Collective Electrostatic Interaction of Particles in a Complex Plasma with Ion Flow

Linearized electrostatic potential of a test charge in a complex (dusty) plasma with ion flow is found. Dust component is treated as a continuous medium. Positions of dust particles are assumed to be fixed (unperturbed by the test charge). Calculations are performed using the static dielectric response function found in the framework of the fluid model. The model includes ion loss and ion creation caused respectively by absorption on dust particles and ionization. Dust charge variations and friction force on ions (ion‐neutral and ion‐dust friction) are also present in the model. The main point of the paper is the potential distribution in the plane containing the test charge and oriented perpendicular to the ion flow. The possibility of the electrostatic attraction of two same sign charges in the plane perpendicular to the ion flow is investigated. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

静电场强化介电流体冷凝换热实验研究

本文以电绝缘性低沸点介电流体R11为实验工质,利用自行设计和制作的电流体力学实验模型,对介电流体进 行静电场强化冷凝换热实验研究。实验结果表明:静电场对模型内介电流体的凝结换热有很好的强化作用,其换热系数主 要与外加电场强度、热通量及电极相对位置等因素有关,这种电场强化凝结换热技术对制冷和热传递工程具有参考价值。     

Laser transmission welding of composites – Part B: Experimental validation of numerical model

In this paper, experimental measurements are performed to confirm the global analytical model (refraction and absorption phenomena) presented in the previous work. Initially, an experimental approach to the estimation of the laser beam spread in a semi-transparent composite and at interface (width of the output beam) subjected to an incident heat flux, was presented. This parameter represents a fundamental input data for the global analytical model (refraction and absorption) during the numerical simulation of transmission infrared welding. Then, an experimental setup for the temperature measurement is performed using infrared camera, during infrared transmission welding of materials joints to validate the welding simulation results (a transient numerical model, based both on conduction and radiation mode heat transfer) with the developed analytical model. The commercial FEM software COMSOL Multiphysics® is used to compute temperature distribution by implementing a radiative source term. Numerical simulations are compared with experimental data. The agreement between simulations and experiments is fair, which gives confidence to use the developed model with acceptable accuracy.     

Electrostatic Potential Anomaly in 2D Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Symmetry breaking induced exotic physical properties is an eternal topic in scientific community. Due to lack of mirror symmetry, 2D Janus transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit many bizarre features; however, the physical mechanisms of most of these intrinsic properties are still unclear. Herein, a generalized and effective approach is developed to disclose the physical mechanism of electrostatic potential anomaly in 2D Janus TMDs, based on fast Fourier transform and Moore–Penrose generalized inverse matrix for separating Hartree potential and ionic potential from electrostatic potential, and conversely, calculating charge density distribution through Hartree potential. Through extensive numerical simulations and theoretical analyses, the electrostatic potential anomaly is expounded successfully, which is a pending issue in 2D Janus TMDs: the electrostatic potential energy at Se atomic layer is larger than that at S and Te atomic layers, which breaks the periodic law. Such an anomaly could be attributed to the competition between Hartree potential energy and ionic potential energy that emerges as a result of asymmetric charge transfer, atomic layer distance, and atomic species. This approach possesses universality, and is proved to be a robust method in dealing with the issues related to electrostatic potential.     

Transfert de chaleur par rayonnement dans un four d'incinération industriel: application de la méthode des zones

In the context of resource conservation, incineration of domestic wastes is a technique allowing an interesting potential in energy valorization. However, because of the variability (annual, monthly) in quality and quantity of raw material, one of the characteristics of waste incineration cogeneration power plants is their frequent partial or excess loading. In order to describe their behaviour at these non-nominal loads, there is a need for simulation tools which predict with accuracy the behaviour of the principal components of the plant at these loads. This paper presents an original approach for predicting the heat transfer in a waste incinerator. In particular, the model developed is applied to and validated with measurements from a waste incinerator located at the Cottendart waste incineration cogeneration power plant in Switzerland. The part of the incinerator studied is characterized by high gas temperatures (1 000-500 °C) for which radiative heat transfer represents the most important part of the global heat exchange. A three-dimensional model using nodal analysis is proposed. The radiative heat exchange is treated using the zone method. With a fine enough mesh, the behaviour of the system in regions far from the nominal point can be predicted with very high accuracy. This paper describes the model and the simulation results.     

Numerical simulation of the electrostatic powder coating process with a corona spray gun

In this paper results of investigations are described aiming to numerically simulate the electrostatic powder coating process using an extended commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The fully three-dimensional turbulent flow was calculated. Based on the Lagrangian approach the trajectories of the powder particles were modelled considering electric and aerodynamic forces. In the calculations of the particle propagation both the particle size distribution and the particle charge distribution obtained through experiments have been applied. The model accounts for the space charge effect of the charged particles and the turbulence dispersion on the particle trajectories. It was found that the space charge plays an important role for the final spray pattern shape, also increasing the transfer efficiency. The numerical results, such as velocity profiles, static and dynamic film thickness on the target were in good agreement with experiment.     

Effective charge of a macroparticle in a non‐isothermal plasma within the Poisson–Boltzmann model

The electrostatic potential distribution around a charged, spherical, finite‐size macroparticle in a non‐isothermal plasma‐like medium is studied numerically within the Poisson–Boltzmann model. It is assumed that plasma consists of electrons and one species of singly charged ions. The effective charge of a macroparticle is calculated and its dependence on the electron to ion temperature ratio as well as on the particle radius and bare charge is considered. Numerical results for the effective charge in an isothermal plasma are compared with known analytical expressions.     

Determination of Interior Surface Temperature Using Luminance Measurement of Thermochromic Liquid Crystals

This paper presents a new method to measure interior surface temperature distributions. An image-resolved luminance measurement camera is used to capture light transmitted through thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC). These crystals change their optical properties with temperature. The experiments clearly show a unique relationship between temperature and the luminance value of the TLC. A calibration function is detected to transform the measured luminance distribution into corresponding temperatures. The developed method is applied to a model of an automotive headlamp. The data are compared with results obtained by using standard techniques such as infrared camera and thermocouple measurement. By that, a reasonable accuracy of the developed method of about ± 0.7°C can be determined. Knowing the temperature on both inner and outer surfaces, the heat transfer can be evaluated.     

轴对称静电场的束流光学模拟与设计

为了对高压倍加器和静电加速器等低能加速器中一些具有特殊结构的轴对称静电元件进行模拟和设计,采用传输矩阵法编写了直流束的束流光学计算程序,并利用该程序对高频离子源预聚焦系统和移动式加速器中子源的束流光学系统进行了模拟和设计。程序将整个轴对称静电场区域看作厚透镜,并均分成若干个小区间,先利用其他电磁场软件计算区域内的轴上电势分布,然后根据该电势分布计算每个小区间内的束流传输情况得到束流的包络曲线。该程序可以用于计算非线性效应可忽略的复杂轴对称静电场中强流和弱流束的传输,且所需计算时间很短。     

不可逆四热源吸收式热变换器的最优性能

在恒温内可逆四热源吸收式热变换器循环模型的基础上,建立了线性(牛顿)传热定律下考虑泵热空间向环境的热漏、工质的内部牦散以及工质与外部热源间的热阻损失的不可逆四热源吸收式热变换器循环模型。导出了在总换热面积一定的条件下,循环泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、最大泵热率和相应的泵热系数、最大泵热系数和相应的泵热率以及最佳工质工怍温度和最佳换热面积分配关系。     

Closed-form expressions of the electrostatic potential close to a grid placed between two plates

The potential distribution between a grid and two plates is an electrostatic problem already solved for various applications such as MultiWire detectors used in Nuclear Physics, or electrostatic precipitators in Engineering. Since references and notations for this analytical solution are ancient and rather bewildering, the first part of this paper presents a revisit and a discussion of the formulations that assume a line charge on the wire. This is completed by establishing a ready-to use closed-form expression valid for the general configuration where the plates are not grounded. The second part is about the investigation of the line model accuracy close to the wires, using both analytical and numerical approaches. In the symmetric case where the grid is placed at equal distances between two grounded plates, it is shown that the error can be modelled using a quadrupole charge. For the asymmetric case, a larger discrepancy of the line model is brought to light, with an error featuring a dipole-like distribution. In order to cope with this small but not negligible error, a classical dipole model is implemented, leading to an accurate theoretical expression of the potential.     

二维平板通道中流动与传热的格子-Boltzmann模拟

格子-Boltzmann数值模拟方法(LBM),在最近十几年来得到迅速发展。本文发展了LBM的流动与传热模型,并对二维平板通道中的流动与传热进行了模拟,采用密度分布函数得到速度场,用单独的内能分布函数得到温度场,并与传统FVM方法所得到的多个特征量结果进行了比较,模拟结果与FVM解均吻合很好。鉴于LBM边界条件处理简单和易于实施等特点,该方法可望成为求解流动与传热的一种有效数值模拟手段。     

New technique to measure particle size using electrostatic sensor

A new technique is proposed to measure the particle mean size using an electrostatic sensor in frequency domain. This paper starts with a finite-element modeling simulator to model the induced electric charge of a ring electrode and to find the electrode sensitivity. The mathematical modeling was used to extract particle size information from the simulated signal in frequency domain. The method is applied in an experimental test where a low-noise signal conditioning was designed with a ring electrode as the electrostatic sensor. The method can be used to establish a cost effective size measurement system using electrostatic sensor.     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER AND R-11 ON HORIZONTALLY SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES ENCLOSED BY A CONCENTRIC OUTER TUBE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL SLOTS

An experimental investigation was carried out on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and R-11 on the outside of a horizontal heated tube in narrow spaces. Two kinds of heat transfer surfaces (roll-worked and smooth surfaces) were tested. The test section consisted of a narrow annular space formed by enclosing the heated tube in an isolated concentric outer tube with two horizontal slats on the top and bottom. The nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results indicated that a single roll-worked tube in bulk liquid showed better boiling heat transfer than a single smooth tube. In the narrow spaces, the boiling heat transfer coefficients for the smooth tube were considerably enhanced when the gap size was so selected as to take an optimum value. There was no clear optimum gap size for heat transfer enhancement for the roll-worked tube in the narrow spaces. Enhancement of boiling heat transfer in the narrow spaces for the roll-worked tube was not clearly observed in this experiment. Finally, the critical heat flux (CHF) for boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces can be predicted by using a proposed CHF correlation.     

水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热系数

本文在均质表面的单个球缺形液滴换热模型和液滴通用尺度分布规律的基础上,结合梯度表面能材料表面的液滴分布和凝结换热特性,得到了一维水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热计算式。在此基础上,研究了壁面过冷度、接触角梯度、工质物性等参数对梯度表面能材料表面滴状凝结换热性能的影响。结果表明:随着过冷度的增加和凝结工质汽化潜热的增大和表面张力的减小和接触角梯度的增大,平均表面凝结换热系数会增大。     

On Solving Three-Dimensional Electrostatic Field Distribution by Multigrid Method

A highly efficient numerical algorithm using the multigrid method (MGM) is introduced to solve a three-dimensional (3-D)field distribution. Taking advantage of the restriction and prolongation in MGM computation, a more accurate field distribution can be acquired rapidly. According to the MGM algorithm, a 3-D program is accomplished, which can solve the field distributions in electron optical systems for various electrostatic lenses. The 3-D field distribution in an electrostatic concentric spherical model is tested with the MGM algorithm and with an algorithm based on the finite difference method (FDM). Comparing these two results in terms of computational efficiency and computational accuracy, it appears that MGM is superior to FDM, which is now used the most in field computations. This paper shows that the 3-D field computation using MGM greatly improves the computational efficiency of field distributions in electron optical systems and shortens the computational time.     

Statistical second-order two-scale analysis and computation for heat conduction problem with radiation boundary condition in porous materials

This paper discusses a statistical second-order two-scale(SSOTS) analysis and computation for a heat conduction problem with a radiation boundary condition in random porous materials.Firstly,the microscopic configuration for the structure with random distribution is briefly characterized.Secondly,the SSOTS formulae for computing the heat transfer problem are derived successively by means of the construction way for each cell.Then,the statistical prediction algorithm based on the proposed two-scale model is described in detail.Finally,some numerical experiments are proposed,which show that the SSOTS method developed in this paper is effective for predicting the heat transfer performance of porous materials and demonstrating its significant applications in actual engineering computation.     

A posteriori error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement for a multiscale operator decomposition approach to fluid–solid heat transfer

We analyze a multiscale operator decomposition finite element method for a conjugate heat transfer problem consisting of a fluid and a solid coupled through a common boundary. We derive accurate a posteriori error estimates that account for all sources of error, and in particular the transfer of error between fluid and solid domains. We use these estimates to guide adaptive mesh refinement. In addition, we provide compelling numerical evidence that the order of convergence of the operator decomposition method is limited by the accuracy of the transferred gradient information, and adapt a so-called boundary flux recovery method developed for elliptic problems in order to regain the optimal order of accuracy in an efficient manner. In an appendix, we provide an argument that explains the numerical results provided sufficient smoothness is assumed.     

The effect of perfusion on the temperature distribution during thermotherapy: Study on perfused porcine kidneys

The effect of perfusion on the temperature distribution during radio-frequency hyperthermia and laser-induced thermotherapy was investigated with the perfused porcine kidney model. The phase shift-based proton resonance frequency shift method was used to map the temperature distribution. In experiments with modulated perfusion rates it was demonstrated that perfusion dissipates a significant amount of the absorbed energy and, therefore, the resulting heat distribution is strongly dependent on the perfusion rate. The measured time course of the temperature distribution was used to estimate the thermal conductivity, local perfusivity and heat absorption rate of the tissue. These parameters were in a good agreement with literature data. This approach can also be extended to measure heat absorption and heat transfer parameters in vivo, which can significantly improve the accuracy of thermotherapy session planning.     

基于AFM的固液界面表面电荷密度测量方法

固液界面的表面电荷会影响微纳流体系统的流体阻力,因此如何测量固液界面的表面电荷密度以及分析表面电荷的产生机理对于研究表面电荷对流体阻力的影响具有较大的意义。提出了一种基于接触式AFM的固液界面表面电荷密度测量方法。基于该方法测量了浸在去离子水和0.01 mol/L的NaCl溶液中的高硼硅玻璃和二氧化硅样本的表面电荷密度,并研究了溶液pH值对表面电荷的影响。研究结果表明高硼硅玻璃和二氧化硅由于表面硅烷基的电离带负电。溶液pH值和离子浓度的增加都会增加浸在去离子水和0.01 mol/L的NaCl溶液中高硼硅玻璃和二氧化硅的表面电荷密度的绝对值。