冲击加载过程中苯的液—固相转变

利用一级轻气炮加载技术和最近发展的一种透光性测量技术,在线观测到液态苯在多次冲击压缩过程中透光性随时间变化特征.分析表明,导致透光性下降的原因是局部发生液—固相变而引起的光散射效应,且散射特征反映了相变过程的时间弛豫和空间积累特性.结果澄清了苯在冲击条件下液—固相变是否发生的争论,对冲击相变动力学研究提供了重要实验依据. 关键词： 苯 多次冲击压缩 液—固相变 透光性     

Volume compression of thallium to 45 GPa

Abstract

High-pressure structural transition and volume compression for thallium were investigated to 45 GPa in a diamond anvil cell using the angular dispersive X-ray diffraction technique. Except for the known polymorphic transition at 3.7 GPa, no other structural change was observed in this pressure range. The equation of state of the high pressure phase has been obtained: its initial bulk modulus, B₀ = 33.1 GPa, is lower by 10% than that of the hexagonal phase at normal pressure.     

Volume compression of CuCl to 7 GPa

The unit cell volume of CuCl as a function of pressure has been measured up to 7 GPa (giga Pascals). The compression behaviour is quite normal. The analysis of the compression data gives 40·3±1·5 GPa for the bulk modulus of the zinc blende phase. The zinc blende phase transforms to a tetragonal phase at 5·5 GPa, the volume change associated with the transformation being 12%. A comparison of the bulk modulus of CuCl with those of CuBr and CuI indicates that an anomaly exists in this group.     

激光驱动气库材料实现准等熵压缩理论模型分析

激光驱动气库材料可用于实现准等熵压缩,为了预估样品靶前表面的峰值压力及分析样品靶前表面压力随时间变化曲线,建立了一个简化的理论模型用于描述这一物理过程。激光入射在气库材料上产生冲击波,冲击波到达气库材料背表面卸载使其成为等离子体,进而在真空中自由膨胀。在膨胀的过程中,等离子体密度、温度不断降低,并堆积在样品前端使样品表面的温度、压力缓慢上升,实现准等熵压缩。将气库材料近似为多方气体,对其进行分层处理,求解得到每一层等离子体自由膨胀的解析解,进而编写程序计算多层等离子体堆积在样品前端压力随时间变化曲线。与实验上获得样品自由面粒子速度后用背积分方法获得的样品前端压力随时间变化曲线进行对比,较为吻合,表明这种模型可以用于预估样品前端压力。     

激光驱动气库材料实现准等熵压缩理论模型分析

激光驱动气库材料可用于实现准等熵压缩,为了预估样品靶前表面的峰值压力及分析样品靶前表面压力随时间变化曲线,建立了一个简化的理论模型用于描述这一物理过程。激光入射在气库材料上产生冲击波,冲击波到达气库材料背表面卸载使其成为等离子体,进而在真空中自由膨胀。在膨胀的过程中,等离子体密度、温度不断降低,并堆积在样品前端使样品表面的温度、压力缓慢上升,实现准等熵压缩。将气库材料近似为多方气体,对其进行分层处理,求解得到每一层等离子体自由膨胀的解析解,进而编写程序计算多层等离子体堆积在样品前端压力随时间变化曲线。与实验上获得样品自由面粒子速度后用背积分方法获得的样品前端压力随时间变化曲线进行对比,较为吻合,表明这种模型可以用于预估样品前端压力。     

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根据反向积分原理编写了流场反演程序,并开展了程序验证计算。在反演区域内,由临界面速度反演出与辐射流体力学程序MULTI计算结果几乎一致的结果;由Saturn加速器上实验测试的单个样品后自由面速度反演出了加载压强历史、多种厚度样品后自由面粒子速度历史等信息,与文献对比发现,反演结果与由加速器工作电流推出结果、WONDY程序计算结果、实验测试结果相吻合。本工作为即将开展的激光驱动准等熵压缩实验奠定了技术基础。     

带窗口磁驱动准等熵压缩实验模拟

在二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2中增加了LiF材料的材料参数和功能模块,使MDSC2程序具有了求解带窗口磁驱动准等熵压缩实验的能力。采用MDSC2程序,对大电流脉冲功率装置上的exp-3-window、exp-6-window带窗口磁驱动准等熵压缩实验进行了模拟。数值模拟结果表明,二维磁驱动数值模拟程序MDSC2能正确模拟带窗口磁驱动准等熵压缩实验exp-3-window和exp-6-window的全过程,模拟的飞片/窗口界面速度在飞片/窗口界面速度的上升阶段、峰值附近和卸载阶段与实验测量基本一致,验证了新程序的计算有效性。MDSC2程序对带窗口磁驱动准等熵压缩实验的正确模拟有助于磁驱动样品物性实验的研究。     

Shock-wave compression of hydrogen to pressures of 65 GPa

The results of experiments on determining the shock-wave compression of initially solid hydrogen (protium) in the pressure range from 17 to 66 GPa are reported. The data have been obtained by using spherical explosive charges. Pressure in samples is created by the impact of a steel striker accelerated to maximum velocities of 23 km/s. Gaseous protium is converted to the solid state using a special cryogenic cooling system.     

Quasi-isentropic compression of liquid argon up to 500 GPa

The compressibility of liquid argon up to pressures ∼500 GPa has been investigated experimentally. The argon was compressed by a cylindrical shell accelerated by the detonation products of an explosive. The density was recorded by the gamma-graphic method and the pressure was determined from the gas-dynamic calculations. Comparing the experimental and computational results showed that the compression process studied is isentropic to a quite high degree. The compression of liquid argon up to a density of 7.3 g/cm³ did not show any clear anomalies associated with a structural transition or metallization. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 2099–2105 (June 1997)     

整形激光加载的一维准等熵压缩仿真

基于凝聚态物质等熵线推导了理想等熵假设前提下的加载压力和加载激光波形,进而将其作为输入条件,利用辐射流体力学程序MULTI开展了Al材料的一维准等熵压缩仿真,通过材料温度、压强、密度、粒子速度和熵增五个参量描述了准等熵加载的物理过程。结果显示得到了高等熵程度加载过程,可为即将开展的整形激光加载的准等熵实验提供参考。     

Electrical conductivity of titanium diboride during oxidation

Generalized conductance formulas are applied to the electrical conductivity of heterogeneous systems based on oxidized titanium diboride. The method gives values for the bulk resistance of the material, which can thus form the basis of highly stable resistors. Some parameters of these are reported.     

磁驱动准等熵加载下Z切石英晶体的折射率

基于CQ4脉冲功率实验装置开展了Z-切石英晶体在磁驱动准等熵加载下的窗口折射率修正关系研究. 实验中采用激光波长1550 nm的双源光外差测速仪测量获得了LiF窗口和Z-切石英晶体窗口与不同厚度极板界面的粒子速度. 利用反积分方法由实验测得的LiF窗口与极板界面粒子速度计算得到了极板的加载磁压力历史; 以获得的磁压力为输入条件, 采用LS-DYNA计算软件正向计算得到石英晶体窗口与极板界面的真实粒子速度历史. 由实验获得的Z-切石英晶体窗口/极板界面表观粒子速度和计算得到的真实粒子速度, 获得了Z-切石英晶体弹性极限内的连续的折射率修正关系, 将其折射率修正关系的适用压力范围拓宽至14.55 GPa. 表观粒子速度与真实粒子速度关系采用线性拟合时, 折射率修正关系为n=1.087 (± 0.008)+0.4408ρ/ρ₀, 与冲击数据拟合的结果一致. 由折射率实验数据对Z-切石英晶体的极化率分析认为, 在其弹性极限压力范围内加载路径和温度对折射率的影响可以忽略.     

Electrical Resistivity of Silane Multiply Shock-Compressed to 106 GPa

Since Wigner et al. proposed that hydrogen would become metallic under sufficient pressure compres- sions in 1935,scientists have paid their attention on making metallic hydrogen at high pressures, and con- siderable progresses were made in theoretical and ex- perimental researches. Nellis et al. observed that the electrical resistivity of fluid hydrogen declined by several orders of magnitude when liquid hydrogen was multiply shocked to 140 GPa, and concluded that fluid hydrogen underwent metallization phase tran- sition from semiconductor to metal in their experi- ments. Although further researches should be carried out to distinguish the highly conductive state and the metallic state of fluid hydrogen, researchers have made great efforts to find new technical approaches to de- crease the threshold pressure for hydrogen metalliza- tion. For this purpose, hydrogen-rich compounds at- tract much attention. Some researchers believed that non-hydrogen elements in those compounds may re- duce, to some extent, the activation energy of met- allization by the effect of chemical pre-compression. Silane, a typical hydrogen-rich compound of group IV hydrides, has been the subject of most of the theoretical and experimental research so far, and it was also expected to be a potential candidate for a high-To superconductor at high pressure research.[61 Compared to hydrocarbons,[71 the chemical bonds in the silane molecule are theoretically more sensitive to pressure and temperature. At sufficiently high pres- sure and temperature, the fluid silane possibly be- comes some metallic alloy consisting of hydrogen and silicon elements. Theoretical calculations showed thatthe metallic transition for the silane system may oc- cur even below 100 GPa, while there are also some other later articles that claimed that silane would re- main an insulator up to around 200 GPa and became metallic and supconducting at 220 GPa with a theo- retical Tc of 16 K. Recently, Eremets et al. have re- ported that silane can transform to metal at 50 GPa,     

Measurement of the quasi-isentropic compressibility of a helium plasma at a pressure of about 5000 GPa

The quasi-isentropic compressibility of a helium plasma has been measured using a spherical experimental chamber, as well as an X-ray diffraction complex consisting of three betatrons and a multichannel optoelectronic system for the detection of X-ray images. The density of the compressed helium plasma of about 8 g/cm³ has been obtained in the experiment at a pressure of 5000 GPa. Analysis of the data indicates that helium at the measured parameters is in a single ionized state.     

激光驱动准等熵压缩透明窗口LiF的透明性

LiF在激光驱动高压实验中是比较常见的窗口材料, 其在冲击下透射或反射可见诊断光是作为窗口材料的重要特性. 在神光III原型激光装置上开展了带LiF窗口的铝样品准等熵压缩实验, 采用任意反射面速度干涉仪诊断获得准等熵压缩样品(CH/Al/LiF)的反射率. 实验结果表明在准等熵压缩后期反射率诊断出现致盲现象. 为此, 建立了带透明窗口的样品对诊断光的反射率模型, 模型考虑了窗口LiF压缩后透明性变化. 模型计算的CH/Al/LiF样品对可见光的反射率时间演化过程与实验结果符合较好. 研究结果表明: LiF中压缩波追赶逐渐形成强冲击波, 显著降低了LiF的透明性, 并最终发生致盲现象; 第一性原理方法所给出的LiF的能带间隙偏低1–2 eV; 该实验中, LiF的透明性完全消失时, LiF中波头处的温度约为1 eV, 压力为2–3 Mbar.     

利用多层阻抗梯度飞片产生准等熵压缩的理论解析

基于冲击波理论对多层阻抗梯度飞片击靶过程波系的相互作用做了理论分析，计算表明在多层阻抗梯度飞片的撞击下，样品的压缩线是一组通过不同初始状态点的冲击压缩线的连线, 它位于冲击压缩(hugoniot)线与等熵压缩线之间. 所以通过飞片层数的设计,可获得介于冲击压缩线与等熵线之间的任意状态点,这就为以后偏冲击压缩(off-hugoniot)状态方程的实验研究提供了理论参考. 实验测量的样品/窗口界面速度与理论计算的一致性支持上述结论的可靠性与准确性. 关键词： 准等熵压缩 多层阻抗梯度飞片 理论解析     

Advances in quasi-isentropic compression experiments at institute of fluid physics of CAEP

The Advances in magnetically driven quasi-isentropic compression experiments (ICEs) at Institute of Fluid Physics of China Academy of Engineering Physics are introduced including the techniques, data processing methods and some typical application in dynamics of materials. Two apparatuses of CQ-1.5 and CQ-4 based on compact capacitor banks are described, which are used to do quasi-isentropic compression experiments and launch high velocity flyer plates. And some work of data processing methods of quasi-isentropic compression experiments is also presented in this topic. Finally, some applications of our generators in quasi-isentropic compression experiments of material dynamics are introduced, such as the experimental compression isentropes, phase transition, spallation of metals and elasto-plastic transition.     

磁驱动准等熵压缩下单晶氟化锂的光学特性

以"阳"加速器和PTS装置为驱动源,开了展单晶氟化锂(LiF,通光方向[100])窗口材料在准等熵压缩下的光学特性实验研究。应用全光纤激光多普勒探针系统(DPS,激光波长1550nm)同时测量了Ly12铝材料电极加窗和未加窗的后界面速度历史,结合窗口材料修正方法获取了单晶氟化锂窗口材料在实验条件下折射率随密度的变化和界面粒子速度修正因子。每次实验可获取窗口材料样品的连续加载历史数据,进而处理得到LiF窗口材料在近50GPa准等熵压力范围内的修正因子。结合拟合的线性关系,进一步处理获得了在实验过程中折射率随密度的变化。将这些实验结果与D.E.Fratanduono,Y.Ma,B.J.Jensen的对应数据比较,其中与光子多普勒测速系统(PDV,1550nm)测量结果基本相符,不确定度与多次冲击实验得到的结果相当。     

Electrical conductivity distribution during detonation of a TATB-based explosive

The distribution of electrical conductivity upon detonation of a TATB-based explosive (C₆H₆N₆O₆) is obtained for two densities (1.3 and 1.8 g/cc). A peak of width of about 0.1 µs detected in all profiles is in good agreement with the duration of the chemical reaction zone known from the literature. An extended electrical conductivity region is observed in the Taylor wave.