共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Burnworth M Rowan SJ Weder C 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2007,13(28):7828-7836
Along with biological and nuclear threats, chemical warfare agents are some of the most feared weapons of mass destruction. Compared to nuclear weapons they are relatively easy to access and deploy, which makes them in some aspects a greater threat to national and global security. A particularly hazardous class of chemical warfare agents are the nerve agents. Their rapid and severe effects on human health originate in their ability to block the function of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is vital to the central nervous system. This article outlines recent activities regarding the development of molecular sensors that can visualize the presence of nerve agents (and related pesticides) through changes of their fluorescence properties. Three different sensing principles are discussed: enzyme-based sensors, chemically reactive sensors, and supramolecular sensors. Typical examples are presented for each class and different fluorescent sensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents are summarized and compared. 相似文献
3.
Fluorescent molecular probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents and their mimics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Owing to their direct toxic effects on human beings, animals, and plants, chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their mimics
have become widespread in chemical warfare and agriculture. The considerable concerns about their entry into biological systems
and the residues in environment stimulate the development of rapid and sensitive methods for the detection and analysis of
this family of compounds. In the progress of sensitive, selective, and fast responsive detection, fluorescent molecular probes
have been widely used in the detection of CWAs in recent years. Here the recent reports on the design of fluorescent molecular
probes and their advantages in the detection of CWAs were reviewed. Furthermore, the extensive interests accelerate the development
of novel fluorescent molecular probes and detection techniques in this field. 相似文献
4.
5.
Craig M. Whitaker Eleanor E. Derouin Morgan B. O'Connor Claire K. Whitaker Jacob A. Whitaker Jordan J. Snyder 《高分子科学杂志,A辑:纯化学与应用化学》2017,54(1):40-46
A novel “turn-off” fluorescence, smart hydrogel sensor for detection of a nerve agent simulant has been developed and tested. The smart hydrogel chemosensor has demonstrated an extremely fast and select fluorescence quenching detection response to the Sarin simulant diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in the aqueous and vapor phases. The fluorogenic sensor utilizes 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin embedded in an polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix as the fluorescent sensing material. The rapid fluorescence quenching of the smart hydrogel films could easily be observed with the naked eye using a hand-held UV light at λ = 365 nm which demonstrates their practical application in real-time on-site monitoring. 相似文献
6.
Neurotoxic organophosphates (OP) have found widespread use in the environment for insect control. In addition, there is the increasing threat of use of OP based chemical warfare agents in both ground based warfare and terrorist attacks. Together, these trends necessitate the development of simple and specific methods for discriminative detection of ultra low quantities of OP neurotoxins. In our previous investigations a new biosensor for the direct detection of organophosphorus neurotoxins was pioneered. In this system, the enzymatic hydrolysis of OP neurotoxins by organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) generated two protons in each hydrolytic turnover through reactions in which P-X bonds are cleaved. The sensitivity of this biosensor was limited due to the potentiometric method of detection. Recently, it was reported that a change in fluorescence properties of a fluorophore in the vicinity of gold nanoparticles might be used for detection of nanomolar concentrations of DNA oligonucleotides. The detection strategy was based on the fact that an enhancement or quenching of fluorescence intensity is a function of the distances between the gold nanoparticle and fluorophore. While these reports have demonstrated the use of nanoparticle-based sensors for the detection of target DNA, we observed that the specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions could be exploited in similar systems. To test the feasibility of this approach, OPH-gold nanoparticle conjugates were prepared, then incubated with a fluorescent enzyme inhibitor or decoy. The fluorescence intensity of the decoy was sensitive to the proximity of the gold nanoparticle, and thus could be used to indicate that the decoy was bound to the OPH. Then different paraoxon concentrations were introduced to the OPH-nanoparticle-conjugate-decoy mixtures, and normalized ratio of fluorescence intensities were measured. The greatest sensitivity to paraoxon was obtained when decoys and OPH-gold nanoparticle conjugates were present at near equimolar levels. The change in fluorescence intensity was correlated with concentration of paraoxon presented in the solution. 相似文献
7.
D. Matatagui J. Martí M.J. Fernández J.L. Fontecha J. Gutiérrez I. Gràcia C. Cané M.C. Horrillo 《Procedia Chemistry》2009,1(1):232-235
Chemical warfare agent simulants detection is of great interest for security reasons. An electronic nose based on Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) sensors has been developed and sensor polymer coatings have been optimized. These allowed us to detect very low concentrations of certain simulants. A good classification was achieved. 相似文献
8.
Claire Hartmann‐Thompson Douglas L. Keeley Joseph R. Rousseau Petar R. Dvornic 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2009,47(19):5101-5115
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers of generations zero (G0) to four (G4), and a hyperbranched polyurea (HB‐PU), were functionalized with 1,5‐dansyl (1,5‐D), 2,5‐dansyl (2,5‐D), 2,6‐dansyl (2,6‐D) and nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) fluorophores that change their fluorescence emission wavelength in response to chemical environment, and the resulting dendritic polymers were characterized by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorophore‐functionalized dendritic polymers were then reacted further with 3‐acryloxypropyldimethoxymethylsilane (AOP‐DMOMS) at various fluorophore to DMOMS substitution ratios. The resulting materials were cast onto glass slides, and cured into robust nanostructured coatings. Coatings with 50% fluorophore–50% DMOMS substitution showed the strongest fluorescence and the best physical properties. Coated coupons were tested against a wide range of analytes including the chemical warfare agent simulants dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and chloroethylethylsulfide (CEES), and the water‐methanol‐ethanol series. It was found that the ability of the coatings to distinguish between analytes decreased with increasing cross‐link density for both dendrimer and hyperbranched polymer‐based coatings. It was also found that the percent fluorophore substitution and the type of dendritic polymer carrying the fluorophore had no significant effect upon fluorescence emission wavelength, but fluorescence emission wavelength became less dependent upon solvent with increasing dendrimer generation and molecular mass. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5101–5115, 2009 相似文献
9.
Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The usefulness and applications of the particular types of chromatography in the analysis of chemical warfare agents have been reviewed. A major problem in the chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents is the collection and preparation of the samples. The importance of this problem differs for the various types of chromatography. Significant differences occur in the way in which samples are collected from air, water, soil, vegetables or animal organisms. The analyses are characterized by the main groups of chemical warfare agents, e.g., organophosphorus, vesicants, irritants, etc. Account has been taken of the relationships between their properties and the possibilities of their chromatographic analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of particular types of chromatography in the analysis of the particular groups and individual agents have been considered. The detectability of particular chemical warfare agents has been assessed, together with the separating efficiency for their mixtures. Examples of applications of chromatographic systems and conditions of chromatographing are summarized in tables. It is concluded that chromatography is a very useful tool in the analysis of chemical warfare agents; GC and TLC have the most advantageous properties, HPLC being slightly inferior. 相似文献
10.
Wendy Carrick Linda Fernee D. Francis 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2005,79(1):101-106
The heat characteristics of sulfur mustard (H), Lewisite (L), LI, LII, LIII, yellow agent (1:1 mass/mass H and L) and H heels were investigated by thermogravimetric - differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The object of this study was to provide details of the effectiveness of elevated temperature on the decomposition of these agents in both an active atmosphere (air) and an inert atmosphere (nitrogen). TG-DTA measured object mass change and heat radiation/absorption corresponding to regulated temperature changes of the test materials. All agents, with the exception of one of the H heels, exhibited an endotherm suggesting evaporation of the agents rather than oxidation. 相似文献
11.
The qualitative and quantitative FT-IR analyses of dilute aqueous solutions of GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), and VX were evaluated using the CIRCLE CELLTM. Infrared spectra were recorded using a Nicolet 60SX FT-IR spectrometer fitted with a liquid nitrogencooled MCTA detector. The CIRCLE CELLTM used a high pressure micro-flow-through sampling accessory fitted with a ZnSe internal reflection element. Peak heights were evaluated with the Nicolet SUPER QUANT program after spectral subtraction of the solvent. TheP=0 stretching absorption band, centered around 1240 cm–1 for theG-type agents and 1180 cm–1 for VX, produced good quantification. At a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml for theG-type agents and 1.0 mg/ml for VX, quantitative analysis produced coefficients of variation of 3% or less. The detection limit was observed to be around 0.1 mg/ml.This work was performed at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense and funded by the US Army Medical Research and Development Command under the provisions of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-648).The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense 相似文献
12.
S. S. Aleksenko 《Journal of Analytical Chemistry》2012,67(2):82-97
This review summarizes the results of high-performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS) in the identification of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products, obtained in the last 13 years passed since
the ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons
and on Their Destruction (the Convention). The conditions of the separation and detection of compounds in a variety of ionization
techniques (electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) and analyzers (time-of-flight (TOF), tandem
mass spectrometry, triple quadrupole, ion trap) are considered. The detection limits of the degradation products are given;
the possibility of identifying compounds and the methods of sample preparation using contemporary methods of preconcentration
(solvent microextraction) and separation (use of various adsorbents, molecularly-imprinted polymers) are described. The features
of the HPLC-MS analysis of environmental samples (water, soil) and biological fluids (urine, blood serum) are discussed. The
review is focused on the determination of the degradation products and derivatives of nerve agents, that is, alkylphosphonic
acids. 相似文献
13.
Fluorescent detection of chemical warfare agents: functional group specific ratiometric chemosensors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Indicators providing highly sensitive and functional group specific fluorescent response to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a nerve gas (G-agent) simulant) are reported. Nonemissive indicator 2 reacts with DFP to give a cyclized compound 2+A- that shows a high emission due to its highly planar and rigid structure. Very weak emission was observed by the addition of HCl. Another indicator based on pyridyl naphthalene exhibits a large shift in its emission spectrum after reaction with DFP, which provides for quantitative ratiometric detection. 相似文献
14.
Today, the determination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is an important area of application in analytical chemistry. Chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and mass spectrometric techniques are primarily used for the identification and quantification of a broad field of classical CWAs in environmental samples and neutralization masses, obtained after destruction of CWAs. This overview is illustrative for the state of the art and mainly focuses on the literature published since 1996. 相似文献
15.
Kidera M Seto Y Takahashi K Enomoto S Kishi S Makita M Nagamatsu T Tanaka T Toda M 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2011,78(3):1215-1219
We developed a detection technology for vapor forms of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) with an element analysis system using an electron cyclotron resonance ion source. After the vapor sample was introduced directly into the ion source, the molecular material was decomposed into elements using electron cyclotron resonance plasma and ionized. The following CWAs and stimulants were examined: diisopropyl fluorophosphonate (DFP), 2-chloroethylethylsulfide (2CEES), cyanogen chloride (CNCl), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The type of chemical warfare agents, specifically, whether it was a nerve agent, blister agent, blood agent, or choking agent, could be determined by measuring the quantities of the monatomic ions or CN(+) using mass spectrometry. It was possible to detect gaseous CWAs that could not be detected by a conventional mass spectrometer. The distribution of electron temperature in the plasma could be closely controlled by adjusting the input power of the microwaves used to generate the electron cyclotron resonance plasma, and the target compounds could be detected as molecular ions or fragment ions, enabling identification of the target agents. 相似文献
16.
We report a chemiresistor that has been fabricated via simple spin-casting technique from stable CNT dispersion in hexafluoroisopropanol functionalized polythiophene. The sensor has shown high sensitivity and selectivity for a nerve reagent stimulant DMMP. A series of sensing studies, including field effect investigation, electrode passivation, and fluorescent measurement, indicate a combinative mechanism of charge transfer, introduction of scattering sites, and a configurational change of the polymer. 相似文献
17.
Smith BM 《Chemical Society reviews》2008,37(3):470-478
This tutorial review--which should particularly appeal to chemists, biochemists, and molecular biologists interested in catalysis, redox processes, and enzymology--summarizes the recent progress toward developing catalysts capable of destroying one or more of the classical chemical warfare agents under ambient conditions. Specifically, we explore the reactions of sulfur mustard, the G-series of organophosphorus nerve agents including sarin and soman, and the organophosphorus nerve agent, VX. Catalysts range from metal-centered oxidation catalysts to engineered catalytic antibodies. 相似文献
18.
A glow assay technology for the detection of a chemical warfare simulant is presented, which is based on modulating the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence pathway by way of utilising an oximate super nucleophile that gives an "off-on" glow response. 相似文献
19.
Royo S Martínez-Máñez R Sancenón F Costero AM Parra M Gil S 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2007,(46):4839-4847
The ease of production, the extreme toxicity of organophosphorus-containing nerve agents, and their facile use in terrorism attacks underscores the need to develop accurate systems to detect these chemicals. Among different technologies we review here recent advances in the design of chromo-fluorogenic methods for the specific detection of nerve agents. Optical sensing (especially colorimetric detection) requires usually low-cost and widely used instrumentation and offers the possibility of so-called "naked eye detection". Recent reported examples suggest that the application of chromo-fluorogenic supramolecular concepts for the chromogenic or fluorogenic sensing of nerve agents might be an area of increasing interest that would allow developing systems able to overcome some of the limitations shown by classical analytical methods. 相似文献