含锌尖晶石型ZnM_2O_4(M=Cr,Al,Fe)催化剂上二氯甲烷高效催化燃烧

采用溶胶凝胶法制备出一系列的含锌尖晶石型ZnM_2O_4(M=Cr,Al,Fe)催化剂并测试其对二氯甲烷催化燃烧性能,并对催化剂进行了XRD,H_2-TPR,NH_3-TPD和XPS等表征.制备出的催化剂都具有较高的反应活性,其中ZnCr_2O_4尖晶石活性最佳,其T50为277℃.表征结果表明,催化剂的性能受到表面酸性和氧化还原性的协同作用.ZnCr_2O_4尖晶石催化剂具有较小的中等酸强度的表面酸性和最佳的低温还原性能,因此反应性能最佳.     

Characterization and reactivity of copper oxide catalysts supported on TiO2-ZrO2

A series of copper catalysts supported on TiO2-ZrO2 with copper loading varying from 1.0 to 21.6 wt % were prepared by a wet impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurements. Copper dispersion and metal area were determined by N2O decomposition by the passivation method. XRD results suggest that the copper oxide is present in a highly dispersed amorphous state at copper loadings <16.8 wt % in the sample and as a crystalline CuO phase at higher Cu loadings. Copper dispersion increases with Cu loading up to 5.1 wt % and levels off at higher loadings. The XPS peak intensity ratios of Cu 2p(3/2)/Ti 2p(3/2) and Cu 2p(3/2)/Zr 3d(5/2) were compared with the copper dispersion calculated from N2O decomposition. ESR results suggest the presence of two types of copper species on the TiO2-ZrO2 support. TPR profiles reveal the presence of highly dispersed copper oxide at lower temperatures and bulk CuO at higher temperatures. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the vapor-phase dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and related to the dispersion of Cu on TiO2-ZrO2.     

Characterization and catalytic functionalities of copper oxide catalysts supported on zirconia

A series of zirconia supported copper oxide catalysts with varying copper loadings (1.2-19.1 wt %) were prepared by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2. Copper dispersion and metal area were determined by N2O decomposition method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the presence of crystalline CuO phase beyond 2.7 wt % of Cu on zirconia. UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra suggest the presence of two types of copper species on the ZrO2 support. XPS peaks intensity ratio of Cu 2p3/2 and Zr 3d5/2 was compared with Cu dispersion calculated from N2O decomposition. TPR patterns reveal the presence of highly dispersed copper oxide at lower temperatures and bulk CuO at higher temperatures. The basicity of the catalysts was found to increase with Cu loading, and the activity of the catalysts was also found to increase with the increase in Cu loading up to 2.7 wt % Cu loading. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and were related to surface properties of the copper species supported on zirconia.     

Mn_xCo_(3-x)O_4复合氧化物及改性催化剂催化分解N_2O

用共沉淀法制备了一组不同组成的MnxCo3-xO4尖晶石型复合氧化物,表面负载碱金属助剂制备改性催化剂,用于催化分解N2O.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术表征催化剂结构.考察了复合氧化物组成、碱金属助剂类型、钾前驱物等制备参数对催化剂结构和催化活性的影响.结果表明:添加助剂K、Cs降低了催化剂表面Co、Mn元素的电子结合能,弱化了Co—O和Mn—O键,有利于氧物种的脱除,提高了催化剂活性.优化出了活性较高的催化剂K/Mn0.4Co2.6O4(K2CO3),有氧无水、有氧有水气氛400℃连续反应50 h,N2O转化率分别保持100%和74.2%,催化剂稳定性较高.     

Room-temperature synthesis and crystal,magnetic, and electronic structure of the first silver copper oxide

Ag(2)Cu(2)O(3) is the first known silver copper oxide. It was prepared by coprecipitation at room temperature and ambient pressure and shows an increased thermal stability compared with silver oxides. The crystal structure (tetragonal, a = 5.8862(2) A, c = 10.6892(4) A, Z = 4, I4(1)/amd) was refined from neutron and X-ray powder diffraction data, and it is related to that of the mineral paramelaconite (Cu(4)O(3)). In addition to a thorough characterization (chemical and TG analyses, XPS, crystal structure, and electrochemical, magnetic, and transport properties), we have carried out band structure calculations [extended Hückel tight binding (EHTB) and spin polarized density functional (DFT) band calculations] for the title silver copper oxide and for the related paramelaconite structure (Cu(II)-Cu(I) mixed-valence system) with special incidence into the magnetic behavior and coupling constants in these magnetically novel 3-D compounds. This new oxide represents an important precedent in solid state inorganic chemistry but also has potential interest concerning its magnetic, electrochemical, and catalytic properties.     

Single-crystalline ZnGa2O4 spinel phosphor via a single-source inorganic precursor route

The synthesis of single-crystalline ZnGa 2O 4 spinel phosphor with intense ultraviolet-emitting properties through a novel single-source inorganic precursor route is reported. This synthetic approach involves the calcination of a Zn-Ga layered double hydroxide precursor followed by selective leaching of the self-generated zinc oxide. Material characterization has been presented by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, UV-vis, and photoluminescence measurements. The results indicate that a single-crystalline ZnGa 2O 4 spinel with an average particle size of around 150 nm has been obtained at a lower calcination temperature and shorter calcination time compared with that with the high-temperature solid-state reaction method, based on the fact that the large amount of highly dispersed ZnO particles generated during the high-temperature calcination of the single-source inorganic precursor has a remarkable segregation and inhibition effect on the growth of ZnGa 2O 4 spinel. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that that Ga (3+) ions locate not only on the octahedral sites but also on the tetrahedral sites in the matrix of the ZnGa 2O 4 spinel structure, and the Ga-O coordination environment has a great influence on the photoluminescence of ZnGa 2O 4 phosphors.     

铜钴尖晶石复合氧化物催化剂的组成对二甲苯完全氧化反应催化性能的影响

具有特定结构的复合氧化物,如ABO3,A2BO4及AB2O4等对某些反应比单一氧化物具有更好的催化性能[1,2]. 然而,有关尖晶石型复合氧化物AB2O4对有机物燃烧反应催化性能的研究相对较少,且常用的模型反应大都是一氧化碳或甲烷的催化氧化反应[3]. 超微粒子由于具有大的比表面积和高的表面能等特性,在催化领域已日益引起人们的重视[4]. 低温固相合成是近十几年发展起来的一种新的超细粒子制备方法[5]; 它具有不使用溶剂,无废液排放,工艺过程简单,能耗低等优点,属于对环境友好的“绿色化学”. 目前,此法在合成多组分复合氧化物及催化化学中的应用仍不多见. 本文以含有结晶水的醋酸铜和醋酸钴为原料,采用低温固相合成法制备了单组分氧化铜和氧化钴,以及三种不同铜钴比的铜钴尖晶石型复合氧化物,并以二甲苯氧化为模型反应,采用XRD,BET及程序升温还原(TPR)等手段进行了研究.     

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of phenol over Co3O4/BiVO4 composite under visible light irradiation

Co3O4/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst with a p-n heterojunction semiconductor structure has been synthesized by the impregnation method. The physical and photophysical properties of the composite photocatalyst have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transimission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra. Co is present as p-type Co3O4 and disperses on the surface of n-type BiVO4 to constitute a heterojunction composite. The photocatalyst exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under visible light irradiation. The highest efficiency is observed when calcined at 300 degrees C with 0.8 wt % cobalt content. On the basis of the calculated energy band positions and PL spectra, the mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity has been discussed.     

1200 ℃合成Mn3O4-Fe2O3体系的物相关系、结构和阳离子分布

在空气气氛中1200℃温度下合成了Mn3O4-Fe2O3体系的各类样品,并将其快速淬火到室温.X射线粉末衍射(XRD)分析表明这样得到的该体系样品存在三个固溶体Mn3-3xFe3xO4(0.00≤x≤0.278),Mn3-3xFe3xO4(0.291≤x≤0.667)和Mn2-2xFe2xO3(0.89≤x≤1.00).X射线粉末衍射数据的结构精修显示它们分别具有I41/amd空间群的黑锰矿结构、Fd3m空间群的尖晶石结构和R3c空间群的赤铁矿结构.各固溶体之间都存在两相共存的区域.57Fe穆斯堡尔谱数据显示Fe在各个物相中都是Fe3+,在黑锰矿和尖晶石中存在两种结晶学环境不同的Fe3+,而在赤铁矿中只存在一种Fe3+.结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的数据,可以认为黑锰矿和尖晶石中的阳离子分布可以用分子式Mn12-+xFex3+[Mnx2+Fex3+Mn32-+3x]O4表示,而赤铁矿为Mn23-+2xFe23x+O3.     

Comparative investigation on copper oxides by depth profiling using XPS, RBS and GDOES

Depth profiling has been performed by using X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) in combination with Ar-ion sputtering, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES). The data obtained by XPS have been subjected to factor analysis in order to determine the compositional layering of the copper oxides. This leads to two or three relevant components within the oxide layers consisting of Cu₂O or CuO dependent on the sample preparation. GDOES measurements show sputtering profiles which are seriously influenced by a varying sputter rate. To ensure the results obtained so far, RBS measurements of the oxide layers have been carried out in order to discover artefacts of the other methods used and to demonstrate the excellent suitability of RBS for quantitative analysis of these layers. Chemical analysis consisting of (1) carrier-gas fusion analysis (CGFA) and (2) selective dissolution of Cu₂O/CuO allows the determination of the total amount of oxygen and copper, respectively, and can serve as a cornerstone of quantitative analysis.     

Role of Bismuth Oxide in Bi-MCo2O4（M=Co,Ni,Cu,Zn） Catalysts for Wet Air Oxidation of Acetic Acid

Two series of cobalt (Ⅲ)-containing spinel catalysts were prepared by the decomposition of the corre-sponding nitrates. The catalysts doped with bismuth oxide exhibit a higher activity in the wet air oxidation ofacetic acid than those without dopant bismuth oxide. The catalysts were investigated by XRD, TEM, ESR,UV-DRS and XPS, and the interaction between Co and Bi was studied as well. It has been found that nano-sized bismuth oxide is paved on the surface of cobalt spinel crystal and the structures of cobalt(Ⅲ)-containingspinel are still maintained. The shift of the binding energy of Bi4/7/2 is related to the catalytic activity of thesecatalysts doped with bismuth oxide.     

Effect of CO on surface oxidation of uranium metal

The surface reactions of uranium metal with carbon monoxide at 25 and 200 °C have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); respectively. Adsorption of carbon monoxide on the surface layer of uranium metal leads to partial reduction of surface oxide and results in U4f photoelectron peak shifting to the lower binding energy. The content of oxygen in the surface oxide is decreased and O1s/O4f ratio decreases with increasing the exposure of carbon monoxide. The investigation indicates the surface layer of uranium metal has resistance to further oxidation in the atmosphere of carbon monoxide.     

X-ray photoelectron spectra of complexes with 1-(D-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl)-L-proline and Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cu(I): synthesis and LAXS study of Cu(I) derivative

Metal complexes of general formula Na2M(CAP)2xH2O (with M = Cd(II) or Ni(II), x = 7 and 4, respectively, CAP = 1-(D-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl)-L-proline) and NaCuCAPx3H2O have been synthesized as amorphous compounds and studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cu(I) derivative has been studied by IR, XPS and large-angle X-ray scattering (LAXS). IR data and the chemical shift of core level signals suggest that CAP is bonded to the metal via the sulphur atom and the carbonylic oxygen. LAXS data confirm this finding and are consistent with a tetrahedral configuration around the copper ion. The CAP molecule is bonded through the sulphur and the carbonylic oxygen and two water molecules complete the coordination around the metal. The sodium ion exhibits a tetrahedral configuration and interacts with the carboxylic group and two water molecules. One of these is bridging bonded between copper and sodium. No metal-nitrogen bonds are present.     

Comparative investigation on copper oxides by depth profiling using XPS,RBS and GDOES

Depth profiling has been performed by using X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) in combination with Ar-ion sputtering, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES). The data obtained by XPS have been subjected to factor analysis in order to determine the compositional layering of the copper oxides. This leads to two or three relevant components within the oxide layers consisting of Cu(2)O or CuO dependent on the sample preparation. GDOES measurements show sputtering profiles which are seriously influenced by a varying sputter rate. To ensure the results obtained so far, RBS measurements of the oxide layers have been carried out in order to discover artefacts of the other methods used and to demonstrate the excellent suitability of RBS for quantitative analysis of these layers. Chemical analysis consisting of (1) carrier-gas fusion analysis (CGFA) and (2) selective dissolution of Cu(2)O/CuO allows the determination of the total amount of oxygen and copper, respectively, and can serve as a cornerstone of quantitative analysis.     

A study of thoria on the surface of gamma-Al2O3

The dispersion of thoria on the surface of gamma-Al2O3 and the surface properties of ThO2/gamma-Al2O3 samples, as well as the influence of the loading amount of thoria on the reduction behavior of copper oxide species, have been studied using XRD, XPS, FTIR, and TPR. The results indicate that the dispersion capacity of thoria, like that of ceria, is much lower than for two other tetravalent metal oxides, zirconia and titania, and the surface adsorption amount of the carbonyl compound and H2O slightly increases with increasing thoria loading. The different thoria loadings can influence the reduction behavior of the dispersed copper oxide by comparing the TPR results of CuO/ThO2/gamma-Al2O3 samples. In addition, the lower dispersion capacities of thoria and ceria on gamma-Al2O3 are tentatively discussed by considering the structural stability of the two oxides.     

Dispersion and reduction of copper oxide supported on WO3-modified Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O2 solid solution

XRD (X-ray diffraction), BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller), LRS (laser Raman spectra), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and TPR (temperature-programmed reduction) are used to investigate the surface properties of CuO/WO3/Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O2 samples. The results indicate that (1) tungsten oxide can be highly dispersed on Ce(0.5)Zr(0.5)O2 (denoted as CZ hereafter) solid solution, with a dispersion capacity of about 0.8 mmol WO(3)/(100 m2 CZ), and comparatively, the supported tungsten oxide species are preferentially interacted with ceria component on the surface of CZ; (2) for CuO/WO3/CZ samples with a half-monolayer WO3 loading, i.e., xCu-0.4W-CZ series, the surface of CZ is only partially covered by the preloaded WO3) and the supported copper oxide species are dispersed on the remaining surface vacant sites on CZ as well as on top of the preloaded tungsten oxide, while for the samples preloaded with a full-monolayer WO3, i.e., xCu-0.8W-CZ series, only dispersed on the top of the preloaded tungsten oxide monolayer; (3) the effect of the loading amount of WO3 on the reduction property of Cu2+ ions in a series of CuO/WO3/CZ samples has been observed and tentatively attributed to the formation of WO3 monolayer on CZ and the different coordination environments of the dispersed Cu2+ ions are discussed on the basis of the consideration of the incorporation model proposed previously (Chen, Y.; Zhang, L. Catal. Lett. 1992, 12, 51).     

Surface chemical and geometrical properties of pure copper powder intended for binder jetting and sintering

One novel important application of sinter-based additive manufacturing involving binder jetting is copper-based products. Three different variants of nominally pure copper powder having particle size distributions with D90 < 16, 22, or 31 μm were investigated in this study. The packing behavior and the flow properties using dynamic test and shear cell, as well as specific surface area were evaluated. The analyses employed illustrate the multidimensional complexity. Because different measurements capture different aspect of the powder, it is imperative to apply a characterization approach involving different methods. Surface chemical analysis by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that all powder variants were covered by Cu₂O, CuO, and Cu (OH)₂, with Cu₂O being dominant in all cases. The finest powder with D90 < 16 μm tended to have higher relative amount of copper in divalent state. The average apparent oxide thickness estimated by XPS depth profiling showed that the two coarser variants had similar overall average oxide thickness, whereas the finest one possessed smaller oxide thickness. The surface chemistry of the powder grades is found to be related to their rheological behavior in dynamic condition. Considering the specific surface areas in combination with the average oxide thicknesses, the amount of surface bound oxygen was estimated to be about ~220 ppm for all three variants. Specific concerns need to be taken during the sintering of powder to keep oxygen level below that of electrolytic pitch copper (400 ppm).     

Characterization of CuO supported on tetragonal ZrO2 catalysts for N2O decomposition to N2

A series of tetragonal zirconia-supported CuO oxide catalysts with various CuO loadings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance (ESR), ultraviolet and visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV/vis-DRS), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) measurements. The results indicate that the dispersion capacity of copper oxide on this support is approximately 8.6 Cu(2+) ions/nm(2) ZrO(2). The state of the resulting supported copper species depends on the CuO loading. At CuO loadings below the dispersion capacity, only highly dispersed copper ion species are present on the surface of t-ZrO(2). In particular, isolated Cu ions are the predominant species at low loadings. In contrast, pair Cu ions become the most abundant species at loadings near the dispersion capacity. It has been proposed that these dispersed CuO (isolated and paired Cu ions) have a symmetric 5-fold-oxygen-coordination symmetry (C(3)(v) symmetry) and can be described as distorted octahedra with a missing corner or a trigonal bipyramids. Finally, at CuO loadings above the dispersion capacity the formation of crystalline CuO is observed. TPR results reveal that the dispersed Cu ion species have a different reducibility from CuO crystallites, presumably due to strong interactions between these species and the t-ZrO(2) support. The catalytic activity of these CuO/t-ZrO(2) catalysts for the decomposition of N(2)O can also be directly correlated to CuO dispersion, with paired Cu ions being the most active species for this reaction.