Two-dimensional field mapping of monolithic microwave integrated circuits using electrooptic sampling techniques

Since the invention of the electrooptic sampling technique about ten years ago, this contactless test technique based on ultra-short optical pulses has become more and more attractive to microwave engineers developing monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The electrooptic sampling technique was originally used for circuit internal measurements of very high-speed waveforms only at discrete test points. During the last five years, a new test technique, the two-dimensional electrooptic field mapping technique, has been developed and widely used. This test technique which measures the magnitude and phase of the microwave signal gives information not only of one discrete test point but also of a greater area within the circuit and therefore insight into the microwave field distribution. This two-dimensional electrooptic field mapping technique could be a powerful tool for studying fundamental properties of wave propagation in monolithic integrated microwave devices and circuits. The aim of this paper is to present the state-of-art of this new test technique and to show an example of its application.     

A Study on Usefulness Comparison of Multiple-Shot FSE PROPELLER and IDEAL-FSE Techniques for Magnetic Susceptibility Artifact

The aim of this study was to visualize multiple-shot fast spin echo (FSE) images using a periodically rotated overlapping parallel line with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) technique. An iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and a least squares estimation (IDEAL) technique were also performed to reduce the image distortion or susceptibility artifact depending on the difference in magnetic susceptibility to the surrounding tissues caused by metal insertion. The utility of this technique was examined quantitatively. A ferromagnetic image was generated from all the metals, but the IDEAL technique caused less image distortion than the PROPELLER technique. The 3-point IDEAL technique, which used the difference in the signal phase of fat and water, required more time for the examination and image reconstruction than the PROPELLER technique, which was based on a rotating blade in k-space. On the other hand, the IDEAL technique was more useful for reducing the susceptibility artifacts. The use of a proper technique in clinical trials based on these results is expected to provide better clinical information for imaging diagnoses.     

近红外光谱分析技术在农产品/食品品质在线无损检测中的应用研究进展

农产品/食品品质问题一直受到人们的广泛关注,而由品质问题引起的农产品/食品安全事故越来越多,所以急需对农产品/食品品质进行快速无损检测。目前常用的快速检测方法有化学比色分析法、近红外光谱法、免疫学分析法、生物传感器技术、生物芯片检测法以及生物学发光检测法等。近红外光谱分析技术因具有分析时间短、无需样品预处理、非破坏性、无污染以及成本低等特点, 已成为一种快速的现代分析技术, 广泛应用于农产品/食品领域的品质检测。国内外许多学者对其进行了深入的研究,并且从实验室的静态研究向在线检测研究方向发展。文章概述了近红外光谱分析技术在水果、鱼类、畜肉类、牛奶、谷物以及奶酪酒精发酵上的在线品质检测/监控应用上的研究进展,指出了近红外光谱分析技术尚存在的问题,并对今后的近红外光谱分析技术作了展望。提出近红外光谱分析技术将会与网络技术相结合,实现近红外分析模型的在线更新与升级, 指出光谱成像技术将成为21世纪近红外光谱分析技术的发展趋势。     

热键合技术及其在激光方面的应用

由于热键合技术具有适用范围广、对材料物化性能基本无影响等优点 ,所以它在激光方面有着越来越广泛的应用 ,尤其是在高功率激光和小型激光系统中的应用更为广泛。简单介绍了热键合技术的发展现状 ,并对其基本原理进行了详细的阐述。重点介绍了该技术在激光方面的用途和前景。由于热键合技术对工艺水平的要求较高 ,研究难度较大 ,探索性较强 ,所以加快它的研究和发展 ,对我国激光事业的发展有着十分重要的作用     

TILLING技术的最新进展及其在辐射诱变育种中的应用前景

定向诱导基因组局部突变技术(Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes, 简称TILLINC)是一种全新的、高通量和低成本反向遗传学研究方法。近年来, 随着突变筛选技术的革新, TILLING技术平台日趋多元化, 使得TILLING技术的操作更为简单﹑快速, 并广泛应用于作物育种研究领域。简要介绍了TILLING技术平台的最新发展动态, 并初步探讨了将辐射诱变处理与TILLING高通量筛选相结合在诱变育种中的应用前景。To investigate the M1 biological effects of heavy ions irradiation on Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., its seeds were irradiated by 12C6+heavy ions (80 MeV/u) with the dosages of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 160 Gy respectively . The results showed that with doses increased gradually, germination rate and seedling rate of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. were decreased, and the latter was lower than the former, mainly due to the inhibition of root growth. The irradiation increased the content of MDA and proline evidently, showing irradiation could damage biomembrane, and also decreased the activities of POD and SOD with distinct inhibition pattern. However, the low dose and high dose irradiation promoted APX activity, illustrating APX was induced to protect irradiation injury. In brief, exposure to 12C6+ heavy ions had obvious injury effects on the seeds of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.. Heavy ions irradiation damaged biomembrane, inhibited activities of enzymes, and finally inhibited the growth of the first generation of these seeds.     

表面细分技术在二维声辐射和声散射中的应用

把表面细分技术应用于求解边界积分方程，既能把CAD模型直接用于边界元分析，又能精确描述复杂的边界几何形状，实现网格自动加密和形函数自动升阶，满足误差要求。把它应用于简单的二维声辐射和声散射，结果表明对提高边界元方法的计算精度是有效的。     

星载激光告警技术

随着激光武器技术的迅速发展，美、俄两国多次进行激光反卫星试验，卫星面临的激光威胁已日趋严重，进行星载激光告警技术研究势在必行。本文针对这项技术进行分析。     

Bivariate empirical mode decomposition and its contribution to wind turbine condition monitoring

Accessing difficulties and harsh environments require more advanced condition monitoring techniques to ensure the high availability of offshore wind turbines. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been shown to be a promising technique for meeting this need. However, EMD was developed for one-dimensional signals, unable to carry out an information fusion function which is of importance to reach a reliable condition monitoring conclusion. Therefore, bivariate empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) is investigated in this paper to assess whether it could be a better solution for wind turbine condition monitoring. The effectiveness of the proposed technique in detecting machine incipient fault is compared with EMD and a recently developed wavelet-based ‘energy tracking’ technique. Experiments have shown that the proposed BEMD-based technique is more convenient than EMD for processing shaft vibration signals, and more powerful than EMD and wavelet-based techniques in terms of processing the non-stationary and nonlinear wind turbine condition monitoring signals and detecting incipient mechanical and electrical faults.     

Cerebral blood flow estimation from perfusion-weighted MRI using FT-based MMSE filtering method

INTRODUCTION: Perfusion-weighted MRI can be used for estimating blood flow parameters using bolus tracking technique based on dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. In order to extract flow parameters, several deconvolution techniques have been proposed, of which the singular value decomposition (SVD) and Fourier transform (FT)-based techniques are more popular and widely used. In this work, an FT-based method has been proposed that involves derivation of an optimal shaped filter (defined as a filter function) estimated using minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) technique in the frequency domain. The proposed technique has been compared with the well-established SVD technique using simulation experiments. SIMULATION METHODS: Simulation was performed in multiple steps. An arterial input function (AIF) was first defined based on a certain blood flow value. The T2* signal change was then derived from this AIF, and noise was added to the signal. Then, a unique and optimal shaped filter function Phi(f) was derived in order to obtain the best estimate of scaled residue function. One way is by minimizing the mean-squared error between the noiseless and noisy scaled residue function, i.e., using an MMSE method. The effect of low and moderate noise and distorted AIF on cerebral blood flow (CBF) estimates was obtained by using FT-based MMSE method. Results were compared with the SVD technique. In this work, SVD technique was assumed to be the standard reference deconvolution technique. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: For low-noise condition, the FT-based technique was more stable than the SVD technique, while for moderate noise, both techniques consistently underestimated CBF. SVD technique was found to be more stable in presence of AIF distortions. However, SVD technique was found to be unstable due to AIF delay compared to the FT-based MMSE method. The shaped filter function was found to be sensitive to effect of AIF distortions.     

园艺作物病害的多光谱组合分类

选取设施园艺作物黄瓜的主要病害为研究对象,利用窄带滤光片型多光谱成像系统,获取患病黄瓜叶面的14个可见光通道和近红外通道、全色通道的多光谱图像。采用多光谱图像分类技术中的距离分类器、相关系数分类器和BP人工神经网络分类器,将不同病害类型对应的16个波段的反射率看作线性波谱,对210个多光谱数据样本进行识别分类,目的是探讨一个能有效识别黄瓜植株常见病害的多光谱组合分类器。实验结果表明,将人工神经网络和距离分类器有效组合,不仅分类性能明显优于单个分类器的性能,而且能够充分发挥各个分类器的特性,对园艺作物病害进行快速、准确、实时的无损检测。     

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分别采用机械打磨去镍加热镀锡工艺和反电镀去镍加电刷镀银工艺制作一对接头,然后对接头进行低温直流测试,测得前者的直流电阻为1.98n-,后者的直流电阻为1.53n-。对比分析可知,反电镀去镍和电镀银工艺更有效、更简单。这些工艺研究对ITER校正场线圈超导接头的制作具有重要指导意义。     

Noncontact temperature measurement by means of CCD cameras in a participating medium

An original technique was presented for noncontact three-dimensional temperature field measurement in a participating medium using radiative information captured by a CCD camera. This technique was based on the backward Monte Carlo method and was faster and more efficient than traditional techniques based on the forward Monte Carlo method. A numerical simulation case was adopted to validate the technique. It was found that the technique was capable of reconstructing the three-dimensional temperature field well, even with noisy input data.     

Form factor for large quantum graphs: evaluating orbits with time reversal

It has been shown that for a certain special type of quantum graphs the random-matrix form factor can be recovered to at least third order in the scaled time τ using periodic-orbit theory. Two types of contributing pairs of orbits were identified: those which require time-reversal symmetry and those which do not. We present a new technique of dealing with contributions from the former type of orbits.

The technique allows us to derive the third-order term of the expansion for general graphs. Although the derivation is rather technical, the advantages of the technique are obvious: it makes the derivation tractable, it identifies explicitly the orbit configurations which give the correct contribution and it is more algorithmic and more system-independent, making possible future applications of the technique to systems other than quantum graphs.

(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)     

车用小型液化天然气燃料罐及其关键技术研究

随着世界资源和环境问题的日益突出,以天然气作为汽车代用燃料的技术越来越受到人们的重视.液化天然气汽车(LNGV)是天然气汽车的一个重要发展方向,同时该技术对LNG燃料罐提出了更高的要求.本文对目前液化天然气汽车的发展现状、小型车用LNG燃料罐的结构、功能以及国内外LNG燃料罐的技术基础进行了总结,重点介绍了近年来世界车用天然气燃料罐的关键技术.     

Multi-angle observation scheme for bubbles and droplets

Abstract  

The split-screen imaging technique, in which the field of view of a single video/still camera is divided into two (or more) regions, is one of the techniques for observing, using a single camera, liquid droplets, bubbles or particles translating in another fluid from two (or more) different directions. A drawback of the split-screen imaging technique is that it generally requires a longer optical path than the ordinary multi-camera technique that allots each view axis to each of two (or more) synchronized cameras. This study presents an optical arrangement that minimizes the optical path for the two-directional split-screen imaging so as to allow the use of a camera lens with a short working distance. Its modification configured for the three-directional split-screen imaging of translating bubbles or drops is also presented.     

Sensitivity enhancement for measurement of nonlinear refraction using top-hat beams

A simple and high-sensitivity technique is presented to investigate nonlinear refraction. In this technique, a combination of aperture and obscuration disk is introduced in the measurement system. Compared to the top-hat Z-scan, the curves of modified top-hat Z-scan for the nonlinear refraction show a single peak. Furthermore, the sensitivity of this new technique can be more than two orders of magnitude enhanced. Nonlinear refraction of Nd-doped phosphate glass is investigated using this technique with 19 ps pulses at wavelength of 532 nm.     

Joint transform correlator based on off-focus inputting and spherical wave illuminating power spectrum

An improved joint transform correlation technique is proposed for efficient multiple-target detection. The proposed technique employs off-focus inputting and spherical wave illuminating joint power spectrum to overcome false-target detection by eliminating the false correlation peaks while alleviating the effects of noise and other artifacts. Compared with the reported techniques, the proposed method does not need preprocessing for reference image and Fourier plane phase filtering, which makes the recognition process more suitable for all-optical setup to be realized. Thus the speed advantage of the recognition system is more prominent. Moreover, the proposed technique can maximize the utilization efficiency of the space-bandwidth product and the CCD by the new input method. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated by numerical results.     

In situ lift-out using a FIB-SEM system

An in situ 'lift-out' technique for preparing transmission electron microscopy specimens, which is performed using secondary electron imaging within the chamber of a focused ion beam-SEM system is presented. The main advantage of this in situ approach, relative to the ex situ lift-out technique, is that secondary electron imaging enables higher magnifications to be used than is possible with optical microscopy. This makes the lift-out procedure more controllable and thus increases the overall success rate especially for inexperienced users. The technique is also compared with another in situ lift-out approach, the 'wedge' technique.     

光谱分析技术在烟草和食品领域中的应用

光谱分析技术以其简便、快速、高精度和无损测定等优越性,成为获取烟草和食品信息的重要手段.国内相关研究起步较晚,在近几年内,才涌现出了大量的有关烟草和食品研究报告,研究的范围也渐趋广泛,并综合分析了烟草成分测定、食品真伪鉴别、食品的定性鉴别的应用.因此,光谱分析技术的应用前景是非常广泛的,值得深入研究.     

A novel detection scheme for vibration monitoring using optical techniques

An all-fibre interferometer which allows the measurement of the movement (speed and distance) of a vibrating body is presented. An electronic signal processing scheme is used and this is contrasted with the measurement of velocity through an optical processing technique, which is however, more complex and expensive to implement. The overall simplicity of the electronic technique, the low cost of components and the use of an all-fibre arrangement make this an attractive system to implement where the more limited information available is sufficient for monitoring purposes.