Chiral and deconfinement transition from correlation functions: SU(2) vs. SU(3)

We study a gauge-invariant order parameter for deconfinement and the chiral condensate in SU(2) and SU(3) Yang–Mills theory in the vicinity of the deconfinement phase transition using the Landau gauge quark and gluon propagators. We determine the gluon propagator from lattice calculations and the quark propagator from its Dyson–Schwinger equation, using the gluon propagator as input. The critical temperature and a deconfinement order parameter are extracted from the gluon propagator and from the dependency of the quark propagator on the temporal boundary conditions. The chiral transition is determined using the quark condensate as order parameter. We investigate whether and how a difference in the chiral and deconfinement transition between SU(2) and SU(3) is manifest.     

On the eigenvalue problem associated with Feynman path integration

When the lagrangian is not explicit function of time, the Nth approximation to the propagator may be viewed as the Nth power of anitary operator — the infinitesimal time propagator. We solve the eigenvalue problem associated with the operator for some special cases. In the limit of large N the eigenfunctions are shown to be identical to those of the finite time propagator. We also present an elementary method to evaluate the propagator corresponding to an action function encountered in the study of electron gas in a random potential. The evaluation of this propagator within Feynman's polygonal approach was not possible until recently.     

Numerically Solving Quark-Loop Effects on Dressed Gluon Propagator in Chiral Limit

We do a numerical calculation on the quark-loop effects on the dressed gluon propagator in the chiral limit. It is found that the quark-loop effects on the dressed gluon propagator are significant in solving the quark propagator in the rainbow approximation of the Dyson-Schwinger equation. The approach we used here is quite general and can also be used to calculate both the chemical potential and current quark mass dependence of the dressed gluon propagator.     

Probing Quark Loop Effects on Dressed Gluon Propagator

We study the quark loop effects on the dressed gluon propagator and also on the quark propagator itself. We find that the gluon propagators are different in two phases. The quark mass effects on the gluon propagator are small but not negligible. We also study the current quark mass dependence on the bag constant.     

经典粒子和量子微观粒子的运动轨道

用量子力学传播子讨论了经典粒子和量子微观粒子沿着不同轨道对传播子的贡献．通过这样的计算可以清楚地看到为什么经典粒子只是沿着满足最小作用原理的轨道，即经典轨道运动，而对于量子微观粒子沿着许多条路径都有可能．这篇短文将一些教科书中的讨论用具体的数学表达出来，使得读者更容易理解．计算表明，对于质量较大的经典粒子，沿着非经典轨道对传播子的贡献和它周围的临近轨道有强烈的抵消．只有在经典轨道附近对传播子的贡献才不为零．对于量子微观粒子没有这种差别，它可以沿着多种可能的轨道运动．     

Exact propagator of the harmonic oscillator with a time-dependent mass

By finding a space and time transformation, the exact evaluation of the propagator for the harmonic oscillator with a time-dependent mass by the path integral method becomes possible. We then derive the wavefunctions from the propagator obtained. Finally, the propagator beyond and at caustics is evaluated by using its modified semi-group property and is confirmed by investigating the classical paths with two fixed end-positions.     

Infrared gluon and ghost propagators from lattice QCD

We report on the infrared limit of the quenched lattice Landau gauge gluon and ghost propagators as well as the strong-coupling constant computed from large asymmetric lattices. The infrared lattice propagators are compared with the pure power law solutions from Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSE). For the gluon propagator, the lattice data is compatible with the DSE solution. The preferred measured gluon exponent being ∼0.52, favouring a vanishing propagator at zero momentum. The lattice ghost propagator shows finite-volume effects and, for the volumes considered, the propagator does not follow a pure power law. Furthermore, the strong-coupling constant is computed and its infrared behaviour investigated.     

Study of the gluon propagator in the large-Nf limit at finite temperature and chemical potential for weak and strong couplings

At finite temperature and chemical potential, the leading-order (hard-thermal-loop) contributions to the gauge-boson propagator lead to momentum-dependent thermal masses for propagating quasiparticles as well as dynamical screening and Landau damping effects. We compare the hard-thermal-loop propagator with the complete large-N_f gluon propagator, for which the usually subleading contributions, such as a finite width of quasiparticles, can be studied at nonperturbatively large effective coupling. We also study quantitatively the effect of Friedel oscillations in low-temperature electrostatic screening.     

On analytic formulas of Feynman propagators in position space

We correct an inaccurate result of previous work on the Feynman propagator in position space of a free Dirac field in(3+1)-dimensional spacetime; we derive the generalized analytic formulas of both the scalar Feynman propagator and the spinor Feynman propagator in position space in arbitrary(D+1)-dimensional spacetime; and we further find a recurrence relation among the spinor Feynman propagator in(D+l)-dimensional spacetime and the scalar Feynman propagators in(D+1)-,(D-1)-and(D+3)-dimensional spacetimes.     

Nonlinear superposition law and Feynman propagator

We demonstrate the usefulness of the nonlinear superposition law of Ray and Reid in connection with the Feynman propagator. We derive the propagator for the problem of a time-dependent variable mass particle subject to a harmonic potential with a time-dependent frequency by taking direct recourse to the corresponding Schrödinger equation.     

Intermediate Range Force Contributions to Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking in QCD

We propoee the intermediate range QCD force singular like δ(q) by analysing the gluon propagator in the nonperturbative region from QCD sum rules. With the help of the Slavnov- Taylor-Ward identity we derive the equations for the nonperturbative quark propagator from the Schwinger-Dyson (SD) equation. Solutione for the quark propagator in two special cases are given. We find that the intermediate range force L also responsible for the chiral symmetry breaking in QCD.     

Exact propagator for an electron in a quadratic saddle-point potential and a magnetic field

We study the propagator for an electron moving in a two-dimensional (2D) quadratic saddle-point potential,in the presence of a perpendicular uniform magnetic field. A closed-form expression for the propagator is derived using the Feynmann path integrals.     

A random walk representation of the Dirac propagator

We define a discrete random walk with a matrix-valued transition function and show that the scaling limit of the two-point function of the walk is given by the Dirac propagator. We study the scaling limit of similar walks with curvature-dependent transition functions, which are analogous to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, and show that the Dirac propagator can be recovered by a limiting procedure.     

The sensitivity analysis of propagator for path independent quantum finance model

Quantum finance successfully implements the imperfectly correlated fluctuation of forward interest rates at different maturities, by replacing the Wiener process with a two-dimensional quantum field. Interest rate derivatives can be priced at a more realistic value under this new framework. The quantum finance model requires three main ingredients for pricing: the initial forward interest rates, the volatility of forward interest rates, and the correlation of forward interest rates at different maturities. However, the hedging strategy only focused on fluctuation of forward interest rates. This hedging method is based on the assumption that the propagator, the covariance of forward interest rates, has an ergodic property. Since inserting the propagator is the main characteristic that distinguishes quantum finance from the Libor market model (LMM) and the Heath, Jarrow and Morton (HJM) model, understanding the impact of propagator dynamics on the price of interest rate derivatives is crucial. This research is the first step in developing a hedge strategy with respect to the evolution of the propagator. We analyze the dynamics of the propagator from Libor futures data and the integrated propagator from zero-coupon bond rate data. Then we study the sensitivity of the implied volatility of caplets and swaptions according to the three dominant dynamics of the propagator, and the change of the zero-coupon bond option price according to the two dominant dynamics of the integrated propagator.     

Propagator in a theory with confinement

We study the propagator in a model theory with confinement and attempt to show that, when summed to all orders, the propagator is free of singularities in the finite momentum plane. We find that Bethe-Salpeter ladder-like diagrams alone are insufficient to exhibit this behavior. However, in a non-relativistic approximation in the crossed channel, confinement is obtained and all poles disappear.     

Gluon Propagator and Heavy Quark Potential in an Anisotropic QCD Plasma

The hard-loop resummed propagator in an anisotropic QCD plasma in general linear gauges are computed. We get the explicit expressions of the gluon propagator in covariant gauge, Coulomb gauge and temporal axial gauge. Considering one gluon exchange, the potential between heavy quarks is defined through the Fourier transform of the static propagator. We find that the potential exhibits angular dependence and that there is stronger attraction on distance scales on the order of the inverse Debye mass for quark pairs aligned along the direction of anisotropy than for transverse alignment.     

Photon propagator,monopoles, and the thermal phase transition in three dimensional compact QED

We investigate the gauge boson propagator in the three dimensional compact Abelian gauge model in the Landau gauge at finite temperature. The presence of the monopole plasma in the confinement phase leads to the appearance of an anomalous dimension in the momentum dependence of the propagator. The anomalous dimension as well as an appropriate ratio of photon wave function renormalization constants with and without monopoles is observed to be an order parameter for the deconfinement phase transition. We discuss the relation between our results and the confining properties of the gluon propagator in non-Abelian gauge theories.     

Tree-level scattering amplitudes in de Sitter space diverge

We derive the growing large-distance behaviour of the graviton propagator in de Sitter space to any order in perturbation. By explicit computation we show that tree-level scattering amplitudes diverge as a consequence of the logarithmic increase of the transverse and traceless part of the graviton propagator.     

Baryon formation and dissociation in dense hadronic and quark matter

We study the formation of baryons as composed of quarks and diquarks in hot and dense hadronic matter in a Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL)-type model. We first solve the Dyson-Schwinger equation for the diquark propagator and then use this to solve the Dyson-Schwinger equation for the baryon propagator. We find that stable baryon resonances exist only in the phase of broken chiral symmetry. In the chirally symmetric phase, we do not find a pole in the baryon propagator. In the color-superconducting phase, there is a pole, but it has a large decay width. The diquark does not need to be stable in order to form a stable baryon, a feature typical for so-called Borromean states. Varying the strength of the diquark coupling constant, we also find similarities to the properties of an Efimov state.     

Bethe-Salpeter equation and current conservation

Current conservation in the form of the Ward identity between the electromagnetic vertex and the propagator implies that the energy dependence of the BS kernel is restricted and that the propagator cannot be chosen independently from the kernel. It is rather determined from the BS kernel in terms of an integral equation. Convolution type, energy-independent kernels are compatible with current conservation. We study the propagator and form factor resulting from smooth kernels.