Recent developments in asymmetric reduction of ketones with biocatalysts

Herein we review recent advances in the asymmetric reduction of ketones by biocatalysts. Included are discussions on recent developments in methodologies to control enantioselectivities of catalytic reactions, and examples of practical applications that reduce various types of ketones are also shown.     

Gelators for organic liquids based on self-assembly: a new facet of supramolecular and combinatorial chemistry

The recent years have been witness to a rapidly growing interest in the self-assembly phenomenon of low molecular weight organogelators. Herein, we highlight the recent developments in the discovery of new gelator systems and the potential methods for useful stabilisation of gels. Additionally, the recent progress in gel-characterisation with novel analytical methods and the practical application of gel systems are also reviewed.     

Solid-phase trapping of solutes for further chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis

Because of its simplicity, speed and effectiveness, solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become the preferred technique for concentration of selected analytes prior to chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. In this review the historical development of SPE is briefly traced. Then the principles of SPE are reviewed in some detail. Numerous references are given on the format, sorbents, elution conditions, online techniques and automation with special emphasis on relatively recent developments. The principles and recent advances in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also reviewed. The final section on selected recent applications includes an extensive list of references to work published within the last three years. Future trends and developments are discussed briefly.     

绿色化学的进展

绿色化学是一门从源头上阻止污染的化学,近年来这方面的研究主要是围绕化学反应,原料,催化剂,溶剂和产品的绿色化开展的。根据这条主线,评述了绿色化学的一些主要研究进展。最后介绍了我国绿色化学的活动。     

Complementary spherical electron density model and its implications for the 18 electron rule

The Complementary Spherical Electron Density Model developed by Mingos and Hawes in 1985 is reviewed and its implications to 18 electron complexes and co-ordinatively unsaturated complexes are developed. These conclusions are particularly germane in view of the recent proposal by Landis that transition metal complexes are governed by a 12 rather than an 18 electron rule, Hall’s recent OSRAM model and the availability of additional structural data.     

芳纶Ⅱ的新动向

本文论述了芳纶Ⅱ及其共聚纤维的发展近况及最新动向,介绍了近期在研究方向方面的某些变化、品种的多样化、新工艺、新技术和新市场开发方面的动向等。     

Application of off-specular scattering of X-rays and neutrons to the study of soft matter

Recent applications of the use of off-specular reflection of neutrons and X-rays in the study of soft matter are reviewed after a brief introduction to the status of the current theoretical treatment of such data. The review is intended to highlight the range of systems that may now be studied with off-specular reflection and recent progress in understanding the results that are observed. A few specific experimental cases are discussed as well as recent technical developments that may enable further more sophisticated treatments of off-specular scattering to be investigated.     

Recent Developments in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

The knowledge of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) has expanded considerably in recent years. They are multiparameter and complex systems that work only if various parameters are tuned simultaneously. This makes it difficult to target to a single parameter to improve the efficiency. There is a wealth of knowledge concerning different DSC structures and characteristics. In this review, the present knowledge and recent achievements are surveyed with emphasis on the more promising cell materials and designs.     

Molecular imprinting technology in capillary electrochromatography

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made synthetic polymers with a predetermined selectivity for a given analyte, or group of structurally related compounds, that make them ideal materials for use as stationary phases in affinity chromatography. However, extensive peak broadening and tailing, especially of the more retained compound (normally the template) are often observed. Thus, huge efforts have been made during recent years to use MIPs in capillary electrochromatography, which is inherently a more efficient chromatographic technique than conventional HPLC. Accordingly, this paper gives an overview of the attempts carried out in the recent past to improve the chromatographic performance of MIPs in capillary electrochromatography as well as more recent applications. It is concluded that MIPs are very promising materials for use as selective stationary phases in CEC.     

自组装单分子膜及其表征方法

自组装单分子膜的研究是近年来十分活跃的研究领域. 随着膜的应用领域的拓展 ,对膜的表征方法不断提出新的要求.本文综述了自组装单分子膜体系的类型和基底表面的 处理方法,着重从电化学、谱学、显微学以及表面润湿性等方面综述了近几年来自组装单分子膜的表征方法研究进展, 并对其发展前景作了展望.     

Solvent-regulated ordering in block copolymers

Studies of the structural polymorphism exhibited by block copolymers in the presence of selective solvents are relatively recent, but very promising in terms of fundamental understanding and practical applications. Highlighting recent advances, this review progresses from `dry' ordered copolymers to solvated ordered (gel-like) copolymers and lastly to solvated disordered (but locally organized) copolymers. Organic- and aqueous-solvent-based systems are concurrently examined to cross-fertilize polymer and colloid science.     

酶生物燃料电池

综述了酶生物燃料电池的研究进展,特别是近年来在电池结构、性能以及电池的正极和负极研究等方面的成果。详细介绍了酶燃料电池中酶电极的制备方法和用于酶电极修饰材料的研究现状,对酶燃料电池研究中需要解决的问题和发展方向进行了探讨。     

联萘衍生物作为手性配体在不对称氢化中的应用

综述了近年来联萘衍生物作为手性配体构成的金属络合物在前手性烯、酮及亚胺的不对称氢化反应中的应用。     

钼、钨系过氧化物在Sharpless烯烃环氧化反应中的应用*

钼、钨系过氧化物是非常重要的Sharpless烯烃环氧化催化剂,有着非常广泛的工业发展前景。本文综述了钼、钨系过氧化物的种类,结构,合成方法及催化活性,分析了各种钼、钨系过氧化物的特点以及在催化环氧化领域的发展现状。同时,本文还讨论了钼、钨系过氧化物催化烯烃环氧化反应的机理。评述了在催化环氧化领域中两种主要理论——Mimoun机理与Sharpless机理的争论焦点及发展现状,以及计算化学对两种理论中间过渡态的研究进展,并且重点分析了Sharpless机理的过渡态结构。此外,本文还综述了影响钼、钨系过氧化物催化剂反应活性的各种因素以及质子所产生的副反应。最后,本文对应用于催化环氧化领域的钼、钨系过氧化物未来的研究方向提出了建议。     

压电高分子材料

本文介绍了有关压电性高分子材料研究的新进展及近几年来对于聚偏腈乙烯、聚酰胺、聚氯乙烯、聚磷腈等压电性的研究结果,并就高分子偶极结构、结晶性等因素与其压电性的关系进行了讨论.     

聚合物纳米管研究进展

全面综述了聚合物纳米管的制备方法及研究现状。根据聚合物纳米管的制备机理和实施方法的不同 ,可分为三类 :(1)多孔模板法 ;(2 )线模板法 ;(3)自组装法。详细总结了各种方法制备聚合物纳米管的研究成果 ,展望了制备聚合物纳米管新技术的开发前景和聚合物纳米管的应用前景     

联萘衍生物作为手性配体在不对称氢化中的应用

综述了近年来联萘衍生物作为手性配体构成的金属络合物在前手性烯、酮及亚胺的不对称氢化反应中的应用。     

Foam in pharmaceutical and medical applications

Topical foams are an attractive and promising delivery system for cosmetic, pharmaceutical and medical applications due to their beneficial properties, ease of application and enhanced patients’ acceptability/compliance. Below the recent developments of topical foams for cosmetic and dermal applications are reviewed, classification based on foam formulation is provided and recent assessment methods of important physical parameters of topical foam are reviewed. In spite of the increasing number of studies devoted to topical foams for dermal applications, the majority of studies have assessed the stability and structure of foam in contact with solid nonporous surfaces. Improved understanding of the destabilisation mechanisms of such foams in contact with porous surfaces, such as skin or skin-like membranes still remains elusive. The review ends with recent developments in dermal foams; considerable attention has been paid in developing novel foams for the treatment of chronic skin diseases and disorders, particularly those involving skin infections.     

Bioactive Structure of Membrane Lipids and Natural Products Elucidated by a Chemistry‐Based Approach

Determining the bioactive structure of membrane lipids is a new concept, which aims to examine the functions of lipids with respect to their three‐dimensional structures. As lipids are dynamic by nature, their “structure” does not refer solely to a static picture but also to the local and global motions of the lipid molecules. We consider that interactions with lipids, which are completely defined by their structures, are controlled by the chemical, functional, and conformational matching between lipids and between lipid and protein. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the bioactive structures of membrane lipids bound to proteins and related molecules, including some of our recent results. By examining recent works on lipid‐raft‐related molecules, lipid–protein interactions, and membrane‐active natural products, we discuss current perspectives on membrane structural biology.     

Modern microextraction techniques for natural products

Natural product analysis has gained wide attention in recent years, especially for herbal medicines, which contain complex ingredients and play a significant clinical role in the therapy of numerous diseases. The constituents of natural products are usually found at low concentrations, and the matrices are complex. Thus, the extraction of target compounds from natural products before analysis by analytical instruments is very significant for human health and its wide application. The commonly used traditional extraction methods are time-consuming, using large amounts of sample and organic solvents, as well as expensive and inefficient. Recently, microextraction techniques have been used for natural product extraction to overcome the disadvantages of conventional extraction methods. In this paper, the successful applications of and recent developments in microextraction techniques including solvent-based and sorbent-based microextraction methods, in natural product analysis in recent years, especially in the last 5 years, are reviewed for the first time. Their features, advantages, disadvantages, and future development trends are also discussed.