气体-燃料液滴两相系统爆轰的数值模拟

用两相流体力学模型对气体 燃料液滴系统进行了研究。数值模拟了点火后两相系统爆轰波的发展过程，得到爆轰波的结构和参数。数值模拟结果表明气体 燃料液滴系统爆轰波有较宽的反应区，因而两相爆轰波的曲率对爆速的影响效应十分明显。进行了燃料液滴尺寸对爆轰波的结构和参数的影响的数值模拟。除了很小的液滴外，燃料液滴在爆轰波前导激波面和ＣＪ面间不能完全气化。随着液滴尺寸的增加，燃料液滴在爆轰波前导激波面和ＣＪ面间释放出的能量随之减少，爆轰参数也随之下降。     

爆轰波碰撞的聚能效应

利用两高爆速导爆索对称布置于药卷两侧,起爆后炸药爆轰波在对称线处汇聚碰撞,当碰撞角度达到一定值时,发生马赫反射,使爆轰压力成倍增加,形成高压、高能量密度区域的聚能效应。本文在爆轰波传播碰撞理论的基础上,通过炸药做功能力和猛度试验验证爆轰波碰撞的聚能效果。做功能力试验结果表明爆轰波碰撞能够增加炸药能量利用率;猛度试验结果表明采用对称起爆技术下的爆轰波碰撞能够改变爆轰波在特定方向上的扩散作用。试验结果与爆轰波入射角的几何关系表明,当高爆速起爆药条与主装药爆速比例在1.15倍以上时,爆轰波碰撞能够达到一定的聚能效果。     

定态火焰在可燃预混气中产生的压力波

火焰在可燃预混气中传播时，在火焰面前方产生一道压力波。忽略点火及火焰的初期加速，仅考虑火焰达到稳定传播速度的情况。用Ｏｐｅｎｈｅｉｍ自相似解分析流场，得到相应的控制方程及定解条体；用自适应步长的四阶Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ法对方程积分，讨论了流场压力波结构及弱激波近似声波解；认为火焰为间断面，能量释放在火焰面后瞬时完成。利用火焰面两侧的能量关系，得到了火焰位置、燃速及对应Ｃ－Ｊ条件的火焰位置、Ｃ－Ｊ燃速。     

PETN、RDX和HMX炸药爆轰参数的数值模拟

用吉布斯自由能最小原理,通过解化学平衡方程组,求解PETN、RDX和HMX炸药爆轰产物系统的平衡组分,计算结果与用BKW和LJD方法计算的结果相近。用自编的程序从碳的石墨相、金刚石相、类石墨液相和类金刚石液相4种相态中确定出炸药爆轰产物中游离碳更可能存在的相态,并用此相态计算碳的吉布斯自由能。以WCA状态方程作为爆轰气相产物的物态方程,对PETN、RDX和HMX炸药爆轰参数作了预言,爆轰CJ点的爆速、爆压和爆温的计算结果与实验值吻合得很好。     

用光电技术测定爆轰参数

本文介绍了一种用光电技术同时测定爆速和爆温、爆压和爆温的方法。用光电比色技术测定炸药爆轰温度的同时,用两个爆轰面上爆轰的时间差计算爆轰波速度;或用透明介质中冲击波速度来反算炸药中的爆轰压力。方法原理可靠,技术简便。     

正庚烷云雾爆轰特性的研究

本文从理论和实验上研究了正庚烷的云雾爆轰特性。实验中采用红外技术、传感器技术、烟膜技术分别测量了正庚烷云雾引爆的延迟时间tDDT,爆速D,爆压p和爆轰波阵面结构。在理论上提出了含有化学反应项的液滴燃烧模型,进行了正庚烷云雾爆轰过程的数值模拟。计算结果和实验基本符合。     

燃料空气炸药（FAE）装置爆炸场的研究

燃料空气炸药（ＦＡＥ）装置在一次点火后，液体燃料在中心装药爆轰驱动下，抛撒在空气中形成燃料空气云，用高速摄影记录了该燃料空气云的形成过程。为达到所要求的气云形状，在对高速摄影照片充分分析折基础上，本文对ＦＡＥ装置的结构设计提出了改进意见。燃料空气云在二次点火后实现爆轰，本文测量了沿地面主力学线的压力时间曲线，用高精度、高分辨率的ＴＶＤ格式与瞬时爆轰模型时燃料空气云爆炸场进行了初步的数值模拟，得到了     

基于非平衡多相模型的含铝炸药爆速研究

通过对爆轰反应区中铝粉压力、温度弛豫时间的计算,发现爆轰产物压力是平衡的,温度是不平衡 的。对传统CJ模型进行了改进,考虑爆轰产物的多相性和产物温度间的非平衡性,提出了一种新的计算含 铝炸药爆速的模型。采用该模型对几种含铝炸药的爆速进行了计算,并与已有的实验数据进行了对比,计算 结果优于传统CJ模型,与实验的误差在2%以内。     

铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰现象试验研究

混合爆轰现象既包含气相反应又包含两相反应,具有复杂性和多样性.爆轰推进技术在新领域的突破性应用与发展,依赖对爆轰现象的深刻认识.文章采用卧式爆轰管开展铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰试验,将μm和nm量级的球形铝粉与当量比的氢气和空气通过扬尘充分混合,在长13 m和直径224 mm的管内直接起爆混合物.试验中观测到不同种类的混合爆轰波,包括双波面和单波面结构.通过对爆轰燃气中铝粉点火燃烧特性的分析,阐明了两相反应对铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰波结构的直接影响.粒径100 nm和1μm时,混合爆轰呈现单波面结构,对比气相爆轰爆速和压力峰值都有增加,铝粉点火释热开始于声速面之前.粒径20μm和40μm铝粉点火较慢,混合爆轰呈现出双波面结构,气相反应释热支持第一道波,而铝粉燃烧支持第二道波.粒径10μm时,测得爆轰波压力曲线是单波峰,峰值压力有大幅提高,但是爆速并没有增加.其本质是两波面距离很近的双波面结构,由于传感器空间辨识能力的不足而无法在压力曲线中区分.混合爆轰试验结果充分解释了铝粉/氢气/空气混合爆轰现象,反映了铝粉在复杂条件下的燃烧特性,并且明确了铝粉的点火燃烧特性对混合爆轰现象的影响机理.     

研究爆速直径效应的爆轰冲击波动力学方法

利用爆轰冲击波动力学（ＤＳＤ）的广义几何光学模型，得到了圆杆药柱中拟定态二维爆轰波阵面形状的解析解。在两步反应模型假定下建立了ＤＳＤ的边界条件，用爆速亏损表示阵面上炸药未反应分数，就可得到渐近爆速与药柱直径的关系，即得到计算爆速直径效应的模型。本文模型的实际意义是利用直径效应已有的大量实验数据，给定ＤＳＤ方法所需要的、又难以实验测定的各种常用炸药的爆速曲率常数（ｄＤｎ／ｄ）０，以及渐近状态下爆轰波与药柱边界的夹角。     

Head-on Collision of a Detonation with a Planar Shock Wave

The phenomenon that occurs when a Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation collides with a shock wave is discussed. Assuming a one-dimensional steady wave configuration analogous to a planar shock–shock frontal interaction, analytical solutions of the Rankine–Hugoniot relationships for the transmitted detonation and the transmitted shock are obtained by matching the pressure and particle velocity at the contact surface. The analytical results indicate that there exist three possible regions of solutions, i.e. the transmitted detonation can have either strong, weak or CJ solution, depending on the incident detonation and shock strengths. On the other hand, if we impose the transmitted detonation to have a CJ solution followed by a rarefaction fan, the boundary conditions are also satisfied at the contact surface. The existence of these multiple solutions is verified by an experimental investigation. It is found that the experimental results agree well with those predicted by the second wave interaction model and that the transmitted detonation is a CJ detonation. Unsteady numerical simulations of the reactive Euler equations with both simple one-step Arrhenius kinetic and chain-branching kinetic models are also carried out to look at the transient phenomena and at the influence of a finite reaction thickness of a detonation wave on the problem of head-on collision with a shock. From all the computational results, a relaxation process consisting of a quasi-steady period and an overshoot for the transmitted detonation subsequent to the head-on collisions can be observed, followed by the asymptotic decay to a CJ detonation as predicted theoretically. For unstable pulsating detonations, it is found that, due to the increase in the thermodynamic state of the reactive mixture caused by the shock, the transmitted pulsating detonation can become more stable with smaller amplitude and period oscillation. These observations are in good agreement with experimental evidence obtained from smoked foils where there is a significant decrease in the detonation cell size after a region of relaxation when the detonation collides head-on with a shock wave.     

Relaxation of overdriven detonation waves with finite reaction rate

A numerical study is made of the interaction of a detonation wave having finite reaction velocity with a rarefaction wave of different intensity which approaches it from the rear, for the Zeldovich-Neumann-Doring (ZND) model with a single irreversible reaction A B. It is found that, for a fixed value of the parameter characterizing the initial supercompression (depending on the activation energy and the heating value of the mixture), the considered interaction leads either to a gradual relaxation of the detonation wave and its transition to the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) regime, or to the development of undamped oscillations.Interest in the problems of detonation and supersonic combustion has increased in recent years. This is associated with the appearance and development of new experimental and theoretical techniques; it is also associated with the further development of air-breathing reaction engines, and other practical requirements. The present state of detonation theory is reflected in the survey [1].It has been established [2] that the detonation wave in gases nearly always has a complex nonuniform structure. Transverse disturbances are observed under a wide range of conditions and differ both in amplitude and wavelength. At the same time, behind the detonation leading front there is a region of uncompletely burned gas corresponding to the effective ignition induction period [3]. In spinning detonation the induction period is significantly longer than the heat release period and transverse detonation waves traveling in the induction zone of the head wave appear [3, 4]. Such a secondary detonation wave is free of transverse disturbances. The same is true of the detonation waves observed in the wake behind a body moving at high speed in a combustible medium [5] or in a gas which has been preheated by a shock wave [6].Although it is possible, under favorable conditions, to study in detail the system of discontinuities accompanying detonation, information on the extensive zones in which heat release takes place is scarce, the mechanism of detonation wave autonomy (in particular, the role of the rarefaction zone behind the wave) is not entirely clear, and the fact that, in spite of the complex structure, an autonomous detonation propagates with the CJ velocity calculated on the basis of one-dimensional theory has not yet been explained.In studying the nonlinear phenomena associated with the finite reaction rate it is quite acceptable to investigate only the simple one-dimensional detonation model, with which it is convenient to restrict ourselves to a single effective chemical reaction. This model is particularly reasonable since, in certain cases, the real detonation is virtually one-dimensional.The question of the stability of the one-dimensional detonation wave to disturbances of its structure has been examined by several authors [7–13]. The use of computers makes possible the direct computation of flows with heat release and the study of their properties. This method has been used in [11–13] to study the stability problem for a detonation wave with respect to finite disturbances.In the present paper we present a numerical study of the interaction of a detonation wave having finite chemical reaction rate with a rarefaction wave of different intensity approaching it from the rear for the ZND model with a single irreversible reaction A B. It is found that for a fixed value of the parameter characterizing the difference between detonation and the CJ waves, depending on the activation energy E and the mixture heating value Q_m, the interaction in question leads either to a gradual relaxation of the detonation wave and its transition to the CJ regime (this relaxation may be accompanied by decaying oscillations) or to the appearance of undamped oscillations (the unstable regime). The parameters E and Q_m affect the wave stability differently: with increase of Q_m, the wave is stabilized; with increase of E, it is destabilized. The boundary between the stable and unstable detonation wave propagation regimes is found. This boundary has a weak dependence on the rarefaction wave intensity. Estimates and calculated examples show that the amplitude of the unstable wave oscillations is finite and that the average detonation propagation velocity is close to the CJ velocity computed for the given heating value Qm.The author wishes to thank G. G. Chernyi for his guidance and L. A. Chudov for advice on computational questions.     

几种常用炸药的爆压与爆轰反应区精密测量

为了获得几种常用炸药的爆压和反应区宽度数据,采用激光干涉测试技术对TNT、PETN、RDX、HMX、TATB和CL-20炸药的稳态爆轰波界面粒子速度进行了测试,获得了高精度的界面粒子速度时程曲线,利用阻抗匹配公式计算得到了炸药的爆压。结果表明:PETN、RDX、HMX和CL-20等理想炸药的界面粒子速度曲线存在较明显的拐点,爆轰反应区较窄,反应时间为7~15 ns。TNT和TATB炸药由于存在碳凝聚慢反应过程,界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点,爆轰反应时间分别为（100±15） ns和（255±20） ns。初步的不确定度分析表明,激光干涉法测试爆压的相对扩展不确定度为4.4%（包含因子k=2）。     

CL-20混合炸药的爆轰波结构

基于爆轰数值模拟计算,分析了CL-20混合炸药爆轰反应的特征,设计了炸药与窗口的界面粒子速度测量实验装置;采用激光干涉法,测量了C-1炸药(CL-20/粘合剂/94/6)与窗口的界面粒子速度; 运用先求导、再分段拟合的方法,对界面粒子速度随时间的变化曲线进行了数据处理,确定了炸药爆轰CJ点对应的时间位置;根据CJ点对应的粒子速度,计算获得了炸药的爆轰反应区宽度和CJ爆轰压力。结果显示:密度为1.943 g/cm3的C-1炸药的爆轰反应时间为38 ns,CJ压力为34.2 GPa。     

The use of Hugoniot analysis for the propagation of vapor explosion waves

Experimental studies have shown that a mixture of molten metal and water can support the propagation of a quasi-steady vapor explosion wave. Analysis of steadily propagating vapor explosion waves has been carried out by applying the one-dimensional conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy and appropriate equations of state to a homogeneous mixture of molten tin, water and steam. The effects of void fraction, melt/water volume fraction and melt temperature on the Hugoniot curves have been considered. For low temperature melts, the Hugoniot curve lies partially inside the saturation dome and a Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation point occurs only for low void fractions. For high melt temperatures, the downstream states lie entirely outside the saturation region. Increasing the volatility of the coolant or the addition of chemical reactions increases the predicted CJ detonation pressure and velocity. CJ deflagration solutions were obtained in all cases. The existence of a CJ detonation or CJ deflagration for a multiphase fuel-coolant mixture has yet to be substantiated experimentally and nonequilibrium effects may play a role in the divergence between theory and experiments.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

高速弹丸诱导斜爆轰激波结构实验研究

斜爆轰推进系统在高超声速推进领域具有广阔的应用前景,其释热迅速、比冲高、燃烧室结构简单的优点吸引研究人员的持续关注.然而,斜爆轰的地面试验同时涉及到高速试验环境模拟、燃料与氧化剂混合、高温燃烧流场结构测量等技术难点,当前国内外系统的试验研究仍然十分有限,难以支撑斜爆轰发动机的研制.为了研究自持传播的斜爆轰激波结构与波面流动特性,基于爆轰驱动二级轻气炮开展了高速弹丸诱导斜爆轰实验研究,使用直径30 mm球头圆柱形弹丸发射进入充满氢/氧可燃混合气体的实验舱中以起爆斜爆轰波,并采用两种阴影技术对实验流动结构进行测量.实验中在不同速度、不同充气压力下观察到三种弹丸诱导激波结构,即激波诱导燃烧、弹丸起爆爆轰波和相对弹丸驻定的斜爆轰波,实验舱充气压力下降则会造成爆轰横波尺度增加与波面流动失稳.实验中,斜爆轰激波角与理论分析结果吻合较好,弹丸气动不稳定带来较大的弹丸攻角会对激波角测量带来一定偏差.通过对斜爆轰波波面法向传播速度的测量发现,随着远离弹丸,斜爆轰传播速度由弹丸飞行速度衰减至接近实验气体CJ速度,弹丸速度的降低会加速斜爆轰波传播速度的衰减.     

JBO-9021炸药的化学反应区宽度

采用激光干涉测试技术和楔形炸药构型, 对新型钝感高能炸药JBO-9021的爆轰反应区宽度进行了实验研究。实验中在楔形JBO-9021炸药后加镀膜LiF晶体作为测试窗口, 测试受试炸药与测试窗口界面的粒子速度剖面。将粒子速度剖面对时间进行二阶求导, 通过粒子速度剖面的二阶求导曲线上等于零的时刻判读CJ点的时刻, 从而得到化学反应区宽度。研究结果表明, 新型钝感高能炸药JBO-9021的化学反应持续时间为(238±13) ns, 相应的化学反应区宽度为(1.52±0.09) mm。     

气相爆轰物理的若干研究进展

爆轰现象的研究已经有一百多年的历史了,爆轰物理的研究取得了许多重要进展.本文从爆轰波的经典理论、胞格爆轰波的多波结构、气相爆轰波形成机理、气相爆轰波传播机制等方面综述了相关的若干研究进展,评述了这些进展的科学性与局限性,并探讨了将来可能的研究方向.这些研究进展主要包括:CJ(Chapman-Jouguet)理论和ZND(Zel'dovich,von Neumann,D?ring)模型、爆轰波多波结构、爆轰胞格特征、直接起爆和爆燃转爆轰过程、热点起爆机制、爆轰波稳定性、扰动爆轰波的传播等.爆轰波是以超声速传播的自持燃烧现象,涉及了激波相互作用、燃烧化学反应、湍流扩散和流动不稳定性等复杂的气动物理过程,相关研究具有重要的学科理论意义.另外,爆轰燃烧具有高效的热化学能释放特点,在先进的热力推进技术方面有着重要的应用背景,因此相关研究也具有重要的工程应用价值.