雪的偏振高光谱反射影响因素分析

针对雪监测的需要和全球变化对雪的影响,在传统对雪研究的基础上,从多角度偏振反射入手,对光线的入射天顶角、探测天顶角、探测方位角、偏振角、雪密度、雪中污染情况、雪下覆背景等影响因素进行了分析。发现这些因素对雪的反射光谱曲线均有影响,而且某些因素对偏振高光谱反射的影响较垂直观测更显著。这些影响因素中雪污染情况对雪的反射光谱曲线有明显的改变,其他因素对雪的反射光谱曲线形状变化影响不大,主要是影响雪的反射比值。雪的偏振反射信息的研究具有重要理论意义,也有广泛的应用前景,同时也为利用遥感技术对雪的定量研究提供新的思路和方法。     

光谱法锌离子检测系统的研究

采取标准锌显色剂与锌发生显色反应，生成不溶于水的絮状络合物。用光谱仪测它的吸光度，研究其特征谱与吸光度的特点，建立其浓度与特征波长吸光度间的数学模型。本文所采用的显色剂主要与锌、铜、镉、镍四种离子发生络合反应。因此分别探索了四种离子高浓度以及低浓度时显色反应的吸光度，最终通过得到锌离子浓度与吸光度的关系式以及锌离子浓度与四波长下四种离子混合溶液显色后的吸光度的关系式，给出了锌离子的吸光度与总吸光度的关系式。显色反应能否满足分光光度法的要求，主要与显色剂的性质有关，同时显色反应的条件也至关重要。因为在显色反应过程中，主要是锌离子与锌显色剂发生络合反应形成络离子，进而形成絮状络合物。络离子一般比较稳定，但在水溶液中也存在着电离平衡，也就是说当显色条件发生变化时，既有可能形成络离子，也有可能发生络离子的分解，从而影响络合反应的程度。显色条件包括显色剂用量、pH值、反应温度、显色时间、待测溶液的盐度以及浊度等。重点研究待测溶液的盐度对锌离子浓度测量值的影响，并通过实验给出影响规律以及校正模型。     

ICP-AES测定铜电解液中的Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn和As

利用ICP-AES分析技术,通过对样品处理、元素分析谱线、酸度等因素进行试验研究,综合确定了分析条件,对铜电解液中杂质元素（Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn、As）进行了ICP-AES测定。结果表明,ICP-AES测定铜电解液中Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn和As,可以满足铜电解生产的需要,为高纯阴极铜的生产起了指导作用。     

基于高光谱技术的酸奶中常见致病菌的快速鉴别及计数

酸奶是一种发酵型乳制品饮料,因其特殊的功能性和良好的口感而广受欢迎。但由于商业链的不正当运行,如奶源非法获取、灭菌不充分等原因,导致酸奶中致病菌大量滋生,酸奶中毒事件频繁发生。酸奶中常见的致病菌主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,这三种致病菌由人体摄入并达到一定的数量时会产生腹痛、腹泻等严重的消化道疾病,并且会破坏人体肠道内的正常菌群平衡,因此国标对奶制品中这三种致病菌的数量已有明确的限量规定。由于酸奶的主要消费对象为老人和小孩,故其潜在危害不容小觑。传统菌落检测方法虽具有简单,灵敏、可操作性强等优点,但当不同菌落混杂在一起时无法同时进行定性定量的检测,且具有试剂成本高,检测周期长,人为因素影响较大等缺点。因此开发一种快速、简单、准确的混合鉴定计数方法为避免致病菌对酸奶的潜在危害提供了有效的途径。高光谱技术同时包含样本的光谱信息与图像信息,既能够根据化学组分的微小变化进行精确识别（光谱信息）,又能够反映出菌株在外部多层次的变化（图像信息）。因此该研究尝试对比高光谱图像技术和光谱技术,采用模式识别的方法,对比不同的模型识别结果,优选出最佳识别率的识别模型作为计数模型,最后通过最佳鉴别计数模型的识别分类结果来达到对酸奶中常见致病菌鉴定计数的目的。首先,购买酸奶中常见的乳酸菌种（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌）和潜在污染的致病菌种（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）等标准菌株进行培养,提取经过48 h培养后的菌落图像信息和光谱信息。采用几种不同的预处理方式（SNV,MC,MSC,1stDER,2ndDER）对所提取的光谱数据进行预处理,并应用遗传算法筛除光谱数据中冗余的波段,保留有效波段。利用图像处理技术对图像信息中的菌株与培养基背景进行去除,然后采用主成分分析法从每幅图中优选出3个特征波长,并运用图像处理技术从特征波长所对应图像中提取菌株的18个基于GLCM的纹理特征信息。挑选合适的主成分分别建立不同的鉴别模型（LDA,KNN,BP-ANN,LS-SVM）,通过其最终的鉴别模型的识别率来确定最佳鉴别计数模型。最后从标准菌株中分别挑选出30株进行计数测试,通过比较模式识别的分类数量结果与菌株的实际数量来验证模式识别效果的准确率。研究表明,运用SNV预处理后光谱数据在提高信噪比效果上明显优于其他几种预处理方式。745.790 8,773.098 4和779.207 0 nm为图像信息中方差贡献率最大的三个波长,运用从特征波长所对应的图像中所提取的纹理特征信息建立图像识别模型。通过对比图像信息和光谱信息的模式识别结果发现,光谱特征鉴别模型普遍优于图像纹理特征鉴别模型,且当主成分数为9时,运用光谱特征所建立的LS-SVM模型的校正集识别率为96.25%,预测集的识别率为91.88%,为最优模型。采用优选的最优模型对菌株进行识别计数,大肠杆菌计数的相对误差为3.33%,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌计数的相对误差均为0,验证了高光谱技术应用于酸奶中常见致病菌的鉴别计数的可行性。     

影响单摆振动周期的参数研究

应用振动分析的方法,研究了单摆的周期受摆角、摆球的线度、地球纬度、摆球离地面的高度、介质黏度和介质密度参数的影响;作出了周期比随参数变化的曲线.结果表明:单摆的周期随摆角、摆球的线度、摆球离地面的高度、介质黏度和介质密度的增大而增大,随地球纬度的增大而减小.     

Hardware and software for the automating atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, and saturn

We describe a modified GELIOS System intended to automate the atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, SATURN, and Perkin-Elmer 503. Software is prepared in the visual environment of programming DELFI-3 and functions under the control of Windows 95. A distinguishing feature of the GELIOS System is simultaneous search for the peak and area of the absorption signal, correction of the errors of measurements, automatic digital filtration of data, control of the time of operation of hollow-cathode lamps, measurement of spectra and the statistical resource of the service life of hollow-cathode lamps, use of different methods to construct a calibrating graph, the possibility of memorizing the data of the analysis in an archived file, and a formation of the report for printing. The system contains an electrovic data directory on atomicabsorption analysis in five volumes for 67 elements of the Mendeleev system. To whom correspondence should be addressed. “University” Science and Production Center, 4, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220050, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 734–737, September–October, 1999.     

Dynamics of a waveguide pulsed-periodic CO2 laser with loss modulation

The nonlinear dynamics of a waveguide CO₂ laser with combined periodic loss and pumping modulation is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The possibilities of controlling time and energy parameters of the output radiation using the corresponding selection of the detuning of the cavity's longitudinal mode from the center of the amplification line, the amplitude, and the frequency of loss modulation are demonstrated. The observed asymmetric dependence of the lasing-radiation density on the detuning of the cavity frequency is explained by the attendant modulation of the refractive index of the loss modulator. To whom correspondence should be addressed. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 471–478, July–August, 1999.     

Silicon Porosification: State of the Art

This review is devoted to the analysis of the problems related to fabrication of the Si porous layers. The review was motivated by a great interest to Si-based porous materials from nano- to macro-scale for various applications in electronics, optoelectronics, photonics, chemical sensors, biosensors, etc. The peculiarities of the silicon porosification and the principles of preparing porous layers are considered in the present article. Various methods used for Si porosification such as chemical stain etching, chemical vapor etching, laser-induced etching, metal-assisted etching, spark processing and reactive ion (plasma) etching were analyzed. However, the main attention was focused on electrochemical porosification of Si. The review discusses in detail the influence of parameters such as electrolyte composition and pH, current density, etching time, temperature, wafer doping and orientation, lighting, magnetic field, and ultrasonic agitation on the process of Si porosification. It was shown that the structure of porous silicon strongly depends on both technological parameters of electrochemical etching and the parameters of the semiconductor subject to treatment. This review also addresses the main properties of porous silicon, porous multilayer and 3D structure formation, oxidation of porous Si, release of the porous layer, drying, storage, etching, filling and surface functionalizing of porous Si. Features of III-V compound porosification are also briefly analyzed.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Ice internal friction: Standard theoretical perspectives on friction codified,adapted for the unusual rheology of ice,and unified

Sea ice contains flaws including frictional contacts. We aim to describe quantitatively the mechanics of those contacts, providing local physics for geophysical models. With a focus on the internal friction of ice, we review standard micro-mechanical models of friction. The solid's deformation under normal load may be ductile or elastic. The shear failure of the contact may be by ductile flow, brittle fracture, or melting and hydrodynamic lubrication. Combinations of these give a total of six rheological models. When the material under study is ice, several of the rheological parameters in the standard models are not constant, but depend on the temperature of the bulk, on the normal stress under which samples are pressed together, or on the sliding velocity and acceleration. This has the effect of making the shear stress required for sliding dependent on sliding velocity, acceleration, and temperature. In some cases, it also perturbs the exponent in the normal-stress dependence of that shear stress away from the value that applies to most materials.

We unify the models by a principle of maximum displacement for normal deformation, and of minimum stress for shear failure, reducing the controversy over the mechanism of internal friction in ice to the choice of values of four parameters in a single model. The four parameters represent, for a typical asperity contact, the sliding distance required to expel melt-water, the sliding distance required to break contact, the normal strain in the asperity, and the thickness of any ductile shear zone.     

XRF,PXRD和FTIR的广藿香主要组分测定与表征

中药的质量控制和评价在现代化医学发展中起着至关重要的作用。为了客观和高精度的鉴别中药材特性,实现对中药材质量稳定性的控制,利用XRF,PXRD和FTIR对广藿香的主要组分及微结构进行测定,建立了基于XRF,PXRD和FTIR鉴别中药材主要组分及产地特征的新方法。实验结果表明,广藿香中含有K,Ca,Cl,Si和P等多种元素,独有的元素特征谱是广藿香形成药效好的道地药材的部分物质基础。广藿香含有大量的晶态物质及少量非晶态物质,且Ca在其中以CaC_2O_4·H_2O状态存在,被检样品中该晶体物质含量的多少与相关锐峰的强弱成正比。对FTIR谱峰进行了归属与分析,提供了醇类、黄酮及草酸钙等物质的化学组分信息。该法联用XRF,PXRD和FTIR技术从元素、原子和分子微观层面客观地表征了广藿香主要组分及微结构的相关信息,避免了单独使用某种方法的片面性,能避免因复杂的前处理导致样品固有组分的改变,具有快速、简洁、再现性好及易于接受等优点,为广藿香及其他中药材的质量控制和品质评价提供一种新方法。     

液体透镜的诞生和发展

本文介绍当今世界最先进的透镜成像系统——液体变焦透镜的诞生和发展.首先是哥伦比亚大学的反射式旋转液体透镜,可用作天文望远镜;透射式液体透镜从加州大学圣地亚哥分校的压力透镜,到Lucent公司的纯电力控制的液体—空气界面的透镜,再到Philips公司的方便操作的封闭式液—液界面透镜,最后到法国VariOptic公司的能自动调节光轴的改进型透镜,其中着重介绍了VariOptic的液体透镜.     

Fluorescence of free complex molecules

A number of phenomena that determine the nature of the fluorescence of free complex molecules and the possibility of its analytical application are considered. Attention is specially paid to the specific features of the energetics of radiationless transitions, the role of statistical factors in the formation of spectral properties and the interrelationship among the luminescence-spectrum characteristics of rarefied vapors of complicated molecules, and the processes of energy transfer in collisions. The properties of polarized fluorescence of hot and jet-cooled vapors, the processes of relaxation of anisotropy in time and during collision reorientation, and transfer of anisotropy in photodisintegration are analyzed. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 620–634, September–October, 1998.     

Remarks on q-space MR propagator in partially restricted,axially-symmetric,and isotropic environments

The problem of reconstruction of an apparent propagator from a series of diffusion-attenuated magnetic resonance (MR) signals is revisited. In nonimaging acquisitions, the inverse Fourier transform of the MR signal attenuation is consistent with the notion of an ensemble average propagator. However, in image acquisitions where one is interested in quantifying a displacement distribution in every voxel of the image, the propagator derived in the traditional way may lead to a counter-intuitive profile when it is nonsymmetric, which could be a problem in partially restricted environments. By exploiting the reciprocity of the diffusion propagator, an alternative is introduced, which implies a forward Fourier transform of the MR signal attenuations yielding a propagator reflected around the origin. Two simple problems were considered as examples. In the case of diffusion in the proximity of a restricting barrier, the reflected propagator yields a more meaningful result, whereas in the case of curving fibers, the original propagator is more intuitive. In the final section of the article, two more one-dimensional transformations are introduced, which enable the reconstruction of two- and three-dimensional propagators in, respectively, axially symmetric and isotropic environments — in both cases, from one-dimensional q-space MR data.     

Influence of nonplanar distortions of the tetrapyrrole macroring on the electronic states of porphyrin dications

Quantum-chemical calculations of the excited electronic states of a porphyrin dication have been performed by the CNDO/S method for different angles determining the saddle-like and ruffled distortions of the porphyrin macroring. It is shown that saddle-like distortions arising as a result of a tilt of the pyrrole rings have a significant influence on the energies of the molecular orbitals and energies of the excited electronic states of porphyrin molecules, especially on the oscillator strength of the G→Q transition. The results of the calculations performed are in good agreement with the experimental spectra of porphyrin dications. To whom correspondence should be addressed. Reported at the VIIIth International Conference on Spectroscopy of Porphyrins and Their Analogs, Minsk, September 22–26, 1998. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 559–562, July–August, 1999.     

谱学分析在造山带硅质岩中的应用及其地质意义

南秦岭造山带旬阳盆地吕河地区发育有泥盆系硅质岩剖面,该剖面中的硅质岩以谱学特征为基础的微区特征清晰的记录了硅质岩的形成及后期演变信息。以南秦岭造山带旬阳盆地吕河硅质岩样品为对象,借助XRF、拉曼光谱、红外光谱和X射线粉晶衍射分析结果表明：该硅质岩内矿物主要为低温石英并包含极少量的碳酸盐矿物。XRD分析结果进一步证实该碳酸盐矿物为白云石。在吕河硅质岩内,SiO₂结构463 cm-1附近拉曼特征峰经高斯拟合后的峰面积和FWHM值证实发生了低温石英的重结晶作用,该过程中伴随了流体作用引发的有序度变化和石英颗粒的自身有序度变化。在重结晶过程中,石英颗粒的自身重结晶伴随了有序度随时间推移而逐渐增高。流体作用对硅质岩的改造表现为硅质岩内碳酸盐脉体的穿插,该过程还导致低温石英有序度提升,其中越靠近矿物边缘处的SiO₂结构有序度越高。造山带演化过程对硅质岩进行的改造主要体现在两个方面：一方面,构造应力破坏了岩石的连续性并为后期热液流体的运移穿插提供了空间;另一方面,后期流体作用的参与促进了石英颗粒重结晶的进程。红外光谱可以系统的识别硅质岩内矿物的结构类型,拉曼光谱分析可以揭示原位（in situ）微组构特征,XRD在硅质岩内微量杂质矿物的识别优势明显,这些谱学手段为研究硅质岩的成岩演化提供了重要示范。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定黑木耳中铅、镉、砷、铜、锌和铬

建立了微波消解法前处理,电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)快速测定黑木耳中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As等重金属元素的方法.该法采用内标法校正监测和校正信号的短期和长期漂移,提高仪器的稳定性,改善测定的精密度,校正一般样品的基体影响,建立了测定208pb、114Cd、75As的干扰方程以消除同质异位素重叠和多原子粒子的干扰.该方法能准确测定大米粉标准物质(GBW 10010)和茶叶标准物质(GBW 10016)中Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn、Cu、As的含量,黑木耳样品的加标回收率为94.0％-107.3％,RSD为2.5％-5.2％.     

保护的氨基葡萄糖苷结构测定中的核磁共振光谱研究

以D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、三氯乙晴、三氯乙氧甲酰氯和三甲基硅三氟甲基磺酸酯(TMSOTF)为主要原料,合成了保护的氨基葡萄糖5,8,9,12,13和两种保护的2脱氧2氨基葡二糖10和11,它们均为新化合物。用1HNMR和13CNMR谱等进行了表征。所列核磁共振氢谱数据表明保护的氨基葡萄糖、保护的氨基葡二糖中的NH上质子化学位移(δ)显著地移向低场至507～526。9,10,11,12,13化合物中的J1,2值在72～88Hz,均为β糖苷;而J1,2值在300和496Hz,为α糖苷(5和6)。H2的化学位移一般处在较高场,δ在310～430。所列13C谱数据表明C1的化学位移处于最低场,C2处于较高场,相应的氢有类似情况。一般C1的δ>100(如化合物91019)为β苷;而δ<100(如化合物5δ=9520,化合物6δ=9721)为α糖苷。讨论了糖环上其他H和C的化学位移特征。用DEPT(DistortionlessEnhancementbyPolarizationTransfer)法配合13CNMR谱方便而清楚地鉴别了化合物6中碳原子的级数。     

Between Autonomy and Accommodation:The German Physical Society during the Third Reich

I first sketch the history of the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft,DPG) from its founding by six young Berlin scientists as the Physical Society of Berlin (Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin) in 1845, through its renaming as the DPG in 1899 and its rise to prominence by the beginning of the 1930s. I then turn to the history of the DPG during the Third Reich, which can be divided into two periods, from the transfer of power in Germany to the Nazis in 1933 to 1940, and from 1941 to 1945. During the first period, Johannes Stark (1874–1957), one of the leaders of the “German Physics” (Deutsche Physik) movement, attempted to gain election as the Chairman of the DPG in September 1933 but was repulsed. A period of relative autonomy of the DPG from Nazi ideology and policies ensued, which gradually was transformed into one of accommodation, until at the end of the 1938, Peter Debye (1884–1966), then Chairman of the DPG, bowed to governmental demands and Nazi activists in the DPG, introduced Nazi principles, and strongly advised the Jewish members of the DPG to withdraw from it. Debye left Germany in early 1940, and after a transitional period in which Jonathan Zenneck (1871–1959) served as Acting Chairman, Carl Ramsauer (1879–1955) was elected Chairman of the DPG in December 1940, thus opening the second period, the Ramsauer era, which lasted from 1941 until the end of the war in 1945. Ramsauer oversaw the self-coordination (Selbstgleichschaltung) of the DPG to the Nazi regime, and as an industrial physicist he led the DPG to establish ever more alliances with powerful figures in the military-industrial complex of Nazi Germany, which worked to the advantage both of Ramsauer and the DPG and to that of the Nazi regime during the course of the war. Finally, as the military defeat of Germany loomed, Ramsauer took steps aimed at insuring the survival of German physics in the postwar period. After the war, he masked the wartime activities of himself and the DPG, thereby contributing to the postwar conspiracy of silence or minimization of the Nazi past in Germany. Dieter Hoffmann is a research scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science and a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin.     

FTIR及SEM诊断铁铝锰氧化物参与微生物利用木质素形成矿物-菌体残留物的结构特征

铁铝锰氧化物催化木质素形成腐殖质具有重要作用。为阐明微生物-木质素-铁铝锰氧化物三者间的关系,揭示矿物-菌体残留物的结构特征,采用液体摇瓶培养法,以木质素为碳源,通过添加针铁矿、三羟铝石及δ-MnO₂粉末,在接种复合菌剂后启动110 d液体培养,期间动态收集矿物-菌体残留物,利用FTIR及SEM技术对其特性进行研究。结果表明：针铁矿呈松针状结构,参与微生物利用木质素形成矿物-菌体残留物后表面附着了条状的暗色物质,表观结构不规则,但晶体结构并未改变。菌体中多糖类物质与针铁矿游离羟基的阴离子发生交换作用,芳香碳结构比例增加,菌体在针铁矿表面堆积掩蔽了Fe-OH键以及(001)面的γ-OH键,Fe-OH发生质子化使Fe-O键振动频率增强;三羟铝石表面结构疏松、呈绒球状物质,参与形成矿物-菌体残留物后,缩聚作用明显、疏松程度降低、表面微孔结构减少。氢键作用使矿物-菌体残留物的铝羟基振动频率下降,即与≡Al-OH相结合的O-H键极性减弱;木质素引入使芳香碳结构比例增加,随着培养进行,其含量先下降,而后再历经缩合;δ-MnO₂表面颗粒粗糙,以絮状或颗粒状团聚,参与形成矿物-菌体残留物后,颗粒团聚趋势明显、堆积更加紧密、表面结构更加光滑。60 d培养期间,δ-MnO₂结晶度受到菌体堆积以及氢键作用使O-H键的极性减弱,而后层间水分子-OH含量增加对其产生了叠加效应,使3 404~3 435 cm-1处吸收峰强度增加。菌体中多糖类物质的羟基通过氢键、化学力与δ-MnO₂表面发生缔合,所形成的矿物-菌体残留物芳香碳结构比例增加,但Mn-O基团受到掩蔽;δ-MnO₂的参与能够使矿物-菌体残留物产生更大数量的芳香碳结构,为腐殖质形成提供更多的稳定性碳,其次是针铁矿,而三羟铝石则在培养30~60 d更有利于木质素的微生物降解。