Libera数字束流位置处理器在工作点测量中的应用

 数字信号处理技术在现代束流诊断中有成熟的应用，特别是在束流位置检测器信号分析和工作点测量时有优越的性能。在合肥光源工作点测量中,采用高斯白噪声激励起束流横向振荡，再利用Libera数字束流位置处理器采集激励后的束流位置信号，并进行幅度解调得到束流横向振荡频率，再利用Matlab进行快速傅里叶分析处理，得到工作点的小数部分，从而实现工作点测量。在合肥光源上进行实验，测量得到其水平工作点是3.535 2，垂直工作点是2.629 9。     

The effect of head position on glottic closure in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis

The present study was designed to assess the effect of head position on glottic closure as reflected in airflow rates (open quotient and maximum flow declination rate), in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Ten patients, 2 males and 8 females ranging in age from 40 to 75, with a mean age of 57.3, served as subjects. Airflow measures were taken during sustained phonation of two vowels (/i/ and /a/) in 3 head positions (center, right, left). Vowels /i/ and /a/ were produced at subject's comfortable pitch and loudness, with random ordering of both vowel order and head orientation. Subjects were trained to focus eye gaze on right and left markers (70-degree angle) and a central marker at eye level directly in front of the subject. Theoretically, if turning the head during phonation alters the laryngeal anatomic relationship by bringing the vocal folds in closer proximity to one another, then airflow rate should lessen. Our results indicate that head position does not improve glottic closure in these patients, which is in contrast to previously published research.(1) Our results question the utility and underlying theoretical construct for the use of head turning as a therapeutic technique for improvement of voice in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis.     

Determining the imaging plane of a retinal capillary layer in adaptive optical imaging

Even in the early stage,endocrine metabolism disease may lead to micro aneurysms in retinal capillaries whose diameters are less than 10 μm.However,the fundus cameras used in clinic diagnosis can only obtain images of vessels larger than 20 μm in diameter.The human retina is a thin and multiple layer tissue,and the layer of capillaries less than10 μm in diameter only exists in the inner nuclear layer.The layer thickness of capillaries less than 10 μm in diameter is about 40 μm and the distance range to rodcone cell surface is tens of micrometers,which varies from person to person.Therefore,determining reasonable capillary layer(CL) position in different human eyes is very difficult.In this paper,we propose a method to determine the position of retinal CL based on the rodcone cell layer.The public positions of CL are recognized with 15 subjects from 40 to 59 years old,and the imaging planes of CL are calculated by the effective focal length of the human eye.High resolution retinal capillary imaging results obtained from 17 subjects with a liquid crystal adaptive optics system(LCAOS) validate our method.All of the subjects' CLs have public positions from 127 μm to 147 μm from the rodcone cell layer,which is influenced by the depth of focus.     

Dynamics and nonlinearities of the BOLD response at very short stimulus durations

In designing a functional imaging experiment or analyzing data, it is typically assumed that task duration and hemodynamic response are linearly related to each other. However, numerous human and animal studies have previously reported a deviation from linearity for short stimulus durations (<4 s). Here, we investigated nonlinearities of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signals following visual stimulation of 5 to 1000 ms duration at two different luminance levels in human subjects. It was found that (a) a BOLD response to stimulus durations as short as 5 ms can be reliably detected; this stimulus duration is shorter than employed in any previous study investigating BOLD signal time courses; (b) the responses are more nonlinear than in any other previous study: the BOLD response to 1000 ms stimulation is only twice as large as the BOLD response to 5 ms stimulation although 200 times more photons were projected onto the retina; (c) the degree of nonlinearity depends on stimulus intensity; that is, nonlinearities have to be characterized not only by stimulus duration but also by stimulus features like luminance. These findings are especially of most practical importance in rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experimental designs. In addition, an 'initial dip' response--thought to be generated by a rapid increase in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) relative to cerebral blood flow--was observed and shown to colocalize well with the positive BOLD response. Highly intense stimulation, better tolerated by human subjects for short stimulus durations, causes early CMRO2 increase, and thus, the experimental design utilized in this study is better for detecting the initial dip than standard fMRI designs. These results and those from other groups suggest that short stimulation combined with appropriate experimental designs allows neuronal events and interactions to be examined by BOLD signal analysis, despite its slow evolution.     

混沌背景中微弱信号检测的神经网络方法

基于复杂非线性系统相空间重构理论，提出了混沌背景中微弱信号检测的神经网络方法，利用神经网络强大的学习和非线性处理能力，建立了混沌背景噪声的一步预测模型，从预测误差中检测淹没在混沌背景噪声中的微弱目标信号(包括周期信号和瞬态信号)，研究了混沌背景中存在白噪声时该方法的检测能力，指出了目标信号为瞬态信号和周期信号时检测原理的异同点，最后以Lorenz系统作为混沌背景噪声进行了仿真实验，实验表明该方法能有效地将混沌背景中极其微弱的信号检测出来. 关键词： 混沌 神经网络 信号检测     

Nonlinear responses of cerebral blood volume, blood flow and blood oxygenation signals during visual stimulation

Hemodynamic-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques provide a great utility for noninvasive functional brain mapping. However, because the hemodynamic signals reflect underlying neural activity indirectly, characterization of these signals following brain activation is essential for experimental design and data interpretation. In this report, the linear (or nonlinear) responses to neuronal activation of three hemodynamic parameters based primarily on changes of cerebral blood volume, blood flow and blood oxygenation were investigated by testing these hemodynamic responses' additivity property. Using a recently developed fMRI technique that acquires vascular space occupancy (VASO), arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals simultaneously, the additivity property of the three hemodynamic responses in human visual cortex was assessed using various visual stimulus durations. Experiments on healthy volunteers showed that all three hemodynamic-weighted signals responded nonlinearly to stimulus durations less than 4 s, with the degree of nonlinearity becoming more severe as the stimulus duration decreased. Vascular space occupancy and ASL perfusion signals showed similar nonlinearity properties, whereas the BOLD signal was the most nonlinear. These data suggest that caution should be taken in the interpretation of hemodynamic-based signals in fMRI.     

Contrast Adaptation Effects under Interocular Suppression for Normal and Strabismic Observers

Our vision system receives two different images from our two eyes. Since these two images usually have high correlation they are fused into a single stable image. In binocular rivalry suppression a stimulus presented in one eye is suppressed and a different stimulus in the other eye is perceived for a certain time interval. For strabismic observers the suppression is continuous between different retinal images caused by misalignment of eye positions. Previous research investigated the effects of this binocular rivalry suppression on a number of visual processes. The present study looked at the effects of contrast adaptation for the adaptation stimulus presented to eyes under interocular suppression. We compared normal and strabismic observers and found that in both types, regardless of the existence of suppression, there was the effect of contrast adaptation. These findings provide evidence that the suppression occurs at a site in the visual system after the locus of contrast adaptation. The contrast adaptation strength differed in the two types of observers.     

Distortion of Visual Space During Pursuit Eye Movements

We measured perceived positions of flash stimuli arranged two-dimensionally in the peripheral visual field during pursuit eye movement to examine the influence of displacement of the eye position on localization in the peripheral visual field. The horizontal mislocalization of the flash stimulus during the horizontal pursuit eye movement was found toward the pursuit direction. The magnitude of this mislocalization was asymmetrical around the central visual field, and the asymmetry depended on the pursuit direction. As the eye position changed, the magnitude of the horizontal mislocalization gradually decreased. It was also observed that the vertical mislocalization of the flash stimulus was constant regardless of the eye position displacement. These results show that the visual space during the horizontal pursuit eye movement is expanded horizontally and then gradually returns to the normal state. It is suggested that the visual space is dynamically distorted during the pursuit eye movement.     

Effect of Space Recognition on the Apparent Lightness of Gray Patches Demonstrated on Printed Patterns

The retinal image of the outside world is two dimensional and the brain automatically transfers the 2D image to 3D space in order that a human can recognize the world correctly. A printed black and white picture of a grating or a cube was presented to subjects through a viewing box to exclude other objects than the pattern so that the brain was provided with only the information about the pattern and recognized a 3D space for the pattern efficiently. Once a space recognition was achieved there was constructed a recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) which controlled the apparent lightness of gray patches drawn in the picture. In the grating experiment the apparent lightness of a gray stimulus drawn as if it were located on this side of the white stripes, was shown to become lower than that of a gray reference stimulus drawn behind the white stripes with black background when both stimuli had the same lightness. Similarly, in the cube experiment the apparent lightness of a gray stimulus drawn way behind the white cube was shown to become lower than that of a gray reference stimulus drawn over black stripes that lay on the cube. The amount of these space recognition effects on apparent lightness was about 0.5 in Munsell Value when measured by brightness matching between the test and the reference stimulus.     

多击响应的三层阳极丝位置灵敏探测器及其信号重整

最新发展起来的三层延迟线阳极, 即Hexanode与标准的螺旋状延迟线(HDL)阳极相比, 对多击事件有较好的响应能力. 它与一对微通道板组合在一起构成的位置灵敏探测器能够响应同时或短时间间隔内到达探测器的多个粒子, 并给出粒子的全部动量信息. 针对Hexanode在响应多个同时或短时间间隔内到达的粒子时出现的信号丢失问题, 自行编写了一个信号重整程序. 经过此程序的处理后, 多击响应位置灵敏探测器的死时间只存在于两个粒子同时到达探测器的同一位置时(在一定时间及位置范围内). 在最近完成的使用Hexanode探测器的近阈值e+He→3e+He⁺⁺中, 获得了很好的结果.     

Transient and sustained BOLD responses to sustained visual stimulation

Examining the transients of the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal using functional magnetic resonance imaging is a tool to probe basic brain physiology. In addition to the so-called initial dip and poststimulus undershoot of the BOLD signal, occasionally, overshoot at the beginning and at the end of stimulation and stimulus onset and offset ('phasic') responses are observed. Hemifield visual stimulation was used in human subjects to study the latter transients. As expected, sustained ('tonic') stimulus-correlated contralateral activation in the visual cortex and LGN was observed. Interestingly, bilateral phasic responses were observed, which only partly overlapped with the tonic network and which would have been missed using a standard analysis. A biomechanical model of the BOLD signal ('balloon model') indicated that, in addition to phasic neuronal activity, vascular uncoupling can also give rise to phasic BOLD signals. Thus, additional physiological information (i.e., cerebral blood flow) and examination of spatial distribution of the activity might help to assess the BOLD signal transients correctly. In the current study, although vascular uncoupled responses cannot be ruled out as an explanation of the observed phasic BOLD network, the spatial distribution argues that sustained hemifield visual stimulation evokes both bilateral phasic and contralateral sustained neuronal responses. As a consequence, in rapid event-related experimental designs, both the phasic and tonic networks cannot be separated, possibly confounding the interpretation of BOLD signal data. Furthermore, a combination of phasic and tonic responses in the same region of interest might also mimic a BOLD response typically observed in adaptation experiments.     

Quantification of vestibular-induced eye movements in zebrafish larvae

Background  

Vestibular reflexes coordinate movements or sensory input with changes in body or head position. Vestibular-evoked responses that involve the extraocular muscles include the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), a compensatory eye movement to stabilize retinal images. Although an angular VOR attributable to semicircular canal stimulation was reported to be absent in free-swimming zebrafish larvae, recent studies reveal that vestibular-induced eye movements can be evoked in zebrafish larvae by both static tilts and dynamic rotations that tilt the head with respect to gravity.     

漫反射接触测量中压力不敏感径向检测位置存在性研究

近红外无创漫反射检测中光纤探头与被测组织之间接触压力变化会导致测量准确性和稳定性较差。以压力不敏感径向检测位置采集漫反射光信号,以此削弱接触压力带来的测量误差,并在Monte Carlo模拟与在体实验中验证了压力不敏感位置的存在性。首先,结合人体皮肤结构模型和力学特性,建立了接触压力与皮肤组织参数之间的定量关系,并利用Monte Carlo模拟仿真分析了不同接触压力下1 000～1 320 nm波段内,不同径向检测距离处漫反射光强的变化;其次,搭建了基于超辐射发光二极管光源的多环光纤束检测系统,在体测量了三位志愿者在不同压力下的漫反射光信号。最后,评价了人体压力不敏感径向检测位置与其他位置处接收的光信号稳定性。模拟结果表明,在距入射径向距离1.3～1.5 mm范围内,接收到的漫反射光强近似不受压力变化影响,即存在压力不敏感径向检测位置。在体实验表明,在1 050,1 219和1 314 nm波长下均存在压力不敏感径向检测位置,位于距入射点0.78～1.0 mm范围内,初步验证了压力不敏感径向检测位置在人体的存在性,与其他径向位置相比,在压力不敏感径向检测位置处测得光强信号信噪比更高。因此,基于压力不敏感径向检测位置的测量方法可以有效降低接触压力变化对接收光谱的影响,有望提高近红外无创漫反射检测的精度。     

用于眼轴长度测量的弱光信号检测系统设计

在眼内入射光安全的前提下,由于眼轴长度测量时角膜表面与视网膜色素上皮层2个反射面的反射率相差较大,反射的光信号强度属于微弱信号范畴。为了能够去除噪声,快速提取该信号的峰值用于眼轴长度起止点计算,采用PIN光电二极管接收微弱光信号并配合I-V转换电路、自动增益控制电路及后级处理电路搭建了一套弱光信号检测系统。实验采用ZIESS模拟眼进行测试,结果表明设计的检测系统最小能探测到0.77 nW左右的微弱光信号,最大光电转换能力可达4.5×108 V/W,信噪比达到9 dB以上,测得眼轴长度结果与实际值最大存在0.05%的误差。系统具有低噪声、高增益、大动态范围等优点,为实现眼轴长度精准测量提供了一种有效方案。     

Temporal integration and compression near absolute threshold in normal and impaired ears

The decrease in absolute threshold with increasing stimulus duration (often referred to as "temporal integration") is greater for listeners with normal hearing than for listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. It has been suggested that the difference is related to reduced basilar-membrane (BM) compression in the impaired group. The present experiment tested this hypothesis by comparing temporal integration and BM compression in normal and impaired ears at low levels. Absolute thresholds were measured for 4, 24, and 44 ms pure-tone signals, with frequencies (f(s)) of 2 and 4 kHz. The difference between the absolute thresholds for the 4 and 24 ms signals was used as a measure of temporal integration. Compression near threshold was estimated by measuring the level of a 100 ms off-frequency (0.45f(s)) pure-tone forward masker required to mask a 44 ms pure-tone signal presented at sensation levels of 5 and 10 dB. There was a significant negative correlation between amount of temporal integration and absolute threshold. However, there was no correlation between absolute threshold and compression at low levels; both normal and impaired ears showed a nearly linear response. The results suggest that the differences in integration between normal and impaired ears cannot be explained by differences in BM compression.     

Rate dependence of human visual cortical response due to brief stimulation: an event-related fMRI study

The human brain response to a wide range of visual stimulus rates presented over a prolonged time period has been investigated by various neuroimaging techniques. However, to date, no imaging study has been performed to study the dynamic human brain response to various stimulus rates when presented in a short time. This report describes activation in the human brain due to brief visual stimulus presentation (1 s) for stimulus rates varying from 1 to 20 Hz using event-related functional MRI (fMRI). Our results show that the amplitude of the fMRI response increases with the stimulus frequency and plateaus at 6 Hz. This finding differs slightly from the results of previous blocked task paradigm experiments (with a longer time of stimulus presentation), in which the response peaks at approximately 8 Hz and then decreases. Our results are in close agreement with previously published psychophysical studies, suggesting that the fMRI signal in this experiment is indicative of cortical activity related to visual processing.     

An integrated head immobilization system and high-performance RF coil for fMRI of visual paradigms at 1.5 T.

A flexible quadrature radiofrequency coil that maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio over the field of view of the human brain has been integrated into a head immobilization and visor system for fMRI at 1.5 T. Head motion is reduced by the visor that incorporates a head clamp and a simple visual sighting system that provides feedback on head position. This system is demonstrated in serial images by correction of deliberate head motions. The sensitivity at the cortical surface of fMRI using blood oxygenation level dependent contrast is increased significantly above that of the commercial rigid volume RF coil under the same acquisition conditions. This improved performance is demonstrated using visual activation and eye movement paradigms.     

Minimum audible movement angle in the horizontal plane as a function of stimulus frequency and bandwidth, source azimuth, and velocity.

Minimum audible movement angles (MAMAs) were measured in the horizontal plane for four normal-hearing adult subjects in a darkened anechoic chamber. On each trial, a single stimulus was presented, and the subject had to say whether it came from a stationary loudspeaker or from a loudspeaker that was moving at a constant angular velocity around him. Thresholds were established by adaptively varying stimulus duration. In experiment 1, MAMAs were measured as a function of center frequency (500-5000 Hz), velocity (10 degrees-180 degrees/s), and direction of motion (left versus right). There was no effect of direction of motion. MAMAs increased with velocity, from an average of 8.8 degrees of arc for a target moving at 10 degrees/s to an average of 20.2 degrees of arc for a target moving at 180 degrees/s. MAMAs were higher for a 3000-Hz tone than for tones of lower or higher frequencies, as has been previously reported [D. R. Perrott and J. Tucker, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1522-1527 (1988)]. In experiment 2, minimum audible angles (MAAs) were measured with sequentially presented stationary tone pulses (500-5000 Hz), and were shown to exhibit the same dependence on signal frequency that the MAMAs showed (average MAA at 3000 Hz: 8.4 degrees; average MAA at the other frequencies: 3.4 degrees). In experiment 3, MAMAs and MAAs were measured as a function of stimulus bandwidth (centered at 3000 Hz) and listening azimuth (0 degrees vs 60 degrees). Average MAAs decreased monotonically as stimulus bandwidth increased from 0 Hz to wideband (from 8.4 degrees to 1.2 degrees at 0 degrees azimuth; from 11.3 degrees to 1.5 degrees at 60 degrees azimuth). As in experiment 1, MAMAs increased with stimulus velocity, from values comparable to the MAAs for the slowest-velocity (10 degrees/s) targets to 70 degrees of arc or more in the poorest condition (third-octave band of noise presented at a velocity of 180 degrees/s and an azimuth of 60 degrees). MAMAs obtained in the slower-velocity conditions depended in the same way on stimulus bandwidth and listening azimuth that MAAs depended on these variables. In no case was the MAMA ever smaller than the MAA. It is hypothesized that a minimum integration time is required to achieve optimal performance in a dynamic spatial resolution task. Average estimates of this minimum time based on the current data vary from 336 ms (for targets presented at midline) to 1116 ms (for narrow-band targets presented at 60 degrees azimuth).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Temporal and spatial MRI responses to subsecond visual activation

The temporal and spatial characteristics of oxygenation-sensitive MRI responses to very brief visual stimuli (five Hz reversing black and white checkerboard pattern versus darkness) were investigated (nine subjects) by means of serial single-shot gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (2.0 T, TR = 400 ms, mean TE = 54 ms, flip angle 30°). The use of a 0.2-s stimulus and a 90-s control phase resulted in an initial latency phase (about 2 s, no signal change), a positive MRI response (2.5% signal increase peaking at 5 s after stimulus onset), and a post-stimulus undershoot (1% signal decrease peaking at 15 s after stimulus onset) lasting for about 50–60 s. The finding that a subsecond visual stimulus elicits both a strong positive MRI response and a long-lasting undershoot provides further evidence for the neuronal origin of slow signal fluctuations seen in the absence of functional challenge and their utility for mapping functional connectivity. The additional observation that a reduction of the inter-stimulus control phase from 90 s to 9.8 s does not seem to affect the spatial extent of cortical activation in pertinent maps is of major relevance for the design and analysis of “event-related” MRI studies.     

光电探测器阵列光敏元宽度对谱线峰值位置影响的研究

本文针对采用光电阵列探测器进行信号采集的光谱分析系统,分析了探测器阵列光敏元宽度对光谱峰值定位的影响.指出由于光敏元具有一定宽度,导致非对称型光谱峰值的亚象元定位误差,并提出用反卷积消除这种误差.