工质压力、入口过冷度及加热功率范围内研究了上述参数对过冷沸腾起始点和净蒸汽产生点的影响,在此基础上提出了计算自然循环过冷沸腾起始点和净蒸汽产生点的计算方法。     

Effect of nanostructures on evaporation and explosive boiling of thin liquid films: a molecular dynamics study

Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate the boiling phenomena of thin liquid films adsorbed on a nanostructured solid surface. The molecular system was comprised of the following: solid platinum wall, liquid argon, and argon vapor. A few layers of the liquid argon were placed on the nanoposts decorated solid surface. The nanoposts height was varied keeping the liquid film thickness constant to capture three scenarios: (i) liquid-film thickness is higher than the height of the nanoposts, (ii) liquid-film and nanoposts are of same height, and (iii) liquid-film thickness is less than the height of the nanoposts. The rest of the simulation box was filled with argon vapor. The simulation was started from its initial configuration, and once the equilibrium of the three phase system was established, the wall was suddenly heated to a higher temperature which resembles an ultrafast laser heating. Two different jump temperatures were selected: a few degrees above the boiling point to initiate normal evaporation and far above the critical point to initiate explosive boiling. Simulation results indicate nanostructures play a significant role in both cases: Argon responds very quickly for the nanostructured surface, the transition from liquid to vapor becomes more gradual, and the evaporation rate increases with the nanoposts height.     

自然循环过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的实验研究

本文报告了使用R-12作工质进行的自然循环过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的实验结果。实验过程中使用可视化方法观察确定过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点。在相当宽广的工质压力、入口过冷度及加热功率范围内研究了上述参数对过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的影响。实验结果证实,对自然循环流动,汽泡所受的浮升力对净蒸汽产生点的汽泡的脱离有重要影响。据此,本文提出了使用同时考虑浮升力作用的修正的Levy模型计算自然循环过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点的计算方法。     

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel

The present work is an experimental investigation of the incipient boiling of R134a inside a circular glass minichannel mounted horizontally and equipped with a series of transparent indium tin oxide heaters. The effects of heat flux input levels and refrigerant mass fluxes on the onset nucleate boiling process and on the saturated boiling heat transfer rate are quantitatively explored. The flow pattern visualizations, carried on by means of a high-speed camera, show that the nucleation process is oddly non-uniform: the first vapor bubbles are always generated on the upper side of the tube and lead to a first wall temperature drop. A further increase in the heat flux values results in an increased wall superheat until bubble nucleation also originates on the lower side of the tube, causing a second wall temperature drop. Finally, at higher heat input levels, the boiling process becomes uniformly distributed on the inner tube surface. This phenomenon occurred also after a 180° rotation of the glass tube, and, after a critical analysis of the potential origins, it remains presently unexplained. An evaluation of heat transfer coefficients for low vapor quality regimes is finally presented.     

Experimental Study of the Influence of Structured Capillary-Porous Coatings on the Dynamics of Development of Transient Processes and the Crisis Phenomena at Stepwise Heat Release

The effect of structured plasma-sprayed capillary-porous coatings on transient processes and the development of crisis phenomena at boiling under pulsed heat release was studied. The working fluid was liquid nitrogen on the saturation line at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that under unsteady heat release, there is a degeneration of the development of the boiling crisis on heaters with structured capillary-porous coatings at q < q_CHF (critical heat flux at steady heat release). Under unsteady pulsed heat release, no rapid transition to the film boiling regime (without passing through the nucleate boiling stage) is observed on heaters with such coatings until the thermal load is more than two times higher than the critical heat flux for steady heat release. This significantly increases the times of transition to post-critical heat transfer. Analysis of synchronized measurements of surface temperature of heaters and high-speed video recording of transient processes shows that the degeneration of the heat transfer crisis at q < q_CHF on samples with coatings occurs due to significantly lower liquid boiling temperature differences and specific features of the dynamics of propagation of self-sustaining evaporation fronts in comparison with a smooth heater.     

流态化固体颗粒对对流沸腾传热的强化

在对流沸腾系统中引入固体颗粒,固体颗粒在液体中呈流态化,从而形成气液固三相对流沸腾过程。对气液固三相流对流沸腾过程的传热特性进行了实验研究,结果表明流态化固体颗粒对液体的对流沸腾传热具有显著的强化作用。基于固体颗粒撞击沸腾气泡时的受力分析,获得了固体颗粒穿透气泡并使气泡破碎的条件,分析了流态化固体颗粒强化沸腾传热的机理。实验结果与理论分析符合良好。     

非共沸工质R134a /R245fa的管内冷凝换热特性研究

为研究非共沸工质的冷凝换热特性,本文基于Nusselt理论,建立了竖直圆管内非共沸混合蒸汽的冷凝模型,研究了不同质量比例的R134a/R245fa在不同条件下的冷凝换热特性,结果表明:混合蒸汽质量比例不同,两种组分的露点温度不同,混合物的冷凝特性不同,低沸点组分的气-液相份额差是表征传质阻力的关键因素;混合蒸汽质量比例、质量流速、壁面温度、压力是影响非共沸混合工质冷凝换热的重要因素。     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

高温壁面上静止液滴的Leidenfrost温度模型研究

本文以高温壁面上的静止液滴为研究对象,对其蒸发特性开展了理论研究.不同计算工况下得到的液滴蒸发过程中半径和蒸汽膜厚度变化与实验值吻合良好.结果表明随着壁面温度的降低,蒸汽膜厚度逐渐减小.结合表面粗糙度的影响,研究中提出了 Leidenfrost温度的触发机制:当蒸汽膜厚度足够小时,会极易被加热表面的不平整突起贯穿,蒸汽...     

Entropy Generation Analysis of the Flow Boiling in Microgravity Field

Entropy generation analysis of the flow boiling in microgravity field is conducted in this paper. A new entropy generation model based on the flow pattern and the phase change process is developed in this study. The velocity ranges from 1 m/s to 4 m/s, and the heat flux ranges from 10,000 W/m² to 50,000 W/m², so as to investigate their influence on irreversibility during flow boiling in the tunnel. A phase–change model verified by the Stefan problem is employed in this paper to simulate the phase–change process in boiling. The numerical simulations are carried out on ANSYS-FLUENT. The entropy generation produced by the heat transfer, viscous dissipation, turbulent dissipation, and phase change are observed at different working conditions. Moreover, the Be number and a new evaluation number, E_P, are introduced in this paper to investigate the performance of the boiling phenomenon. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) a high local entropy generation will be obtained when only heat conduction in vapor occurs near the hot wall, whereas a low local entropy generation will be obtained when heat conduction in water or evaporation occurs near the hot wall; (2) the entropy generation and the Be number are positively correlated with the heat flux, which indicates that the heat transfer entropy generation becomes the major contributor of the total entropy generation with the increase of the heat flux; (3) the transition of the boiling status shows different trends at different velocities, which affects the irreversibility in the tunnel; (4) the critical heat flux (CHF) is the optimal choice under the comprehensive consideration of the first law and the second law of the thermodynamics.     

煤油和空气的混合流体水平管内沸腾换热实验研究

以煤油为介质,在高不凝气体含量下对水平管内的沸腾换热进行了实验研究,得到了在不同的不凝气体含量范围内,沸腾换热系数随不凝气体含量增加而降低的规律．实验结果表明了不凝气体的加入使得煤油的分压降低,泡点温度降低,在较低的混合流体温度下就产生了沸腾,但不凝气体对核态沸腾换热存在抑制现象．采用渐进逼近模型给出了含不凝气体的煤油管内沸腾换热的实验关联式。     

非挥发性溶质对共沸物沸点的影响

测定了 10种非挥发性溶质对甲醇 -四氢呋喃共沸物沸点的影响 .发现与共沸物平衡的气相组成因非挥发性溶质不同发生了不同的变化 ,但所有非挥发性溶质都引起共沸物沸点升高。运用热力学原理对实验结果进行了讨论 .理论分析及对分析结果的实验检验表明 ,少量非挥发性溶质总引起共沸物沸点升高是一个具有普遍意义的结论     

Flow patterns and flowboiling heat transfer of freon R318C in an annular minichannel

This paper deals with experimental results on flowboiling heat transfer of liquid moving in an annular channel with unilateral central heating under the conditions of a significant effect of capillary forces on the flow modes and heat transfer. Experiments were carried out on boiling freon R318C in an annular channel with a gap of 0.95 mm and transparent outer wall. The inner wall was heated by the electric current. The local heat transfer coefficients and flow modes are presented. The critical film thickness corresponding to suppression of nucleate boiling was determined.     

Investigation of contact line dynamics under a vapor bubble at boiling on the transparent heater

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of dynamics of vapor bubble growth and departure at pool boiling, obtained with the use of high-speed video recording and IR thermography. The study was carried out at saturated water boiling under the atmospheric pressure in the range of heat fluxes of 30?150 kW/m². To visualize the process and determine the growth rates of the outer bubble diameter, microlayer region and dry spot area, transpa-rent thin film heater with the thickness of 1 μm deposited on sapphire substrate was used in the experiments, and video recording was performed from the bottom side of the heating surface. To study integral heat transfer as well as local non-stationary thermal characteristics, high-speed infrared thermography with a frequency of up to 1000 FPS was used. High-speed video recording showed that after formation of vapor bubble and microlayer region, dry spot appears in a short time (up to 1 ms) under the vapor bubble. Various stages of contact line boundary propagation were ob-served. It was shown that at the initial stage before the development of small-scale perturbations, the dry spot propaga-tion rate is constant. It was also showed that the bubble departure stage begins after complete evaporation of liquid in the microlayer region.     

光管及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热实验研究

本文在常压下以水为工质,对管外及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热进行了可视化实验,结果表明：汽泡扰动并不是沸腾换热系数高的主要原因,液体过冷使核沸腾的换热能力降低,窄隙流道内的沸腾换热机理与普通的大容积沸腾没有明显区别。文中还根据观察和测量到的结果对一些换热现象重新进行了解释。     

Boiling at the boundary of two immiscible liquids below the bulk boiling temperature of each component

The problem of vapor formation in the system of two immiscible liquids is considered at the temperatures that are lower than the bulk boiling temperature of each component and higher than the temperature at which the sum of the saturated vapor pressures of the components is equal to atmospheric pressure. In this situation, boiling occurs at the surface of direct contact between the two components. The kinetics of the vapor layer at the contact boundary is theoretically described, and a solution is obtained for the idealized case where the properties of the two liquids are close to each other. The relation between the solution for the vapor layer kinetics and the integral boiling characteristics of the system is considered, and the problem of cooling the system in the absence of a heat inflow is solved.