Theoretical study of mechanism of forming a silapolycyclic compound between methylenesilylene and acetone

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction of forming a silapolycyclic compound between singlet methylenesilylene and acetone has been investigated with MP2/6‐31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of the different conformations are calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/6‐31G* method. From the potential energy profile, we predict that the cycloaddition reaction of forming a silapolycyclic compound between singlet methylenesilylene and acetone has two competitive dominant reaction pathways. First dominant reaction pathway consists of four steps: (I) the two reactants (R1, R2) first form an intermediate (INT1) through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 46.2 kJ/mol; (II) intermediate (INT1) then isomerizes to a planar four‐membered ring product (P3) via transition state (TS3) with an energy barrier of 47.1 kJ/mol; (III) planar four‐membered ring product (P3) further reacts with acetone (R2) to form an intermediate (INT4), which is also a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 40.0 kJ/mol; (IV) intermediate (INT4) isomerizes to a silapolycyclic compound (P4) via transition state (TS4) with an energy barrier of 57.0 kJ/mol. Second dominant reaction pathway consists of three steps: (I) the two reactants (R1, R2) first form a four‐membered ring intermediate (INT2) through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 0.5 kJ/mol; (II) INT2 further reacts with acetone (R2) to form an intermediate (INT5), which is also a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 45.4 kJ/mol; (III) intermediate (INT5) isomerizes to a silapolycyclic compound (P5) via transition state (TS5) with an energy barrier of 49.3 kJ/mol. P4 and P5 are isomeric compounds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

Theoretical study of the methylic reactivity of substituted alkenes

A PM3/UHF study of the methylic reactivity of a series of about fifty alkenes was carried out. Several MP2/6-31G^** ab initio calculations were made for comparison. The semi-empirical method of calculation is proven to give good estimates of the reactivity under consideration. The computations brought to light the reactivity enhancement of alkenes when substituted on the same carbon of the double bond, whereas a lessening is observed when both carbons are substituted. An interpretation in terms of deformation (DEF) and interaction (INT) energies is made. Contrarily to phenyl, the vinyl group improves notably the reactivity of methylated and chlorinated mono or disubstituted alkenes. The prediction is made for the reactivity of more than fifteen compounds which were not studied experimentally.     

Theoretical studies of mechanisms of cycloaddition reaction between difluoromethylene carbene and acetone

Mechanisms of the cycloaddition reaction between singlet difluoromethylene carbene and acetone have been investigated with the second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2)/6‐31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis. Energies for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface (PES) are corrected by zero‐point energy (ZPE) and CCSD(T)/6‐31G* single‐point calculations. From the PES obtained with the CCSD(T)//MP2/6‐31G* method for the cycloaddition reaction between singlet difluoromethylene carbene and acetone, it can be predicted that path B of reactions 2 and 3 should be two competitive leading channels of the cycloaddition reaction between difluoromethylene carbene and acetone. The former consists of two steps: (i) the two reactants first form a four‐membered ring intermediate, INT2, which is a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 97.8 kJ/mol; (ii) the intermediate INT2 isomerizes to a four‐membered product P_2b via a transition state TS2b with an energy barrier of 24.9 kJ/mol, which results from the methyl group transfer. The latter proceeds in three steps: (i) the two reactants first form an intermediate, INT1c, through a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 199.4 kJ/mol; (ii) the intermediate INT1c further reacts with acetone to form a polycyclic intermediate, INT3, which is also a barrier‐free exothermic reaction of 27.4 kJ/mol; and (iii) INT3 isomerizes to a polycyclic product P₃ via a transition state TS3 with an energy barrier of 25.8 kJ/mol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

CH3SOCH3与XO(X=Cl,Br)自由基反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法,在6-311 G(d,p)基组水平上研究了二甲亚砜(DMSO)与XO(X=Cl,Br)自由基反应的微观动力学机理,并利用经过wigner校正的传统过渡态理论计算了标题反应在200~2000 K温度范围内的反应速率常数。研究结果表明,DMSO与XO(X=Cl,Br)自由基反应主要有氧转移和抽氢两种反应机理,氧转移反应的能垒显著低于抽氢反应,且前者为放热反应后者为吸热反应;低温时氧转移反应占绝对优势,298 K时DMSO与XO(X=Cl,Br)两个反应体系的总速率常数分别为2.09×10-15和1.75×10-14cm3.molecu le-1.s-1,氧转移反应分支比均为100%。高温时抽氢反应上升为主通道。2000 K时其总速率常数分别为6.32×10-12和8.41×10-12cm3.molecule-1.s-1,抽氢反应分支比分别为91.8%和79.4%。     

Theoretical investigation on the adsorption of lithium atom on the Sin cluster (n=2–7)

Ab initio calculations are carried out to study the adsorption of Lithium atom on the Si_n cluster with n ranging from 2 to 7. At the MP2/6-31G(d) level, the structures of the neutral Si_n clusters and the Si_nLi clusters (n=2–7) are optimized. The single-point energy at QCISD/6-311+G(d,p) level for the optimized isomers are further performed. Harmonic vibrational frequency analysis at the MP2/6-31G(d) level is also undertaken to confirm that the optimize geometries are stable. Based on our results, the most favorable sites for Li adsorption on the Si_2–7 clusters are the bridge sites. In addition, the vertical ionization energies of the Si_nLi clusters and the electron affinities of the Si_n clusters are also calculated. The clear parallelism between the vertical ionization energies of Si_nLi and the electron affinities of Si_n is found. This is consistent with the fact that the framework of the Si_n in the Si_nLi cluster is similar to the structure of the corresponding negative ion .     

Conformational Features of Monochloro-substituted Tetrahydropyrans According to Data from <Emphasis Type="Italic">ab initio</Emphasis> Calculations and <Superscript>35</Superscript>Cl NQR

Nonempirical quantum-chemical calculations of 2-, 3-, and 4-chloro-substituted tetrahydropyrans by the RHF/6-31G(d) and MP2/6-31G(d) methods showed that their conformational energy increases in the transition from the 4- to the 3-chloro-substituted compound, while in the transition to the 2-substituted compound the sign changes. In each of these isomers the axial C-Cl and C-H bonds, situated in the geminal position in relation to the oxygen atom, are longer, while the electron density at their Cl and H atoms is higher than in the corresponding equatorial bonds.__________Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 196–201, February, 2005.     

The sulfonation of pyrrole: Choice of relevant computational procedure for quantum chemical analysis of positional orientation

The influence of the solvent effect, zero-point energy correction, and electron correlation on conclusions about positional orientation of pyrrole sulfonation was studied by the B3LYP, HF, and MP2 methods with the 6-31G(d) and 6-31+G(d) basis sets. The most important role is played by the solvation effects. Basis set extension effects and the inclusion of zero-point energy correction contribute insignificantly. According to calculations using all the methods listed above, the formation of β-pyrrolesulfonic acid in polar solvent is thermodynamically more favorable and less kinetically hindered. B3LYP calculations seem to be more appropriate, because the method allows experimental data on positional orientation of the sulfonation of pyrroles to be interpreted in a simpler and more reliable fashion. Dedicated to Academician V. A. Tartakovsky on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1425–1430, August, 2007.     

2,2-二氟-1-溴-1-锂乙烯的结构及重排反应的理论研究

用量子化学中的密度泛函DFT方法,在B3LYP／6-31G(d,p)水平上研究了2,2-二氟-1-溴-1-锂乙烯F2C—CLiBr的结构．结果表明,F2C=CLiBr有2种平衡结构,其中只有1种是稳定的．对稳定的平衡结构,找到了其可能的重排反应过渡态,根据计算得到的重排反应势垒,解释了氟原子只从溴原子对位发生迁移的原因．     

Density functional theory and RRKM calculations of the gas‐phase unimolecular rearrangements of methylfuran and pyran ions before fragmentations

The potential energy profiles for the mutual conversion of the isomeric molecular ions [C₅H₆O]^+? of 2‐methylfuran, 3‐methylfuran and 4H‐pyran and the fragmentations that lead to [C₅H₅O]⁺ ions were obtained from calculations at the B3LYP/6‐311G + + (3df,3pd)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level of theory. The various competing unimolecular processes were characterized by their RRKM microcanonical rate coefficients, k(E), using the sets of reactant and transition state frequencies and the kinetic barriers obtained from the density functional method. In either a high‐ or a low‐energy regime, the pyrylium ion [C₅H₅O]⁺ is generated directly from the 4H‐pyran molecular ion by a simple cleavage. In contrast, in the metastable kinetic window, the molecular ions of methylfurans irreversibly isomerize to a mixture of interconverting structures before dissociation, which includes the 2H‐ and 3H‐pyran ions. The hydrogen atoms attached to saturated carbons of the pyran rings are very stabilizing at the position 2, but they are very labile at position 3 and can be shifted to adjacent positions. Once 4H‐pyran ion has been formed, the C? H bond cleavage begins before any hydrogen shift occurs. According to our calculation, there would not be complete H scrambling preceding the dissociation of the molecular ions [C₅H₆O]^+?. On the other hand, as the internal energy of the 2‐methylfuran molecular ion increases, H^? loss can become more important. These results agree with the available experimental data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and DFT study of the aza-Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated benzylimine derivated from glyoxylates

The Diels-Alder reaction of protonated N-benzyl imine of methyl glyoxylate with cyclopentadiene in different solvents gave mixtures of exo/endo adducts. The exo/endo selectivity of the reaction was elucidated by NMR experiments. Theoretical calculations by means of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level have also been performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this reaction. The DFT results suggest a highly asynchronous concerted mechanism, which in turn can explain the preferred exo stereoselectivity of the reaction. Inclusion of solvent effects enhances the exo selectivity, and this effect increases with the polarity of the solvent, in good agreement with the experimental findings.     

Local analysis and comparative study of the hydrogen bonds in the linear (HCN)n and (HNC)n clusters

B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p), the density functional theory method of 98 package, is applied to study the hydrogen bonding of a series of linear (HCN)_n and (HNC)_n molecular clusters (for n=1–10). By the localization analysis methods we developed, pair-wised σ type H-bond orders and bond energies are calculated for each pair of the two near-by molecules in both (HCN)_n and (HNC)_n clusters. The calculated results are checked well with the shortening of N–H or C–H distance, the elongation of CH or NH bond distance, and the red shift of stretching frequencies of CH or NH. All pieces of evidence show that the central pair of the two molecules forms the strongest H bond when n of (HCN)_n or (HNC)_n is even, and the two middle pairs form the two strongest H bonds when n is odd. Two terminal pairs of HCN or HNC molecules always form the two weakest H-bonds in each molecular cluster. When comparing molecular cluster energies between (HCN)_n and (HNC)_n for various values of n, the well-known (HCN)_n is found more stable than the related (HNC)_n from energy calculation. However, if outcomes of H-bond local analysis are contrasted, our analysis significantly shows that inter-molecular H-bonds inside of (HNC)_n clusters are much stronger than the corresponding H-bonds in (HCN)_n with the same n. In comparing energy differences between these related clusters per monomer, [E_(HNC)n−E_(HCN)n]/n is found decreasing monotonically as n increases. All pieces of evidence from this theoretical prediction indicate that (HNC)_n with large n is probably constructed by its relative strong H-bonds.     

亚烷基锡烯与乙烯环加成反应机理的理论研究

The mechanism of a cycloaddition reaction between singlet alkylidenestannylene and ethylene has been investigated with MP2/3-21 G^* and B3LYP/3-21 G* methods, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. Energies for the involved conformations were calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/3-2 IG^* and CCSD(T)//B3LYP/3-21G^* methods, respectively. The results show that the dominant reaction pathway of the cycloaddition is that an intermediate (INT) is firstly formed between the two reactants through a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 39.7 kJ/mol, and the intermediate then isomerizes to a four-membered ring product (P2.1) via a transition state TS2.1 with a barrier of 66.8 kJ/mol.     

An ab initio and density functional theory study on the mechanism for the reaction of OH with 2-ethylfuran

The mechanism of the reaction of OH + 2-ethylfuran has been investigated using the G3MP2 and G3MP2B3 levels of theory. The geometric parameters of all species involved in the reaction have been optimized at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory with 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The overall profile of doublet potential energy surface (PES) for the OH + 2-ethylfuran reaction has been constructed using the G3MP2 and G3MP2B3 methods. The results show that the addition-elimination mechanism dominates the OH + 2-ethylfuran reaction and the major products are CH₃CH₂C(OH)CHCHCHOH (P8) and CH₃CH₂COCHCHCHOH (P6).     

Theoretical study on sulfonated and phosphonated poly[(aryloxy)phosphazenes] as proton-conducting membranes for fuel cell applications

Polyphosphazenes are considered to be more useful as proton-conducting membranes than Nafion due to their low methanol permeability, low water swelling ratios, satisfactory mechanical properties, and conductivities comparable to those of Nafion. In this work, compounds 1-6, six polyphosphazenes with different side groups, were designed and calculated. Structural parameters, proton affinities and water adsorptions were obtained on the basis of the optimized geometrical structures. Our calculations were in agreement with experimental results. It was found that the proton conductivities of the sulfonated poly[(aryloxy)phosphazenes] (R¹SO₃H) are higher than those of the phosphonated ones (R¹PO₃H₂), while the phosphonated poly[(aryloxy)phosphazenes] will retain water better at higher temperature than the sulfonated ones. The electron-withdrawing substituent of R² is beneficial to proton conductivities and water adsorptions of both sulfonated and phosphonated poly[(aryloxy)phosphazenes].     

Density functional theory and RRKM calculations of decompositions of the metastable E‐2,4‐pentadienal molecular ions

The potential energy profiles for the fragmentations that lead to [C₅H₅O]⁺ and [C₄H₆]^+? ions from the molecular ions [C₅H₆O]^+? of E‐2,4‐pentadienal were obtained from calculations at the UB3LYP/6‐311G + + (3df,3pd)//UB3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level of theory. Kinetic barriers and harmonic frequencies obtained by the density functional method were then employed in Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus calculations of individual rate coefficients for a large number of reaction steps. The pre‐equilibrium and rate‐controlling step approximations were applied to different regions of the complex potential energy surface, allowing the overall rate of decomposition to be calculated and discriminated between three rival pathways: C? H bond cleavage, decarbonylation and cyclization. These processes should have to compete for an equilibrated mixture of four conformers of the E‐2,4‐pentadienal ions. The direct dissociation, however, can only become important in the high‐energy regime. In contrast, loss of CO and cyclization are observable processes in the metastable kinetic window. The former involves a slow 1,2‐hydrogen shift from the carbonyl group that is immediately followed by the formation of an ion‐neutral complex which, in turn, decomposes rapidly to the s‐trans‐1,3‐butadiene ion [C₄H₆]^+?. The predominating metastable channel is the second one, that is, a multi‐step ring closure which starts with a rate‐limiting cis—trans isomerization. This process yields a mixture of interconverting pyran ions that dissociates to the pyrylium ions [C₅H₅O]⁺. These results can be used to rationalize the CID mass spectrum of E‐2,4‐pentadienal in a low‐energy regime. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Insights on Glutathione’s Supramolecular Arrangement and Its In Silico Analysis as an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are one of the most active classes for cardiovascular diseases and hypertension treatment. In this regard, developing active and non-toxic ACE inhibitors is still a continuous challenge. Furthermore, the literature survey shows that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of hypertension. Herein, glutathione’s molecular structure and supramolecular arrangements are evaluated as a potential ACE inhibitor. The tripeptide molecular modeling by density functional theory, the electronic structure by the frontier molecular orbitals, and the molecular electrostatic potential map to understand the biochemical processes inside the cell were analyzed. The supramolecular arrangements were studied by Hirshfeld surfaces, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital analyses. They showed distinct patterns of intermolecular interactions in each polymorph, as well as distinct stabilizations of these. Additionally, the molecular docking study presented the interactions between the active site residues of the ACE and glutathione via seven hydrogen bonds. The pharmacophore design indicated that the hydrogen bond acceptors are necessary for the interaction of this ligand with the binding site. The results provide useful information for the development of GSH analogs with higher ACE inhibitor activity.     

Site-selective formation of N-arylmethylimidazoles and C-arylimines in the reaction of 4,5-diamino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with aromatic aldehydes

Regioselective formation of N-arylmethylimidazoles and C-arylimines was found in the reaction of 4,5-diamino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with selected aromatic aldehydes. The regiochemistry of the reaction products was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. Gibbs free energy calculation using DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level supports the regio-selectivity observed. The 4-imine obtained in the reaction of 4,5-diamino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole with pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde showed an unusually low magnetic field shift of the imine proton that was reproduced by molecular calculations.     

Theoretical Study of Weakly Bound Dimers between Hydrogen Fluoride and Some Polar Molecules

Weakly bound linear and bent dimers, FH—X (where X = CO, OC, CNH, NCH, N₂O and ON₂), are investigated using the DFT B3LYP and ab initio MP2 methods with the same basis sets (6–311++G(3df,2pd)). The strengths of the H—C or H—N H‐bonds in dimers FH—CO, FH—CNH, and FH—N₂O are compared with those of the H—O or H—N H‐bonds in dimers FH—OC, FH—NCH, and FH—ON₂. The results obtained for the H‐bond distances, the elongation effect of the HF bond, the red shift of the HF stretching frequency, and the energy difference between the dimer and the charge transfer reveal that the H‐bonds of the first group of dimers are stronger than those of the second. The Gibbs energies calculated for the six dimer formations indicate that the weakly bound dimers are unstable at room temperature (T = 298 K) (FH—X's → FH + X's, ΔG < 0).     

基于不同功能的苯并噻二唑为受体单元和低聚噻吩为给体单元的D-A-D-A-D型有机小分子光伏材料的理论计算研究

设计了四个以四联噻吩为中心给电子单元,联二噻吩为末端给电子单元,不同功能的苯并噻二唑(DOBT,BT,FBT和FFBT)为吸电子单元的有机小分子太阳能电池给体材料,分别称为DOBT-8T,BT-8T,FBT-8T和FFBT-8T.在B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组的水平上利用密度泛函和含时密度泛函理论对四个小分子进行了理论计算.详细分析了吸电子单元苯并噻二唑的结构修饰对小分子给体材料性能的影响.理论计算结果显示,不同功能的苯并噻二唑单元的引入对小分子给体材料的几何结构、禁带宽度、HOMO与LUMO能级、轨道电子密度分配、能量驱动力、开路电压和分子中的原子电荷(NPA)都有重要调节作用.相比于其它分子,以FBT为吸电子单元的FBT-8T,显示了最窄的带隙和较低的HOMO能级值.以FFBT为吸电子单元的FFBT-8T,获得了最低的HOMO能级和较为合适的禁带宽度.利用Scharber模型分别计算了基于小分子/PC61BM为活性层的光伏器件的能量转换效率(PCE),基于FBT-8T/PC61BM和FFBT-8T/PC61BM的光伏器件,将获得的PCE分别高达约4.7%和5.2%.在以上研究的基础上,推测FBT-8T和FFBT-8T是潜在的高性能的有机小分子体异质结光伏给体材料.