Study on current density distribution of electron beam spots by wave optics theory

The image theory of wave electron optics is used to study the current density distribution of electron beam spots for high-resolution electron optical systems. Using the wave aberration concept and paraxial expansion of charge density, the space charge effect is taken into consideration by modification of paraxial rays and spherical aberration coefficient of the lens. The point spreading function is obtained by Fourier-Bessel transform of the optical transfer function considering the space charge and partial coherence of the electron source.     

鱼眼镜头光学系统的非球面优化设计

应用非球面提高光学系统成像质量是镜头设计的常用手段。基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,通过分析鱼眼镜头各光学面的波像差贡献,将波像差贡献突出的光学面作为应用非球面的待选对象,结合波像差随非球面系数的变化趋势,确定应用非球面的光学面;应用优化算法和基于光线点列图分布定义的评价函数优化鱼眼镜头系统。通过对一个鱼眼镜头实例进行非球面优化,其点列图范围从全球面优化设计时的200 μm下降到100 μm,其评价函数值下降1个数量级,证明该方法能明显提高镜头的成像质量,对如何有效应用非球面优化鱼眼镜头的光学系统具有借鉴意义。     

径向剪切干涉图处理

提出一种径向剪切干涉图的处理方法,利用最小二乘法以一定义在单位圆上的完全正交的Zernike多项式系列来直接拟合波面。用这种方法可以得出波面函数,从而计算出波面上任一点的波差值。     

部分相干成像的光学传递函数

本文给出在准单色光照明下,部分相干和非相干成像光学传递函数新的计算方法。从基尔霍夫衍射积分出发,引进准波前像差,并在菲涅尔近似下给出点像振幅分布,对照明光源不作匹配限制,计算公式简明,准相干度（ 不同于传统的相干度） 容易计算。利用分片多项式插值计算准波前像差,从而可实现变形成像ＯＴＦ 的计算     

Aberrations in materials with random inhomogeneities

Materials that consist of a random microstructure can affect ultrasonic measurements--reducing signal strength, increasing noise, and reducing measurement accuracy--through scattering and aberration of the acoustic field. To account for these adverse effects a phase screen model, alongside the stochastic wave equation, has been developed. This approach allows the field and study aberrations to be modeled from a statistical point of view. Experimental evidence of aberration and statistical properties of the measured acoustic field are shown. A measured correlation function of the acoustic field is interlinked to mean crystallite size by using a theoretical coherence function that can be mainly described by the correlation length and wave velocity variation of microstructure. The estimation of the mean crystallite size using this technique would provide some insight into material characterization.     

光束斜入射的折反射组合光学系统的像差计算

基于平面对称光栅反射镜系统的像差理论,根据光学元件材料折射率对成像光束波像差进行修正,将像差理论扩展到平面对称折射光学系统,使得该理论可应用于光束斜入射的折反射组合光学系统的像差计算;指出在折反射组合光学系统中考虑物像方空间折射率的关系,以及入射角方向的定义,使得波像差的计算表达式保持统一;应用扩展后的像差理论对折反射...     

X射线同轴全息术中像差的数字模拟

给出了Ｘ射线同轴全息中像差的数值模拟，分别研究了其三级波差和光线像差，用一个较为简便的方法计算出光线像差，给出了类似于光线追迹中的点列图，并由此相应地估计出像差对分辨率的限制，所有的计算都是基于一个典型的Ｘ射线激光全息实验听参数进行的，根据分析还讨论了减小像差的条件。     

Correction of aberration for a high-resolution electron hologram by means of the amplitude contrast criterion of image wave

In order to further improve the resolution for a high-resolution electron hologram, the aberration working on the hologram must be corrected. Since it is rather difficult to precisely control aberration coefficients in the experimental stage, we proposed an amplitude contrast D criterion of imaging wave to determine the working aberration from the hologram itself. In the determination or correction of the aberration, we assume a symmetrical aberration function is parameterized only by a spherical aberration coefficient and a defocus value. First, D is calculated from a holographically reconstructed imaging wave of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-x) for each combination of these parameters. The working aberration on the imaging wave is determined from the combination of the parameters by noting the maximum or minimum D of the imaging wave at some specifically chosen thickness regions. The theoretical validity for the D criterion is then proved with three-beam dynamical diffraction formula. Finally, the 'experimental' examination for the D criterion is successfully performed on the reconstructed image wave for the Sigma=9 interface structure of a wedge-shaped silicon sample.     

Analysis of aberrations of an image formed by a system of noncentered optical surfaces

In the general case of an arbitrary arrangement of optical surfaces in space, it is proposed to take a straight line passing through the center of the entrance pupil perpendicularly to its plane as an assembly base. The coordinates of a point in the object plane and in the entrance pupil plane uniquely determine the position of the incident ray in the space. The wave aberration in the image of a point is represented by a power series of the general form as a function of these coordinates with terms of up to the fourth order. Aberrational analysis of individual components of this series is carried out. A particular case of decentering of an individual component in an axially symmetric optical system is considered. A new kind of aberration is shown to appear in this case.     

畸变光束的焦斑质心位置

 为分析振幅和相位发生畸变情况下光束焦斑质心位置所受的影响,以光波标量衍射理论中的夫琅和费衍射公式为基础,根据光斑强度分布一阶矩质心位置的定义,推导了直接依赖于光束近场复振幅分布的焦斑质心位置的一般表达式。进一步推导了焦斑质心位置对光束近场强度分布和相位斜率分布的依赖关系式,并对该式清晰的物理意义进行了阐述。利用焦斑质心位置表达式,可分析和确定由于振幅调制和相位畸变导致的质心位置偏移。最后,对无相位畸变和存在低阶泽尼克相位畸变情况下的简单畸变光束进行了相应的分析讨论。     

Non-linear aberration of a self-focussing electromagnetic wave beam

In this paper the aberrations of a centered axially symmetric electromagnetic wave beam in a nonlinear medium are examined. A formula is obtained, which describes the intensity distribution of the beam near the aberration point. The procedure for investigating high-order aberrations is demonstrated. The influence of the initial distribution of the intensity and the phase on the picture of the aberration is examined.     

应用波像差理论计算Kirkpatrick-Baez系统的调制传递函数

调制传递函数（modulation transfer function,MTF）曲线可以客观地评价光学系统的成像性能。基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论,给出了Kirkpatrick-Baez（KB）显微镜光学系统主要像差的波像差计算表达式,采用自相关法,通过Gauss-Legendre数值积分求解并绘制了KB系统的MTF曲线,且与光学分析软件的MTF曲线进行对比。结果表明:应用波像差理论计算调制传递函数不仅可以定量直观地分析KB系统的成像性能,而且能进一步解析光学系统的单项像差分布情况,提供更具针对性的系统优化方案。     

球差透镜聚焦部分相干光束获得局域空心光束

基于Collins公式,研究了空间相干度为零阶贝塞耳函数的部分相干光通过球差透镜后在几何焦平面附近的光强分布情况.研究表明,通过改变部分相干光的光谱相干度,球差系数可以得到平顶光束和局域空心光束.球差系数决定了最佳聚焦点的位置.当球差系数为正时,最佳聚焦点随着球差系数的增大向远离透镜的方向运动,甚至超过几何焦点;当球差系数为负时,最佳聚焦点随着球差系数绝对值的增大向靠近透镜方向移动.另外,在正负球差绝对值相等时,光强分布以几何焦点相对称.     

Expressions for third-order aberration theory for holographic images

Expressions for third-order aberration in the reconstructed wave front of point objects are established by Meier. But Smith, Neil Mohon, Sweatt independently reported that their results differ from that of Meier. We found that coefficients for spherical aberration, astigmatism, tally with Meier’s while coefficients for distortion and coma differ.     

On the relation between the wave aberration function and the phase transfer function for an incoherent imaging system with circular pupil

The consideration is carried out in its general formulation: the wave aberration function is represented in terms of classical aberrations (the Zernike polynomials), the phase transfer function (argument of the complex optical transfer function) is defined by a chain of transformations originating from the generalized pupil function. Quasi-analytical quadrature formulas are derived that link the optical transfer function and the phase transfer function with the aberration terms. It is shown that the phase transfer function contains information on the odd-order aberrations, which can be retrieved from coefficients to the Taylor expansion of the derived quadrature relation. Received 16 June 2001     

CAD of Millimeter Wave Y-Junction Circulators with a Ferrite Sphere

A gradient optimization technique along with a definition of cost function is applied to the CAD of the circulator with a magnetized ferrite sphere for millimeter wave communications. A three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) approach for the analysis of this ferrite sphere based microstrip circulator is presented. The topology of the structure is enforced at each step of optimization and its physical dimensions are used as optimization variables. The cost function is defined using location of zeros and poles of the circulator's transmission, isolation, and reflection functions. Numerical tests show that the optimization process converges from an arbitrarily selected starting point with the new definition of the cost function.     

激光合束光学系统气体热效应影响分析

为了分析激光合束光学系统的成像质量,本文研究了激光合束光学系统的热耦合效应。借助光学设计软件建立激光合束系统模型,基于传热学理论,根据光学系统结构及流场条件参数建立气体流体模型。根据光线追迹法编写用户自定义函数,通过数值模拟定量研究了介质气体热效应引起的波像差系数。仿真分析了气体热效应在不同时间下对激光合束光学系统的影响。结果表明,受重力影响激光合束系统热效应的旋转对称性变得不再明显,随着温度升高呈现分层变化,且非均匀热效应以低阶像差为主。将波像差系数导入光学设计软件,可实现复杂光场与热场耦合传函的定量分析,波像差劣化0.3λ,传递函数下降0.1。     

Spectral estimation for characterization of acoustic aberration

Spectral estimation based on acoustic backscatter from a motionless stochastic medium is described for characterization of aberration in ultrasonic imaging. The underlying assumptions for the estimation are: The correlation length of the medium is short compared to the length of the transmitted acoustic pulse, an isoplanatic region of sufficient size exists around the focal point, and the backscatter can be modeled as an ergodic stochastic process. The motivation for this work is ultrasonic imaging with aberration correction. Measurements were performed using a two-dimensional array system with 80 x 80 transducer elements and an element pitch of 0.6 mm. The f number for the measurements was 1.2 and the center frequency was 3.0 MHz with a 53% bandwidth. Relative phase of aberration was extracted from estimated cross spectra using a robust least-mean-square-error method based on an orthogonal expansion of the phase differences of neighboring wave forms as a function of frequency. Estimates of cross-spectrum phase from measurements of random scattering through a tissue-mimicking aberrator have confidence bands approximately +/- 5 degrees wide. Both phase and magnitude are in good agreement with a reference characterization obtained from a point scatterer.     

基于大面阵CCD的复消色差航空相机物镜设计

为了满足航空相机物镜结构简单及高分辨率的要求,提出了一种基于波差法校正长焦距、宽波段的大面阵CCD航空相机物镜二级光谱的方法.介绍了二级光谱的基本原理,给出了波差法设计复消色差物镜的方程组.采用普通光学材料设计了复消色差航空相机物镜,系统焦距为400 mm,相对孔径为F/4,工作波段为420～850 nm.给出了光学系统图、纵向像差图及调制传递函数图.设计结果表明,采用该方法设计的航空相机物镜在60 lp/mm处各视场传递函数均在0.75以上,满足接收器件有效尺寸为36 mm×48 mm的大面阵CCD成像要求.     

焦斑二阶矩半径与光束近场分布的关系

为分析光束振幅畸变和相位畸变对其焦斑二阶矩半径的影响,以光波标量衍射理论中的夫琅和费衍射公式为基础,根据光斑二阶矩半径的定义,推导了直接依赖于光束近场复振幅分布的焦斑二阶矩半径的一般表达式,并进一步推导了直接依赖于光束近场强度分布和相位分布的焦斑二阶矩半径和焦斑二阶矩角半径的表达式.结果表明:畸变光束的焦斑二阶矩角半径...