L-mode to H-mode transition triggered by sawtooth-induced heat flux in EAST

H-modes induced by sawtooth events can be often observed in discharges with marginal auxiliary power injection in EAST. Poloidal flow shear at the very plasma edge, increasing ∼25% up to the threshold value, is observed just before the L-H transition by means of a fast reciprocating probe array in EAST. This suddenly risen poloidal flow shear, caused by the increased turbulent driven Reynolds force, is motived by the heat pulse originally released by a sawtooth crash at the plasma core. Associated with the critical poloidal flow shear, the local turbulent decorrelation rate increases significantly. The increased turbulent decorrelation rate compensated by nonlinear energy transfer rate from the turbulence to the low-frequency shear flows, exceeding the turbulence energy input rate, is sustained for several hundred microseconds till the turbulence quench happening.     

Turbulence regeneration in pipe flow at moderate Reynolds numbers

We present the results of an experimental investigation into the nature and structure of turbulent pipe flow at moderate Reynolds numbers. A turbulence regeneration mechanism is identified which sustains a symmetric traveling wave within the flow. The periodicity of the mechanism allows comparison to the wavelength of numerically observed exact traveling wave solutions and close agreement is found. The advection speed of the upstream turbulence laminar interface in the experimental flow is observed to form a lower bound on the phase velocities of the exact traveling wave solutions. Overall our observations suggest that the dynamics of the turbulent flow at moderate Reynolds numbers are governed by unstable nonlinear traveling waves.     

Large-eddy simulations of temporally accelerating turbulent channel flow

The unsteady turbulent channel flow subject to the temporal acceleration is considered in this study. Large-eddy simulations were performed to study the response of the turbulent flow to the temporal acceleration. The simulations were started with the fully developed turbulent channel flow at an initial Reynolds number of Re₀ = 3500 (based on the channel half-height and the bulk-mean velocity), and then a constant temporal acceleration was applied. During the acceleration, the Reynolds number of the channel flow increased linearly from the initial Reynolds number to the final Reynolds number of Re₁ = 22,600. The effect of grid resolution, domain size, time step size on the simulation results was assessed in a preliminary study using simulations of the accelerating turbulent flow as well as simulations of the steady turbulent channel flow at various Reynolds numbers. Simulation parameters were carefully chosen from the preliminary study to ascertain the accuracy of the simulation. From the accelerating turbulent flow simulations, the delays in the response of various flow properties to the temporal acceleration were measured. The distinctive features of the delays responsible for turbulence production, energy redistribution, and radial propagation were identified. Detailed turbulence statistics including the wall shear stress response during the acceleration were examined. The results reveal the changes in the near-wall structures during the acceleration. A self-sustaining mechanism of turbulence is proposed to explain the response of the turbulent flow to the temporal acceleration. Although the overall flow characteristics are similar between the channel and pipe flows, some differences were observed between the two flows.     

Pipe Flow and Wall Turbulence Using a Modified Navier-Stokes Equation

We use a derived incompressible modified Navier-Stokes equation to model pipe flow and wall turbulence.We reproduce the observed flattened paraboloid velocity profiles of turbulence that cannot be obtained directly using standard incompressible Navier-Stokes equation.The solutions found are in harmony with multi-valued velocity fields as a definition of turbulence.Repeating the procedure for the flow of turbulent fluid between two parallel flat plates we find similar flattened velocity profiles.We extend the analysis to the turbulent flow along a single wall and compare the results with experimental data and the established controversial von Karman logarithmic law of the wall.     

Spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal particle clouds in an O2/N2 atmosphere

The present study aims to clarify the effects of turbulence intensity and coal concentration on the spherical turbulent flame propagation of a pulverized coal particle cloud. A unique experimental apparatus was developed in which coal particles can be dispersed homogeneously in a turbulent flow field generated by two fans. Experiments on spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal particle clouds in a constant volume spherical chamber in various turbulence intensities and coal concentrations were conducted. A common bituminous coal was used in the present study. The flame propagation velocity was obtained from an analysis of flame propagation images taken using a high-speed camera. It was found that the flame propagation velocity increased with increasing flame radius. The flame propagation velocity increases as the turbulence intensity increases. Similar trends were observed in spherical flames using gaseous fuel. The coal concentration has a weak effect on the flame propagation velocity, which is unique to pulverized coal combustions in a turbulent field. These are the first reports of experimental results for the spherical turbulent flame propagation behavior of pulverized coal particle clouds. The results obtained in the present study are obviously different from those of previous pulverized coal combustion studies and any other results of gaseous fuel combustion research.     

3-D PTV measurement on turbulence modification due to an oil droplet in a plane Couette water flow

Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3-D PTV) measurements with a two-camera system have been conducted for a turbulent water plane Couette flow with an oil droplet in order to understand the modification of shear-dominant turbulence by the droplet. The parameters of the stereogrammetry, which are crucial for calculating the spatial coordinate of tracer particles from 2-D images of two cameras, have been determined with a careful calibration. The experimental results show that the axial and wall-normal turbulence intensities and the turbulent kinetic energy are enhanced locally in the confluence regions where axial main flow over the interface meets the secondary flow along the interface in the wall-normal direction. The secondary flows were observed only around the equator of the droplet. The wall-normal and transverse turbulence intensities are found to increase in the region above the droplet. This is due to the change in the direction of the primary flow over the top of the droplet. The turbulence in the other region is attenuated mainly because of the attenuation of the generation and evolution of the coherent structure in the neighbourhood of the droplet.     

聚变堆液态包层准二维磁流体湍流模型研究

为研究聚变堆氚增殖包层中液态金属湍流磁流体动力学(MHD)效应,开发了一种新的准二维单方程 MHD 湍流模型,并进行了相关数值模拟程序的编制及验证。对于矩形管道中的准二维 MHD 湍流流动,三维流 动主要发生在哈德曼层中,中心的主流区呈现出二维流动。为了反映这种特殊的流动特征,新湍流模型在标准 k-ε 模型的基础之上去掉了传统的耗散项,代之以电磁耗散项来模拟湍流 MHD 效应。同时,采用 Bradshaw 假设来对 湍流涡粘系数进行模化。为验证该湍流模型是否合理,编制了相关数值模拟程序,并利用直接数值模拟(DNS)结 果对该程序进行了校正,数值模拟结果与 DNS 结果吻合较好。计算结果表明,该湍流模型可应用于聚变堆液态 包层 MHD 湍流流动的数值模拟。     

再入尾迹湍流对雷达散射截面影响分析

通过探讨高超声速再入湍流尾迹等离子体场中电磁波的散射机制,推导出在工程上描述湍流亚密等离子体雷达散射的一阶畸变波Born近似模型,分析了该模型在充分发展湍流尾迹等离子体场中的适用性,完成了适用于三维尾迹等离子体场的程序设计.以已有的湍流尾迹等离子体流场数据为基础,分析了再入尾迹湍流等离子体流动对雷达散射截面的影响.选取考察的几个有代表性的因素为:湍流模型、转捩过程、湍流尺度、电子组分脉动初始条件等.由结果可以看到,湍流转捩过程和湍流尺度对雷达散射截面值影响不大;电子组份脉动强度初始值影响较明显;湍流模型在特定条件下影响亦不大.     

Turbulent transport in tokamak plasmas with rotational shear

Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations are conducted to investigate turbulent transport in tokamak plasmas with rotational shear. At sufficiently large flow shears, linear instabilities are suppressed, but transiently growing modes drive subcritical turbulence whose amplitude increases with flow shear. This leads to a local minimum in the heat flux, indicating an optimal E×B shear value for plasma confinement. Local maxima in the momentum fluxes are observed, implying the possibility of bifurcations in the E×B shear. The critical temperature gradient for the onset of turbulence increases with flow shear at low flow shears; at higher flow shears, the dependence of heat flux on temperature gradient becomes less stiff. The turbulent Prandtl number is found to be largely independent of temperature and flow gradients, with a value close to unity.     

Temporal evolution of flame stretch due to turbulence and the hydrodynamic instability

The temporal evolution of the strain rate on a turbulent premixed flame was measured experimentally using cinema-stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. Turbulence strains a flame due to velocity gradients associated both directly with the turbulence and those caused by the hydrodynamic instability, which are initiated by the turbulence. The development of flame wrinkles caused by both of these mechanisms was observed. Wrinkles generated by the turbulence formed around vortical structures, which passed through the flame and were attenuated. After the turbulent structures had passed, the hydrodynamic instability flow pattern developed and caused additional strain. The hydrodynamic instability also caused the growth of small flame front perturbations into large wrinkles. In the moderately turbulent flame investigated, it was found that the evolution of the strain rate caused by turbulence–flame interactions followed a common pattern involving three temporal regimes. In the first, the turbulence exerted extensive (positive) strain on the flame, creating a wrinkle that had negative curvature (concave towards the reactants). This was followed by a transition period, leading into the third regime in which the flow pattern and strain rate were dominated by the hydrodynamic instability mechanism. It was also found that the magnitudes of the strain rate in the first and third regimes were similar. Hence, the hydrodynamic instability mechanism caused significant strain on a flame and should be included in turbulent combustion models.     

加热对自然转捩湍斑产生影响的实验研究

本文利用流动显示和高速摄像技术，在湍流度为1％的水洞中，对加热的细长旅成体鱼雷模型表面的流动转捩过程进行了实验研究。实验发现，加热对自然转捩过程中湍流斑的猝发有明显影响，加热减小了湍斑产生的频率，增加了湍斑间的展向间距，使转捩过程中层流转变为完全湍流的过渡区延长．加热对瑞斑产生的纵向位置无明显影响。本文的实验结果正好解释在较高湍流庭环境中的加热减阻机理．     

On mean flow universality of turbulent wall flows. II. Asymptotic flow analysis

Understanding of the structure of turbulent flows at extreme Reynolds numbers (Re) is relevant because of several reasons: almost all turbulence theories are only valid in the high Re limit, and most turbulent flows of practical relevance are characterized by very high Re. Specific questions about wall-bounded turbulent flows at extreme Re concern the asymptotic laws of the mean velocity and turbulence statistics, their universality, the convergence of statistics towards their asymptotic profiles, and the overall physical flow organization. In extension of recent studies focusing on the mean flow at moderate and relatively high Re, the latter questions are addressed with respect to three canonical wall-bounded flows (channel flow, pipe flow, and the zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer). Main results reported here are the asymptotic logarithmic law for the mean velocity and corresponding scale-separation laws for bulk flow properties, the Reynolds shear stress, the turbulence production and turbulent viscosity. A scaling analysis indicates that the establishment of a self-similar turbulence state is the condition for the development of a strict logarithmic velocity profile. The resulting overall physical flow structure at extreme Re is discussed.     

Rotation effect on near-wall turbulence statistics and flow structures

Turbulent flow in an axially rotating pipe, involving complicated physical mecha- nism of turbulence, is a typical problem for the study of rotating turbulent flow. The pipe rotation induces two effects on the flow. One is the stabilizing effect due to the centrifu- gal and Coriolis forces, which accounts for the relaminarization of the turbulence[1—3] and the reduction of the friction coefficient at the pipe wall. The behavior is also related to the wall streaks inclining to the azimuthal di…     

A theoretical model of turbulent fiber suspension and its application to the channel flow

A theoretical model of turbulent fiber suspension is developed by deriving the equations of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate with the additional term of fibers.In order to close the above equations,the equation of probability distribution function for mean fiber orientation is also derived.The theoretical model is applied to the turbulent channel flow and the corresponding equations are solved numerically.The numerical results are verified by comparisons with the experimental ones.The effects of Reynolds number,fiber concentration and fiber aspect-ratio on the velocity profile,turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate are analyzed.Based on the numerical data,the expression for the velocity profile in the turbulent fiber suspension channel flow,which includes the effect of Reynolds number,fiber concentration and aspect-ratio,is proposed.     

确定分布的展向Lorentz力调制下的槽道湍流涡结构

采用直接数值模拟方法,对槽道湍流中确定分布的Lorentz力的流动控制与减阻问题进行研究.讨论了Lorentz力作用于槽道湍流后,流场的特性和涡结构的特性,并对此类Lorentz力对槽道湍流的控制与减阻机理进行了讨论.研究发现:1)Lorentz力诱导的层流流场壁面附近存在梯度极大的展向速度剪切层,该剪切层容易形成流向涡结构;2)在给定合适参数的确定分布的Lorentz力作用下,湍流流场仅剩周期分布的准流向涡;3)与未控制流场相比,控制后的流场中,准流向涡的抬升高度大大降低,从而减小猝发强度,使壁面阻力下降.     

Modélisation de la décharge luminescente dans un écoulement de gaz en régime turbulent

In this paper we propose a model of a glow discharge in a turbulent flow. The electron density is calculated using a conservation equation. We assume that the gas glow acts on the electron density and the Shwartz model is used to model the change of diffusivity due to turbulence. In order to show the effects of the turbulence on the electron density, we use a 1D model of a stable electric discharge in to a turbulent flow. The model shows that the increase in turbulent diffusivity at high Reynolds numbers tends to flatten the electron density profiles. Theoretical results are in good agreement with the reported measures. Next, the model was applied to a 2D argon axisymmetric turbulent compressible steady flow. This study shows that when plasma oscillations and turbulence fluctuations of the neutral gas are correlated the temperature profile flattens. Finally, we study electronic distribution into a 3D plasma column in a dissymmetrical flow.     

Jet noise prediction using different turbulent scales

The turbulent energy dissipation rate time-scale and length-scale has been routinely used for the prediction of noise from turbulent flows, particularly jet streams. However, this is not the only possible choice. In general, scales evolving in a turbulent medium are threefold. First, those associated with the mean flow; second, those attributed to the turbulence and the mean flow interactions; and third, scales related to the turbulence-turbulence interactions. In this paper, special attention will be paid to further study of the underlying physics of aerodynamic noise by examining various time-scales. To do so, three time scales, namely, dissipation, production, and strain rate time scales, are defined and used in the source modelling to emphasis the effect of the turbulence structures at different jet regions on the jet noise production mechanism. The required mean value and turbulence parameters are obtained using a modified k − ∈ turbulence model, and Lighthill’s Acoustic Analogy is used for the prediction of the emanated noise. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Suppression of turbulence by self-generated and imposed mean flows

The first direct experimental evidence of the suppression of quasi-two-dimensional turbulence by mean flows is presented. The flow either is induced externally or appears in the process of spectral condensation due to an inverse cascade in bounded turbulence. The observed suppression of large scales is consistent with an expected reduction in the correlation time of turbulent eddies due to shearing. At high flow velocities, sweeping of the forcing-scale vortices reduces the energy input, leading to a reduction in the turbulence level.     

Three-dimensional turbulent flow over cube-obstacles

In order to investigate the influence of surface roughness on turbulent flow and examine the wall-similarity hypothesis of Townsend, three-dimensional numerical study of turbulent channel flow over smooth and cube-rough walls with different roughness height has been carried out by using large eddy simulation(LES) coupled with immersed boundary method(IBM). The effects of surface roughness array on mean and fluctuating velocity profiles, Reynolds shear stress, and typical coherent structures such as quasi-streamwise vortices(QSV) in turbulent channel flow are obtained. The significant influences on turbulent fluctuations and structures are observed in roughness sub-layer(five times of roughness height).However, no dramatic modification of the log-law of the mean flow velocity and turbulence fluctuations can be found by surface cube roughness in the outer layer. Therefore, the results support the wall-similarity hypothesis. Moreover, the von Karman constant decreases with the increase of roughness height in the present simulation results. Besides, the larger size of QSV and more intense ejections are induced by the roughness elements, which is crucial for heat and mass transfer enhancement.     

Studies of the flow and turbulence fields in a turbulent pulsed jet flame using LES/PDF

A turbulent piloted jet flame subject to a rapid velocity pulse in its fuel jet inflow is proposed as a new benchmark case for the study of turbulent combustion models. In this work, we perform modelling studies of this turbulent pulsed jet flame and focus on the predictions of its flow and turbulence fields. An advanced modelling strategy combining the large eddy simulation (LES) and the probability density function (PDF) methods is employed to model the turbulent pulsed jet flame. Characteristics of the velocity measurements are analysed to produce a time-dependent inflow condition that can be fed into the simulations. The effect of the uncertainty in the inflow turbulence intensity is investigated and is found to be very small. A method of specifying the inflow turbulence boundary condition for the simulations of the pulsed jet flame is assessed. The strategies for validating LES of statistically transient flames are discussed, and a new framework is developed consisting of different averaging strategies and a bootstrap method for constructing confidence intervals. Parametric studies are performed to examine the sensitivity of the predictions of the flow and turbulence fields to model and numerical parameters. A direct comparison of the predicted and measured time series of the axial velocity demonstrates a satisfactory prediction of the flow and turbulence fields of the pulsed jet flame by the employed modelling methods.