卷烟主流烟气中挥发性羰基化合物分析研究进展

挥发性羰基化合物是卷烟烟气中主要有害成分之一,在抽吸卷烟的过程中会不同程度地刺激人体的感觉器官和呼吸系统,长期吸入会对人体造成严重的危害。文章介绍了卷烟主流烟气中挥发性羰基化合物的形成机制和前提物,综述了羰基化合物的捕集方法、衍生化和检测手段。     

石墨探针采集／原子吸收法测定大气微粒物质中痕量锰

大气微粒物质（APM）中痕量有害元素的含量是世界各国大气污染监测的主要分析项目之一［‘j．人体长期吸入含锰的烟尘，可引起慢性锰中毒［‘j．多孔的电石墨对于APM是理想的过滤材料，它适于收集亚微米和lum以上的大气微粒物质，并有着很高的收集效率［’‘．本文采用一定规格的石墨探针直接过滤收集APM，然后立即用石墨探针炉原子吸收光谱法测定收集在探针上的APM中痕量锰，这种直接固体进样技术，省去了常规滤膜法收集后冗长的样品化学前处理过程，避免了样品的泊污及分析物的损失．此采集／分析系统准确、灵敏、快捷、简便，采用此…     

湿法消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定中药材中硒和铋的含量

正中药材种类繁多,组成复杂,既含有有机组分又含有丰富的微量元素,有部分微量元素是危害人类身体健康的有毒、有害元素,也有部分微量元素具有药效作用,是中药的有效成分之一。因此,在提高中药质量方面不仅需要有效控制中药材的有机活性成分,同时也必须对中药材中直接关系到人体健康的微量元素含量进行准确地测定和控制[1]。硒是人体必需的微量元素之一,被科学家称为人体微量元素中的"抗癌之王",其参与维持人体正     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定两种滤膜上PM_(2.5)中的11种金属元素含量

正PM_(2.5)是指粒径小于2.5μm的小颗粒物质~([1-2])。这种颗粒物质是一种化学成分极其复杂的复合污染物,含有多种有毒有害成分。金属元素作为这种颗粒物的重要组成部分,在空气动力等作用下,能直接进入人体并黏附在下呼吸道和肺叶中,危害人体健康~([3-5])。PM_(2.5)已经成为人们热议的话题与研究的热     

湿式催化氧化技术研究进展

现代化学工业的迅速发展促进了经济的快速发展,但与此同时进入水体的化学物质的种类和数量也急剧增加,给环境带来了很大的危害.因此,发展高浓度、有毒、有害的有机工业废水的高效处理技术,就显得日趋紧迫和十分重要,得到了人们的广泛关注.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定染发剂中砷和铅

目前市售染发剂绝大多数为化学染发剂,对其主要有害化学成分对苯二胺以及各种芳香胺类化合物的检测报道较多。但染发剂在生产过程中引入的重金属如砷、铅等对人体同样有较大危害,铅进入人体数小时后溶入血液,阻碍血液的合成,导致人体贫     

烟用接装纸中汞的冷原子吸收方法研究进展

汞是生物非必需有害元素,毒性迥异.汞进入人体后,可通过血脑屏障引起中枢神经系统的永久性损伤;对孕妇而言,可通过胎盘引起胎儿先天性水俣病.消费者在抽吸卷烟时,因滤嘴直接接触嘴唇,接装纸中的有害成分会通过口腔进入体内,汞在烟用接装纸中的分析具有重要的意义.本文介绍了用冷原子吸收光谱法分析各种材料中汞含量的方法及发展状况.     

直接测汞法快速测定锑精矿中高含量汞

<正>近年来,为满足国内生产需要,我国开始从国外大量进口锑精矿。锑精矿主要用于生产金属锑及其锑的化合物,它们被广泛地应用于耐磨合金、印刷业、军火、阻燃剂、搪瓷、玻璃、塑料、橡胶、涂料、颜料、医药及化工制品等方面。锑精矿中含有大量对人体健康和环境构成危害的有毒有害元素,特别是汞,它蓄积在人体中,对大脑造成损伤,并侵害人的中枢神经系统。因此准确、快速地对其进行检测在国际贸易中就显得尤为重要。国家标准GB/T     

抽吸过程中尼古丁在烟丝和滤咀中分布的研究

吸烟有害健康。尤以香烟中尼古丁对人体健康的危害 ,已众所周知。美国卫生局和各种癌症研究机构一再就吸烟的危害对人们作出警告 ,但人们所吸的烟还是比以往任何时候都要多 ,完全消灭吸烟在相当长时期内难以实现。因此 ,研究吸烟过程中尼古丁在香烟中的分布情况 ,寻找较为安全、适宜的吸烟区间 ,减少吸烟过程中尼古丁对人体健康的危害 ,成为本文关心的问题。为了降低烟草中有害物质对人体的危害 ,目前在国内外 ,一般均在香烟上加一过滤咀 ,以吸滤烟草中部分尼古丁及其它物质。因而 ,为了提高滤咀对其尼古丁的吸滤率 ,在滤咀中添加油酸酰胺、…     

提取多维催化发光信号鉴别有害气体的传感器

基于2种催化敏感材料, 设计了通过提取多维发光信号鉴别有害气体的催化发光(CTL)传感器. 在最佳检测条件下, 18种有害气体依次经过纳米Al₂O₃(或MgO)表面进行CTL反应, 产生的CTL 响应信号组成其特征图谱. 通过主成分分析法(PCA)鉴别了各种气体. 采用线性判别分析(LDA)对浓度分别为100, 300及500 mL/m³的18种气体的识别正确率均为100%. 该传感器可以同时测量气体的浓度, 检出限均低于我国工作场所有害因素职业接触限值(GBZ2.1-2007), 空气中几种常见的污染物共存不影响这些有害气体的检测. 该传感器具有传感元件少、 稳定性好、 操作方便、 信息丰富和识别能力强等优点, 可用于发展微型实用的传感器.     

静脉滴注加雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗新生儿肺炎的效果观察

目的观察静脉滴注加雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗新生儿肺炎的临床应用效果。方法随机抽选于深圳市第二人民医院接受治疗的84例肺炎患儿,将其平均分成观察组与对照组(每组42例),分别给予两组患儿静脉滴注加雾化吸入沐舒坦与静脉滴注沐舒坦的方案进行治疗。结果观察组的血气指标改善程度大于对照组;观察组的各项临床症状消退时间与住院时间明显短于对照组的对应值;观察组的治疗总有效率为97.62%,明显高于对照组的85.71%,组间数据差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论给予新生儿肺炎幼儿实施静脉滴注加雾化吸入沐舒坦治疗方案,不仅能明显改善患儿的血气指标,缩短其症状消退时间与住院时间,也能显著提高患儿的治疗效果,降低不良反应的发生概率。     

High‐performance liquid chromatography assay using ultraviolet detection for urinary quantification of milrinone concentrations in cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

An analytical assay using liquid–liquid extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was developed for the quantification of total (conjugated and unconjugated) urinary concentrations of milrinone after the inhalation of a 5 mg dose in 15 cardiac patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Urine samples (700 μL) were extracted with ethyl‐acetate and subsequently underwent acid back‐extraction before and after deconjugation by mild acid hydrolysis. Milrinone was separated on a strong cation exchange analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of a constant mixture of acetonitrile:tetrahydrofurane–NaH₂PO₄ buffer (40:60 v/v, pH 3.0). Thirteen calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 31.25–4000 ng/mL, using olprinone as the internal standard (r² range 0.9911–0.9999, n = 13). Mean milrinone recovery and accuracy were respectively 85.2 ± 3.1% and ≥93%. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (coefficients of variation) were ≤5% and ≤8%, respectively. Over a 24 h collection period, the cumulative urinary milrinone recovered from 15 patients was 26.1 ± 7.7% of the nominal 5 mg dose administered. The relative amount of milrinone glucuronic acid conjugate was negligible in the urine of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass This method proved to be reliable, specific and accurate to determine the cumulative amount of total milrinone recovered in urine after inhalation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on the Effect of Mentha × piperita L. Essential Oil on Electroencephalography upon Stimulation with Different Visual Effects

Essential oils have long been used to fight infections and treat various diseases. Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is an herbal medicine that has been widely used in daily life since ancient times, and it has a wide range of applications in food, cosmetics, and medicine. Mint oil is refreshing because of its cool and comfortable smell; therefore, it is often used in ethnopharmacological studies. The present study investigated the effects of peppermint essential oil in electroencephalographic activity response to various visual stimuli. The electroencephalographic changes of participants during peppermint essential oil inhalation under white, red, and blue colour stimulations were recorded. A rapid Fourier transform analysis was used to examine the electroencephalograph power spectra of the various microstates induced by inhaling the oils. Peppermint essential oil had various effects on the brain when subjected to different visual stimuli. Alpha waves increased in the prefrontal area in the white-sniffing group, which facilitated learning and thinking. In the blue-sniffing group, the changes were less pronounced than those in the red group, and the increased alpha wave activity in the occipital area was more controlled, indicating that the participants’ visual function increased in this state. Based on EEG investigations, this is the first study to indicate that vision influences the effects of peppermint essential oils. Hence, the results of this study support the use of essential oils in a broader context to serve as a resource for future studies on the effects of different types of essential oils.     

A baseline inhalation toxicity model for narcosis in mammals

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the rodent inhalation literature and the development of a quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) model for 4-hour LC50 as baseline toxicity to complement the baseline toxicity model for aquatic animals. We used the same literature review criteria developed for the ECOTOX database which selects only primary references with explicit experimental methods to form a high-quality database. Our literature review focused on the primary references reporting a 4-hour exposure for a single species of rodent in which the chemical had been clearly tested as a vapour and for which the exposure concentrations were not ambiguous. An expert system was used to remove reactive chemicals, receptor-mediated toxicants, and any test that produced symptoms inconsistent with non-polar narcosis. The QSAR model derived for narcosis in rodents was log LC50 = 0.69 × log VP + 1.54 which had an r ² of 0.91, which is significantly better than the baseline toxicity model for aquatic animals. This simple model suggests that there is no intrinsic barrier to estimating baseline toxicity for in vivo endpoints in mammalian or terrestrial toxicology.     

沙丁胺醇联合布地奈德治疗支气管哮喘急性发作51例临床观察

目的观察临床应用沙丁胺醇联合布地奈德治疗小儿支气管哮喘急性发作治疗效果。方法选择支气管哮喘急性发作的小儿患者102例,将所有患儿随机分为观察组与对照组,各51例。对照组患儿在常规治疗的基础上单纯采用沙丁胺醇雾化吸入治疗,观察组患儿采用沙丁胺醇联合布地奈德雾化吸入治疗,观察两组的治疗效果。结果观察组的总有效率为96.08%,优于对照组的总有效率80.39%,由此可见此差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);不良反应发生率为5.8%,低于对照组9.8%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用沙丁胺醇、布地奈德联合治疗支气管哮喘急性发作,具有较好的治疗效果,值得在临床上进一步推广应用。     

256例喘息患儿雾化吸入治疗

为了解喘乐宁、爱喘乐、辅舒酮雾化吸入在治疗喘息性支气管炎、支气管肺炎、儿童哮喘、咳嗽变异性哮喘中缓解喘息症状、减轻咳嗽症状的疗效，采用德诺压缩机将喘乐宁、爱喘乐雾化液按年龄配比给予雾化吸入，2次／d，雾化末吸入辅舒酮气雾剂1喷(125μg)(5岁以下儿童借助储雾罐吸入)。要求至少用药3d，最长1周。结果表明，对支气管肺炎能有效缓解喘息症状利于痰液的排出，对喘息性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、能迅速缓解喘息症状，解除病人的窘迫状态。对咳嗽变异性哮喘能减轻咳嗽，具有明确诊断意义。     

Complexation of Budesonide in Cyclodextrins and Particle Aerodynamic Characterization of the Complex Solid Form for Dry Powder Inhalation

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect ofbudesonide-cyclodextrins (CDs) complex formation in thein-vitro aerodynamic properties of the dry powder producedfor pulmonary delivery. Phase-solubility studies were performedusing budesonide and -CD, DM--CD and HP--CD.The complex budesonide:DM--CD revealed the highest stabilityconstant (K_s = 3339.7 ± 4.76%; n = 3) and the solid powder was prepared by spray-drying.Complexation was evidenced by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). A physical mixture of budesonide and DM--CD was prepared for use as reference. The fine particle fraction and particle size distribution of both powders were assessed using Twin Stage Liquid Impinger (TSLI) and Aerosizer®LD, respectively. The content uniformity of the capsules filled (sd); (n) was 191.8 (± 2.74) g; (10) for the budesonide:DM--CD solid complex and 204.9 (± 9.35) g; (10) for the physical mixture. The emitted dose (rsd); (n) was 68.0% (± 26.1%); (5) of the nominal dose (solid complex) and 70.6% (± 12.6%); (5) (physical mixture). The fine particle fraction was 67.7% (± 18.9%); (5) of the emitted dose (solid complex) and 39.8% (± 16.9%); (5) (physical mixture). While no statistically significant difference was observed between the emitted dose means of both the solid complex and physical mixture, a statistically significant higher fine particle fraction mean was obtained for the solid complex. The results suggest that using a spray-dried CD complex powder for pulmonary drug delivery may increase the drug's respirable fraction and consequently its therapeutic efficacy.     

低浓度含铅细颗粒物暴露大鼠体内生物转运研究

食品接触性塑料制品、可再生资源、汽车尾气中含有低浓度铅.铅等重金属体内蓄积严重影响机体健康,但机体长期暴露于铅环境的代谢依然未知.以低剂量含铅细颗粒物暴露为场景,探讨其在大鼠体内的生物转运及体内分布.通过比较每日吸入染毒(7.05±0.83)μg/m3及经口染毒0.42μg/d,连续染毒28 d.结果显示含铅细颗粒物入...     

Measurement of 222Rn and 226Ra in municipal supply tap water to evaluate their radiological impacts

ABSTRACT

Radon (²²²Rn) and its parent radionuclide Radium (²²⁶Ra) are classified as carcinogen. Human exposes to radon in water via inhalation and ingestion, although ingestion is the only way for radium to enter the human body. In this research, tap water collected from Bornova distinct was studied to determine the concentration of radon (²²²Rn) and radium (²²⁶Ra) for evaluating their radiological impact. For this reason, the annual effective doses for ingestion and inhalation were estimated. The measurements were performed using a collector chamber method. The mean concentrations of ²²²Rn and ²²⁶Ra were determined as 0.85 and 0.76 Bq/L, respectively. It can be stated that the ²²²Rn and ²²⁶Ra concentrations of tap waters here are lower than the international reference levels. Obtained concentration levels were applied to estimate annual effective dose due to the inhalation and ingestion. The dose values are also found to be lower than the recommended maximum values. On the other hand, it should be considered that consumption of these waters (2 L) and average radon and radium concentrations of water are the significant factors for estimating doses.