Solubility and Hydrolysis of La, Pr, Eu, Er, and Lu in 1 M NaCl Ionic Strength at 303 K

The pLn-pC _H diagrams obtained by a radiometric technique were used for the determination of the solubility and the first hydrolysis constants for La, Pr, Eu, Er, and Lu in 1 M NaCl ionic strength at 303 K. The saturation and unsaturation zones, and the borderline of precipitation were determined from these diagrams. The first hydrolysis constants were determined from pH titrations where no precipitation was found; these data were treated with the SUPERQUAD program. Fitting methods involving pLn versus pC _H and the average ligand number vs. pC _H were used to calculate both the first hydrolysis constants and the solubility products. The log K _sp values obtained for La, Pr, Eu, Er, and Lu were –19.53, –20.92, –22.24, –22.62, and –23.05 and the log* ₁ average values obtained were –8.87 ± 0.05, –8.54 ± 0.04, –8.34 ± 0.03, –8.16 ± 0.04, and –8.11 ± 0.03, respectively, under CO₂ free conditions. Finally, the results were compared with those found in the literature.     

Ionic Strength Dependence of Formation Constants and Complexation of Glutamine with Dioxovanadium(V)

The dependence of L-glutamine protonation and its complexation with dioxovanadium(V) on ionic strength (I) is reported in sodium perchlorate solution as a background salt. The measurements have been performed at 25 ± 0.1°C and various ionic strengths in the range 0.1 to 1.0 mol/l, using a combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric techniques. The overall analysis of the present and the previous data dealing with the determination of stability constants at different ionic strengths allowed us to obtain a general equation, by which a formation constant determined at a fixed ionic strength can be calculated, with a good approximation, at another ionic strength, if 0.1 I 1.0 mol/l (NaClO₄).     

The Association Constants of H<Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">+</Emphasis></Superscript> and Ca<Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">2 +</Emphasis></Superscript> with 2-Keto-D-Gluconate in Aqueous Solutions

2-Keto-D-gluconate (kG) is naturally produced in soils, sediments and rock faces through the microbial oxidation of glucose. Studies have qualitatively shown kG to enhance the dissolution of soil minerals. However, quantitative information, such as the log K values for the formation of metal–kG complexes, are not available. This paper presents the results of potentiometric titration studies that employ H⁺ and Ca²⁺ ion selective electrodes (ISEs) to determine the conditional ion association constants (log Q values) for the protonation and deprotonation of kG and the formation of Ca–kG complexes. The experimentally-determined log Q values were then converted to the corresponding ion association constants (the zero ionic strength condition; log K values) by employing a modified Davies equation for charged species and the Setchenów equation for neutral species. The log K values were determined by potentiometric titrations at constant kG concentration, varied ionic strengths, 25 or 22 ^∘C, and in the absence of CO₂. The computer model GEOCHEM-PC was used to determine the aqueous speciation of ions other than kG and the computer model FITEQL was used to estimate conditional log Q values for reactions in the various chemical models. Based on our evaluations, equilibrium constants for the following reactions were determined: H⁺+ kG^– ⇌ HkG⁰, log K_a1 = (3.00 ± 0.06), kG^–⇌ H_–1kG^2–+ H⁺, log K_a–1 = –(11.97 ± 0.41), and Ca²⁺+ kG^–⇌ CakG⁺, log K₁₀₁ = (1.74 ± 0.04).     

Application of the Specific Ion Interaction Theory → the Solubility Product and First Hydrolysis Constant of Europium

The specific ion interaction theory (SIT) was applied to the first hydrolysis constants of Eu(III) and solubility product of Eu(OH)₃ in aqueous 2, 3 and 4 mol⋅dm⁻³ NaClO₄ at 303.0 K, under CO₂-free conditions. Diagrams of pEu_aq versus pC_H were constructed from solubilities obtained by a radiometric method, the solubility product log₁₀ K_{sp, Eu(OH)3}^I {Eu(OH)_3(s) Eu_aq³⁺+ 3OH_aq⁻ } values were calculated from these diagrams and the results obtained are log₁₀ K_sp,Eu(OH)3^I = − 22.65 ± 0.29, −23.32 ± 0.33 and −23.70 ± 0.35 for ionic strengths of 2, 3 and 4 mol⋅dm⁻³ NaClO₄, respectively. First hydrolysis constants {Eu_aq³⁺+H₂O Eu(OH)_(aq)²⁺+H⁺ } were also determined in these media by pH titration and the values found are log₁₀β_Eu,H^I = − 8.19 ± 0.15, −7.90 ± 0.7 and −7.61 ± 0.01 for ionic strengths of 2, 3, and 4 mol⋅dm⁻³ NaClO₄, respectively. Total solubilities were estimated taking into account the formation of both Eu³⁺ and Eu(OH)²⁺ (7.7 < pC_H < 9) and the values found are: 1.4 × 10⁻⁶ mol⋅dm⁻³, 1.2 × 10⁻⁶ mol⋅dm⁻³ and 1.3 × 10⁻⁶ mol⋅dm⁻³, for ionic strengths of 2, 3 and 4 mol⋅dm⁻³ NaClO₄, respectively. The limiting values at zero ionic strength were extrapolated by means of the SIT from the experimental results of the present research together with some other published values. The results obtained are log₁₀ K_{sp, Eu(OH)3}^o = − 23.94 ± 0.51 (1.96 SD) and log₁₀β_Eu,H⁰ = − 7.49 ± 0.15 (1.96 SD).     

Physico-chemical studies of Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) ions with p-fluorobenzoylacetone

Incorporation of pH correction, in data obtained from the potentiometric titration of p-fluorobenzoylacetone with NaOH solution in dioxane-water (31,V/V) at 30±0.1°C in a medium of constant ionic strength, =0.1M (NaClO₄) gave the value of thermodynamic dissociation constant (pk _D ) as 12.06±0.02. Under similar conditions of solvent composition, temperature and ionic strength the thermodynamic stepwise formation constants of the complexes formed between Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions and the above ligand, using method of least squares, gave log ₂ as 19.50±0.05, 18.89±0.05, 18.61±0.04 and 16.16±0.08 resp. This order is in accordance with theIrving-Williams series. Derivatives of the above metals have also been synthesised and characterised.With 2 Figures     

The Study of Americium, Yttrium and Lead Complexation by Humic Acids of Different Origin

Complexation equilibrium of metals by three humic acids of different origin with ultrafiltration method was investigated at pH 4 a 5 and ionic strength I = 0.1M NaClO₄. Commercial (Aldrich) and two original humic acids (peat and soil, obtained by six step isolation process from the material from Trnava county, close to the NPP Jaslovské Bohunice) were used in this study. For the evaluation of the results, the model of metal ion charge neutralization upon humic acid functional group proposed by the Kim and Czerwinski was used. Complexation constants were calculated using the terms of this model (operational concentration, loading capacity). The values of log = 5.39±0.16 for yttrium, 6.15±0.16 for americium and 5.20±0.08 for lead were found. Correlation of free metal concentration and ratio of molar fraction of complexing functional groups confirms the validity of charge neutralisation model for metal and polyelectrolyte complexation study.     

Kinetic study of the aquation of K2 TcBr6 in perchlorate solutions

The aquation of TcBr ₆ ^2– in perchlorate solutions at various hydrogen ion concentrations and ionic strengths has been investigated. Although the same products form in all cases the proportions of the cationic and neutral products depend on the [H⁺] and the ionic strength. Differences in LiClO₄/HClO₄ and NaClO₄/HClO₄ can be attributed to differences in the activities, although at constant ionic strength. A rate constant of 1.75·10^–5 s^–1 was found for the aquation at =1, together with an activation energy of 101.6±12.5 kJ/mol.     

Dissociation quotients of D-galacturonic acid in aqueous solution at 0.1 MPa to 1 molal ionic strength and 100°C

The molal dissociation quotients of D-galacturonic acid were measured potentiometrically in a newly-designed, hydrogen-electrode concentration cell from 5 to 100°C at four ionic strengths ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mol-kg^–1 using sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaF₃CSO₃) as the supporting electrolyte. These quotients were fitted in the all anionic (isocoulombic) form by an empirical equation incorporating three adjustable parameters. When combined with the known dissociation quotient for water in the same medium, this treatment yielded the following thermodynamic quantities for the acid dissociation equilibrium at 25°C and infinite dilution: log K_H=–3.490±0.011, H _H ⁰ =0.4±0.2 kJ-mol^–1, S _H ⁰ =–65±1 J-mol^–1-K^–1, and C _{p, H} ⁰ =–231±8 J-mol^–1-K^–1. Comparisons are made with the corresponding results of a limited number of previous studies carried out near ambient conditions.     

Complex formation of hypoxanthine and 6-mercaptopurine with Cd(II) ion

Reaction of Cd(II) ion with hypoxanthine (H₂ Y) and with 6-mercaptopurine (H₂ MP) in dioxane-water (50%) leads to the formation of CdY·2H₂O and Cd(HMP)₂·2H₂O, respectively. In methanolic medium Cd(II) and H₂ MP give Cd(MP)·H₂O. These compounds have been characterized by chemical analysis, IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. The stability constant of CdY complex at 25±0.1 °C and 1M ionic strength with NaClO₄ in dioxane-water medium is log =10.25±0.05.

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Komplexbildung von Hypoxanthin und 6-Mercaptopurin mit Cd(II)

Zusammenfassung Die Umsetzung von Cd(II)-Ionen mit Hypoxanthin (H₂ Y) und 6-Mercaptopurin (H₂ MP) in Dioxan-Wasser (50%) ergibt die Verbindungen CdY·2H₂O und Cd(HMP)₂·2H₂O. In Methanol entsteht aus Cd(II) und H₂ MP CdMP·H₂O. Die Verbindungen wurden durch chemische Analysen, IR-Spektren und thermogravimetrische Analysen charakterisiert. Die Stabilitätskonstante der Verbindung CdY bei 25°C und bei einer Ionenstärke = 1 (NaClO₄) in Dioxan-Wasser wurde zu lg =10,25±0,05 bestimmt.

     

Complexation properties of phosphonocarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions

The concentration formation constants of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) complexes with the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions were determined in aqueous solution at 25°C by potentiometric and coulometric titrations at different ionic strengths and were extrapolated to I=0 in order to obtain thermodynamic values of the formation constants. Complexes were formed by the completely deprotonated K _f (ML) and monoprotonated K _f (MHL) forms of the PAA anion. The respective values for the complexes are: log K _f (CaL)=4.68±0.03, log K _f (CaHL)=2.61±0.08; log K _f (MgL)=5.58±0.09, log K _f (MgHL)=3.0±0.3. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation for the deprotonated Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ PAA species, determined from the temperature dependence of the log K _f (ML), are: H⁰(Ca) =0.6±0.2 kcal-mol^–1, S⁰(Ca)=21.4±0.6 cal-mol^–1-K^–1, H⁰(Mg)=3.0±0.7 kcal-mol^–1, and S⁰(Mg)=35±2 cal-mol^–1-K^–1. It is seen there-fore, that the complexes are entropy stabilized but enthalpy destabilized. Formation constants were also determined for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ complexes with PAA analogs, phosphonoformic and 3-phosphonopropionic acids and the complexation of PAA was also studied at a single ionic strength, with Na⁺, Ag⁺, Tl⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ ions.     

Protonation equilibria of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonato)-and ethylenediamine-tetrakis(methylenephosphonato)-complexes of scandium,yttrium, and lanthanoids

The protonation equilibria of nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (NTMP, H₆L) and ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP, H₈L) complexes of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanoids have been studied potentiometrically at 25°C and at an ionic strength of 0.1 mol-dm^–3 KNO₃. The first protonation constants of NTMP complexes of lanthanoids, K _MHL , decrease with decreasing of the ionic radius of the lanthanoid [log K _MHL =7.82 (La³⁺) –6.90 (Lu³⁺)] and show a so-called Tetrad effect. The second protonation constants, K _{MH 2}L, change very little with the lanthanoid metal ions (logK _{MH 2}L=5.3–5.7). These results suggest that, in the first protonation process in ML, the proton attacks the nitrogen of NTMP rupturing the M-N of M(ntmp)^3–. The pattern of the change in the protonation constants of the EDTMP complexes with the atomic number of the lanthanoid is quite different from that of the NTMP complexes. This fact indicates that the manner of protonation of the EDTMP complexes differs from that of NTMP complexes. The protonation constants of yttrium complexes of NTMP and EDTMP agree with those of lanthanoid complexes, whereas those of scandium complexes deviate from the values predicted from its ionic radius.     

The influence of pH on the stability constants of lanthanum and europium complexes with humic acids

Complex formation of humic acids (HA)_n with La³⁺ and Eu³⁺ was studied. Commercial (HA)_n was purified and characterized. The stability constants were determined at several pH values and 0.2?M NaClO₄ ionic strength by the Shubert??s method of radiochemical ionic exchange. The slopes of the lines $ \log ((\lambda_{0} /\lambda ) - 1) = \log \beta_{\text{M,j(HA)n}}^{\exp } + {\text{j}} * \log \left[ { ( {\text{HA)}}_{\text{n}} } \right] $ were dependent on the [(HA)_n]. The values of log $ \beta_{\text{M,j(HA)n}}^{\exp } $ for j?=?1 were the following: 6.29?±?0.04 (pH 4.9?±?0.4) and 7.61?±?0.03 (pH 5.9?±?0.1) for lanthanum and 7.31?±?0.01 (pH 5.9?±?0.2) for europium. Log $ \beta_{\text{M,j(HA)n}}^{\exp } $ was determined as well for higher values of the j parameter and these values were: 12.2?±?0.1 (j?=?2, pH 7.7?±?0.2), 15.6?±?0.2 (j?=?3, pH 4.9?±?0.4) and 16.05?±?0.07 (j?=?3, pH 5.9?±?0.1), for lanthanum and 13.18?±?0.03 (j?=?2, pH 5.9?±?0.1) for europium. A discussion is presented about the complex formation regarding pH and [(HA)_n].     

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between bis 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol ferrate(II) complex and cyanide ion

Summary Cyanide ion reacts with [Fe(Par)₂]^2–,i.e. Par=4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol to form a 113 mixed cyanocomplex. The reaction has been studied spectrophotometrically at 720 nm _max, pH=11.5±0.02, and I=0.1 M (NaClO₄) at 25±0.1°C. The order with respect to cyanide varies from one to two at high and low cyanide concentrations respectively. The rate constants for respective reactions are k₁=(6.1±0.3)×10^–2 M^–1 s^–1, k₂=(12.6±1.0) M^–2 s^–1. The reverse reaction does not occur at a measurable rate even in presence of a large excess of Par. These observations suggest that [Fe(Par)₂]^2– forms a mixed [FePar(CN)₃]^3– complex in presence of an excess of cyanide ion. The activation parameters for the reaction have been calculated and used to support a three step mechanism consistent with these results. The effect of ionic strength tends further support to the mechanism.     

Surface dissociation constants for solid oxide/aqueous solution systems

Summary An equation for the surface potential ₀ was used to define the surface dissociation constant of surface hydroxyls at a solid oxide/aqueous solution interface.Using the measurements of the surface charge, the Gouy-Chapman theory and crystallo-chemical data for oxides, the calculations of the surface dissociation constants have been carried out. The values of the acidic surface dissociation constants (in minus logarithmic scale) fall in range 8.7±0.8 at ionic strength 1 M and in the range 7.2±0.7 at 10^–3 M KNO₃ These constants exceed by 2 to 5 orders of magnitude the dissociation constants of M(OH) _naq species in solution.With 1 table     

Reaction of Plutonium(VI) with Orthosilicic Acid Si(OH)4

Reaction of Pu(VI) with Si(OH)₄ (at concentration 0.004–0.025 mol l^–1) in a 0.2 M NaClO₄ solution at pH 3–8 is studied by spectrophotometric method. In the range of pH 4.5–5.5, PuO₂(H₂O)₄OSi(OH)₃ ⁺ complex is formed, while at pH > 6, PuO₂(H₂O)₃O₂Si(OH)₂ or hydroxosilicate complex PuO₂(H₂O)₃(OH)OSi(OH)₃ is recorded. The equilibrium constants are calculated for the reactions of formation of PuO₂(H₂O)₄OSi(OH)₃ ⁺ and PuO₂(H₂O)₃O₂Si(OH)₂ and their concentration stability constants: log K ₁ = –3.91 ± 0.17 and log K ₂ –10.5; log ₁= 5.90 ± 0.17 and log ₂ 12.6. The PuO₂(H₂O)₄OSi(OH)₃ ⁺ complex is significantly less stable than analogous complex of U(VI). Calculations of the forms of Pu(VI) occurrence at the Si(OH)₄ concentration equal to 0.002 mol l^–1 showed that the maximum fraction of the PuO₂(H₂O)₄OSi(OH)₃ ⁺ complex is 10% (pH 6.5), while the fraction of PuO₂(H₂O)₃O₂Si(OH)₂ is almost 40% (pH 8).     

Solubility of Siderite (FeCO3) in NaCl Solutions

The solubility of siderite (FeCO₃) at 25°C under constant CO₂ partial pressure [p(CO₂)] was determined in NaCl solutions as a function of ionic strength. The dissolution of FeCO₃(s) for the reaction

Cadmium Malonate Complexation in Aqueous Sodium Trifluoromethanesulfonate Media to 75°C; Including Dissociation Quotients of Malonic Acid

The molal formation quotients for cadmium–malonate complexes were measured potentiometrically from 5 to 75°C, at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 molal in aqueous sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaTr) media. In addition, the stepwise dissociation quotients for malonic acid were measured in the same medium from 5 to 100°C, at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 molal by the same method. The dissociation quotients for malonic acid were modeled as a function of temperature and ionic strength with empirical equations formulated such that the equilibrium constants at infinite dilution were consistent, within the error estimates, with the malonic acid dissociation constants obtained in NaCl media. The equilibrium constants calculated for the dissociation of malonic acid at 25°C and infinite dilution are log K _1a=-2.86 ± 0.01 and log K _2a=-5.71 ± 0.01. A single Cd–malonate species, CdCH₂C₂O₄, was identified from the complexation study and the formation quotients for this species were also modeled as a function of temperature and ionic strength. Thermodynamic parameters obtained by differentiating the equation with respect to temperature for the formation of CdCH₂C₂O₄ at 25°C and infinite dilution are: K = 3.45 ± 0.09, S° = 7 ± 6 kJ-mol^-1, S° = 91 ± 22 J-K^--mol^-1, and C _p ^o =400±300 J­K^-1­mol^-1.     

Study of monensin complexes with monovalent metal lons in anhydrous methanol solutions

Potentiometric and cyclo-voltammetric studies have been carried out on monensin anion (Mon^–) complexes with the alkali ions as well as with Tl⁺ and Ag⁺ in absolute methanol solutions. The log K_f values obtained for the complexity constants and corrected for the activity effects are: Li⁺, 3.3±0.1; Na⁺, 6.72±0.05; K⁺, 5.18±0.05; Rb⁺, 4.58±0.05; Cs⁺, 3.75±0.05; Tl⁺, 5.31±0.05; Ag⁺, 8.2±0.2. It is seen that for the alkali, the most stable complex is formed with Na⁺. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation with the sodium ion were found to be H^o=–5.47±0.24 kcal-mole^–1 and S^o=+12.4±0.7 e.u. The complex, therefore, is enthalpy and entropy stabilized.     

Determination of Stability Constants of Copper(I) Chelates with 1,10-Phenanthroline by Thermal Lensing

Using investigations of the copper(I)–1,10-phenanthroline system as an example, it is shown that thermal lensing can be used for determining stability constants at a level of concentrations one–two orders of magnitude lower compared to conventional spectrophotometry, with better precision of measurements. The values of stability constants are log₂= 11.7 ± 0.7 without regard for stepwise chelation, and logK ₁= 5.9 ± 0.3, logK ₂= 5.4 ± 0.3, and log₂= 11.3 ± 0.6 taking into account stepwise chelation. It is shown that, when shifting from microgram to nanogram amounts of reactants in the determination of stability constants by thermal lensing, changes in the kinetic parameters of the reaction studied should be taken into account. The thermal-lens limit of detection of copper(I) is 2 × 10^–8M; the linear calibration range is 4 × 10^–8–2 × 10^–5M (488.0 nm, pump power 120 mW). The data obtained were used for determining copper(I) in the hydrogen sulfide layer of the Baltic Sea.     

Complex formation between glycine and magnesium (II), calcium(II), and iron(II) at 25 °C in 3.00M NaClO4

Equilibria occurring between glycine (L) and magnesium(II) and calcium(II) were studied by measuring at 25 °C the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the cell: (–) Pt, H₂/SolutionS/R.E. (+) where R.E. is the reference electrode described in the text.Equilibria taking place in solutions containing iron(II) and glycine were investigated by means of the cell: (–) R.E./SolutionS/G.E. (+) where G.E. is the glass electrode. The general composition of solutionS was in both cases the following: B M inM ²⁺;H M in H⁺;A M inL; 3.00M in ClO ₄ ^– ; (3-H-2B)M in Na⁺.Experimental data were explained by assuming the existence of the species:: MgL(log _1,0,1=1.53±0.05); MgL ₂(log _2,0,1=2.26±0.05); CaL(log _1,0,1==0.75±0.03); FeL(log _1,0,1=4.20±0.04).Protonation constants of aminoacetate, not known in the experimental conditions selected, were determined by means of e.m.f. measurements carried out with a H₂ electrode.

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Komplexbildung zwischen Glycin und Magnesium(II), Calcium(II), bzw. Eisen(II) bei 25 °C in 3,00M NaClO₄

Zusammenfassung Die Gleichgewichte zwischen Glycin (L) und Magnesium(II) bzw. Calcium(II) wurden bei 25 °C durch E.M.K. Messungen der folgenden Meßkette untersucht: (–) Pt, H₂/ProbenlösungS/R.E. (+) wobei R.E. Referenz-Elektrode bedeutet (siehe Text).Zum Studium der Reaktion zwischen Eisen(II) und Glycin bei 25 °C wurde folgende Meßkette benutzt: (–) R.E./ProbenlösungS/G.E. (+) wobei G.E. Glas-Elektrode bedeutet.Alle Meßproben hatten die folgende allgemeine Zusammensetzung:B M inM ²⁺;H M in H⁺;A M inL; 3,00M in ClO ₄ ^– ; (3-H-2B)M in Na⁺.Die experimentellen Daten konnten unter Annahme folgender Komplexe erklärt werden: MgL(log _1,0,1=1,53±0,05); MgL ₂(log _2,0,1=2,26±0,05); CaL(log _1,0,1=0,75±0,03); FeL(log _1,0,1=4,20±0,04). Die Protonierungskonstanten von Aminoacetat, die bei den gewählten experimentellen Bedingungen nicht bekannt sind, wurden mittels E.M.K. Messungen (mit Wasserstoff-Elektrode) bestimmt.