Biological permanent magnets

Hyperfine Interactions - Precoated galvanized steel sheets were submitted to Prohesion test (PT) and to outdoor marine exposure test (OT). The corrosion products were different in both cases....     

Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets

Permanent magnet research and technology have been propelled into a new era by the rare earth-iron-boron materials, R₂Fe₁₄B. Energy products surpassing all previous values have been attained in magnets based on Nd₂Fe₁₄B, the prototypical compound. In this review we place Nd-Fe-B in the historical context of permanent magnet evolution, summarize the intrinsic properties of the R₂Fe₁₄B phases, and discuss the properties of practical Nd-Fe-B magnets produced by the two methods in present commercial use.     

Mn-based permanent magnets

Mn-based intermetallic compounds have attracted much attention due to their fascinating structural and physical properties, especially their interesting hard magnetic properties. In this paper, we have summarized the magnetic and structural properties of Mn-based intermetallic compounds(Mn X, where X = Al, Bi, and Ga). Various methods for synthesizing single phases of MnAl, MnBi, and Mnx Ga were developed in our lab. A very high saturation magnetization of 125 emu/g,coercivity of 5 kOe, and maximum energy product(BH)max of 3.1 MG·Oe were achieved at room temperature for the pure τ-Mn–Al magnetic phase without carbon doping and the extrusion process. Low temperature phase(LTP) MnBi with a purity above 95 wt.% can be synthesized. An abnormal temperature coefficient of the coercivity was observed for the LTP MnBi magnet. Its coercivity increased with temperature from 100 K to 540 K, reached a maximum of 2.5 T at about540 K, and then decreased slowly to 1.8 T at 610 K. The positive temperature coefficient of the coercivity is related to the evolution of the structure and magnetocrystalline anisotropy field of the LTP MnBi phase with temperature. The LTP MnBi bonded magnets show maximum energy products(BH)max of 8.9 MG·Oe(70 kJ/m~3) and 5.0 MG·Oe(40 k J/m~3) at room temperature and 400 K, respectively. Ferrimagnetic Mnx Ga phases with L10 structures(x 2.0) and D022 structures(x 2.0) were obtained. All of the above structures can be described by a D0_(22) supercell model in which 2 a-Ga and 2 b-Mn are simultaneously substituted. The tetragonal D0_(22) phases of the Mnx Ga show high coercivities ranging from 7.2 kOe for low Mn content x = 1.8 to 18.2 kOe for high Mn content x = 3 at room temperature. The Mn_(1.2) Ga sample exhibits a room temperature magnetization value of 80 emu/g. The hard magnetic properties of coercivity_iH_c = 3.5 kOe, remanence Mr = 43.6 emu/g, and(BH)max = 2.5 MG·Oe were obtained at room temperature. Based on the above studies, we believe that Mn-based magnetic materials could be promising candidates for rare earth free permanent magnets exhibiting a high Curie temperature, high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and very high coercivity.     

Rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets

This paper reviews the historical background and the development of rare earth-cobalt-based permanent magnets from basic science studies on rare earth-transition metal alloys in the 1960's to today's broad spectrum of commercial magnet types and their applications. It puts the RE-Co magnets in perspective relative to older magnet types and also traces the path to the subsequent development of the related Nd-Fe-B magnets. The treatment is qualitative, with emphasis on the relationship between fundamental properties of the compounds and the interaction between microstructure and magnetic domain walls that makes high coercivity and the exceptional hard magnetic properties of the rare-earth magnets possible. The various kinds of RE-Co magnets in production and use today, some of their engineering properties, and economic aspects governing their applicability, cost and availability are also discussed. Many references provide a guide to the special literature regarding the physics, metallurgy, manufacture, product selection and properties of rare earth-cobalt magnets.     

Intra-cluster exchange-coupled high-performance permanent magnets

Inert gas condensation has been used to produce Fe-rich Fe–Pt clusters imbedded in C or SiO₂. Compositions of the clusters ranged from the single-phase Fe₃Pt phase field to the single-phase FePt phase field, and included compositions in the two-phase Fe₃Pt+FePt phase field. The as-formed clusters formed in the A1 fcc structure for all compositions, and after proper heat treatment transformed to the Fe₃Pt and/or FePt phases, depending on composition. Because the clusters were well isolated, the scale of the phases was limited by the cluster size. This intracluster structuring on such a fine scale ensured that the soft Fe₃Pt and hard FePt phases were fully magnetically exchange-coupled with each other, which allowed greater soft phase fractions comparing with previous work. Energy products of the two-phase clusters with 50% Fe₃Pt exceeded 25 MGOe, compared to 11.8 MGOe for the single-phase FePt clusters. Micromagnetic simulations revealed remarkable similarities with the experimental results with respect to the relationship between both coercivity and energy product as a function of cluster composition.     

Faraday isolator using permanent magnets

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Undulator with permanent ferrimagnetic magnets

Undulator for terahertz FEL is created of ferrite materials. The length of the undulator period is 9 cm and the number of periods is 27. By means of selection and redistribution of magnetic elements it was succeeded to reduce the spread in amplitudes of the magnetic field down to 7%. Additional windings in magnetic elements were used to compensate for the residual spread. The needed focusing gradient of the magnetic field is obtained by means of relative displacement, along the x-axis, of alternating poles with opposite signs of the magnetic field. The undulator parameters, including the properties of focusing in the horizontal plane, are studied.     

Anisotropic permanent magnets with convergent texture

Various types of anisotropic permanent magnets with nonhomogeneous convergent texture of the axes of easy magnetization were prepared and investigated. These magnets make possible to substantially increase the value of external flux density in comparison with conventional homogeneously textured magnets. They can be manufactured from most of the modern hard magnetic materials possessing high coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy.Results obtained on rare-earth based hard magnetic materials are presented. The external flux densities of convergently and homogeneously textured magnets are compared.Dedicated to Dr. Svatopluk Krupika on the occasion of his 65th birthday.Most of the results obtained in the development of permanent magnets with convergent texture are due to the introduction of research programs supported by the Academy of Sciences and coordinated by Dr. S. Krupika.The authors wish to thank Dr. S. Krupika for many fruitful discussions and suggestions.     

FEL undulator with permanent ferromagnetic magnets

A terahertz FEL ferromagnetic undulator has been created. The length of the undulator period is 9 cm with the number of the periods at 27. By means of the selection and redistribution of magnetic elements, the spread of the amplitudes of the magnetic field was reduced to 7%. Additional windings of the magnetic elements were used to compensate for residual spread. The required focusing gradient of the magnetic field was obtained as a result of the relative displacement of alternating poles with an opposite charge of the magnetic field along the x axis. Parameters of undulator, including the focusing properties in the horizontal plane, were investigated.     

Magnetization processes in Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets

The hysteresis loop of Nd₁₅Fe₇₇B₈ can be decomposed in hysteresis loops of two magnetic phases; one with a comparatively low coercivity and the other with a high coercivity. The volume ratio of these phases depends on the temperature and the angle between the external field and pseudo c-axis.     

Magnetic guns with cylindrical permanent magnets

The motion of a cylindrical permanent magnet (projectile) inside a tubular permanent magnet, with both magnets magnetized axially, illustrates nicely the physical principles behind the operation of magnetic guns. The force acting upon the projectile is expressed semi-analytically as derivative of the magnetostatic interaction energy. For comparison, the forces involved are also calculated numerically using finite elements methods. Based on the conservation of the magnetostatic and kinetic energies, the exit and asymptotic velocities are determined. The derived formulas can be used to optimize the generated forces and motion of the inner cylindrical magnet.     

Coercivity mechanisms in nanostructured permanent magnets

Coercivity mechanism in permanent magnets has been debated for many years.In this paper, various models of the coercivity mechanism are classified and re-examined by the comparison and contrast.Coherent rotation and curling models can reveal the underlying reversal mechanism clearly based on isolated grains with elliptic shapes.By contrast, the numerical methods consider inter-grain interactions while simulating the evolution of the spins and hysteresis loops with complicated shapes.However, an exact simulation of magnetic reversal in permanent nanomagnets requires many meshes to mimic the thin domain wall well.Nucleation and pinning are the two main coercivity mechanisms in permanent magnets.The former signifies the beginning of the magnetic reversal, whilst the latter completes it.Recently, it is proposed that the large difference between the intrinsic magnetic properties of the nucleation centers and those of the main phase can result in a large pinning field(self-pinning), which has the attributes of both traditional nucleation and pinning.Such a pinning explains the experimental data of permanent magnets very well, including the enhancement of the coercivity by the grain boundary pinning.     

Theory of site-disordered magnets

In realistic spinglasses, such as , and , magnetic atoms are located at random positions. Their couplings are determined by their relative positions. For such systems a field theory is formulated. In certain limits it reduces to the Hopfield model, the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, and the Viana-Bray model. The model has a percolation transition, while for RKKY couplings the “concentration scaling” occurs. Within the Gaussian approximation the Ginzburg-Landau expansion is considered in the clusterglass phase, that is to say, for not too small concentrations. Near special points, the prefactor of the cubic term, or the one of the replica-symmetry-breaking quartic term, may go through zero. Around such points new spin glass phases are found. Received: 27 April 1998 / Received in final form: 27 July 1998 / Accepted: 13 August 1998     

Investigation of parameters of undulators with permanent magnets

Investigations of a hybrid type undulator for the terahertz FEL with ferrite magnets were carried out. The study began with an undulator simulation in FEMLAB environment and measurements on the created model. The work presents the results of study of the dependence of magnetic field on the height of the magnetic elements and study of the magnetic induction depending on the ratio of the width of magnetic elements to the distance between them. It is shown that the hybrid undulator scheme allows selecting the optimum parameters of the undulator. The obtained results can be used for choosing the optimum parameters of undulators of the terahertz-range FEL.     

Thermal hysteresis of permanent magnets of alnico-type alloys

A study is made of the thermal magnetic hysteresis of permanent magnets of the alloy YuNDK25BA in the residually magnetized state with different operating points after two cycles (+20° to 400° to 20°C) and (+20° to –195° to 20°C). The results are interpreted with the model developed earlier by the present authors for thermalhysteretic magnetization reversal in dispersion-hardened alloys. The results can be useful in evaluating the thermal stability of magnets and systems.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizkia, No. 7, pp. 35–38, July, 1979.     

Microstructures and magnetic properties of Fe---Pt permanent magnets

We have investigated the magnetic properties of Fe---38.5Pt, Fe---39.5Pt and Fe---50.0Pt (at%) alloys after various heat treatment conditions using a vibrating sample magnetometer, and correlated these properties with the microstructures of the alloys by transmission electron microscopy. The Fe---50Pt alloy shows poor magnetic hardness regardless of the heat treatment conditions. The magnetic hardness of the Fe---39.5Pt alloy shows a maximum value after annealing for 10 h at 873 K, while it monotonically decreases after annealing at 1073 K. The alloy with the highest coercivity was composed of a single phase γ₁ with an average domain size of approximately 10 nm. The electron diffraction results indicate that the alloy is frustrated with accumulated stress, induced by a cubic → tetragonal transformation which occurs without twinning. On the other hand, when stress is relieved by twin formation after prolonged aging, the coercivity decreases. By annealing at 1073 K, the well known polytwin structure evolves. However, only poor hard magnetic properties are observed when this polytwin structure appears. Hence, the highest coercivity is attributed to the formation of nanoscale L1₀ ordered antiphase domains which is expected to be a highly anisotropic single domain magnetic particle.     

Magnetic forces between arrays of cylindrical permanent magnets

Permanent magnet arrays are often employed in a broad range of applications: actuators, sensors, drug targeting and delivery systems, fabrication of self-assembled particles, just to name a few. An estimate of the magnetic forces in play between arrays is required to control devices and fabrication procedures. Here, we introduce analytical expressions for calculating the attraction force between two arrays of cylindrical permanent magnets and compare the predictions with experimental data obtained from force measurements with NdFeB magnets. We show that the difference between predicted and measured force values is less than 10%.