Conversion of ethene and propene adsorbed on Pt foil

The conversion of ethene and propene has been studied in the process of adsorption on Pt foil and in adsorbed state. Mainly C−C bond cleavage and limited C−C bond formation was observed in 323–523 K temperature interval.     

Production of propene from 1-butene metathesis reaction on tungsten based heterogeneous catalysts

A new propene production route from 1-butene metathesis has been developed on heterogeneous 10WO₃/Al₂O₃-HY catalysts with different HY contents. It is found that the catalysts play bi-functionally first for the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and then for the cross-metathesis between 1-butene and 2-butene to propene and 2-pentene. The combination of HY zeolite and Al₂O₃ is prerequisite for the production of propene. The propene yield keeps increasing with the HY content in the range of 10–70 wt%, where 10WO₃/Al₂O₃-70HY exhibits the highest propene yield. The MS-H₂-TPR and MS-O₂-TPO characterizations indicate that the increase of HY content in the catalysts weakens the interaction between W species and supports, whereas enhance the probability of coking on the metal species and acid sites.     

Effect of pretreatment gases on the performance of WO3/SiO2 catalysts in the metathesis of 1-butene and ethene to propene

Different gases were employed to pretreat WO₃/SiO₂ for the metathesis of 1-butene and ethene to propene. Air-pretreated WO₃/SiO₂ was inactive, whereas N₂-, N₂/H₂-, and H₂-pretreated WO₃/SiO₂ exhibited high 1-butene conversion and propene selectivity. Tetragonal WO₃ and partially reduced WO_2.92 were found to be the active phases/species, whereas monoclinic WO₃ was inactive. N₂/H₂- and H₂-pretreated WO₃/SiO₂ contained both W⁶⁺ and W⁵⁺ species (i.e., nonstoichiometric WO_3−x). Air- and N₂-pretreated WO₃/SiO₂ only contained monoclinic W⁶⁺ species (WO₃) before the reaction. However, the used N₂-pretreated WO₃/SiO₂ contained both W⁶⁺ and W⁵⁺ species, suggesting that the N₂ pretreatment can facilitate the formation of some W⁵⁺ species during the reaction. This in situ partial reduction can activate the N₂-pretreated WO₃/SiO₂ for the metathesis.     

Evidence for spontaneous release of acrylates from a transition-metal complex upon coupling ethene or propene with a carboxylic moiety or CO(2)

The development of a new synthetic approach to acrylates based on the formation of alkyl esters of acrylic acids has been studied. A preformed Pd-COOMe moiety is used as a model system to investigate the insertion of an olefin into the Pd--C bond. The fast elimination of acrylate is observed. Density functional calculations support the experimental findings and allow the characterization of transition states along the reaction pathway. The first example of olefin/CO(2) coupling with facile release of ethyl acrylate is also presented.     

载体对烯烃歧化制丙烯的影响

以SiO₂（SBA-15、MCM-48和SiO₂）和TiO₂-SiO₂（MTS-9）介孔分子筛为载体负载8%WO₃合成钨基催化剂,研究载体对丁烯歧化制丙烯性能的影响以及载体对丁烯转化率和丙烯选择性的影响。以SBA-15、MCM-48和SiO₂为载体时,催化剂的丁烯转化率在30%~37%;以MTS-9为催化剂载体时,丁烯的转化率高达到37%~42%。对所有使用的催化剂进行多种技术表征。结果表明,活性组分在各种载体上的分散度不同,载体MTS-9具有更好的分散能力,表面活性物种数量最多,催化剂WO₃/MTS-9的歧化性能最佳。     

Photoinduced ethane formation from reaction of ethene with matrix-isolated Ti, V, or Nb atoms

The reactions of matrix-isolated Ti, V, or Nb atoms with ethene (C(2)H(4)) have been studied by FTIR absorption spectroscopy. Under conditions where the ethene dimer forms, metal atoms react with the ethene dimer to yield matrix-isolated ethane (C(2)H(6)) and methane. Under lower ethene concentration conditions ( approximately 1:70 ethene/Ar), hydridic intermediates of the types HMC(2)H(3) and H(2)MC(2)H(2) are also observed, and the relative yield of hydrocarbons is diminished. Reactions of these metals with perdeuterioethene, and equimolar mixtures of C(2)H(4) and C(2)D(4), yield products that are consistent with the production of ethane via a metal atom reaction involving at least two C(2)H(4) molecules. The absence of any other observed products suggests the mechanism also involves production of small, highly symmetric species such as molecular hydrogen and metal carbides. Evidence is presented suggesting that ethane production from the ethene dimer is a general photochemical process for the reaction of excited-state transition-metal atoms with ethene at high concentrations of ethene.     

Cross metathesis of butene-2 and ethene to propene overMo/MCM-22-Al_2O_3 catalysts with different Al_2O_3 contents

A series of 3.0Mo/MCM-22-Al2O3 catalysts with γ-Al2O3 contents in the range of 0-100 wt%were prepared and applied in the metathesis reaction of ethene and butene-2.Addition of γ-Al2O3 did not affect the structure of MCM-22 zeolite as evidenced by XRD and N2 adsorption measurements.It was deduced from TPR experiments that γ-Al2O3 phase favored the formation of polymolybdate or multilayered Mo oxide,while more Al2(MoO4)3 species were generated over MCM-22 zeolites.Alumina content in the support was directly related to the metathesis activity of ethene and butene-2 to propene.Mo species with higher valence(Mo6+or Mo5+)contributed more to the excellent performance of catalyst than metallic Mo.The best catalyst activity and stability was obtained over 3.0Mo/(MCM-22-30%Al2O3)under the reaction condition of 1.0 MPa and 125℃ using N2 as the pretreatment gas.     

Hydrogen-bonded macrocluster formation of ethanol on silica surfaces in cyclohexane(1)

Adsorption of ethanol onto silica surfaces from ethanol-cyclohexane binary liquids was investigated by a combination of colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, adsorption excess isotherm measurement, and FTIR spectroscopy using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode. An unusually long-range attraction was found between the silica (glass) surfaces in the presence of ethanol in the concentration range of 0.1-1.4 mol % at room temperature. At 0.1 mol % ethanol, the attraction appeared at a distance of 35 +/- 3 nm and turned into a repulsion below 3.5 +/- 1.5 nm upon compression. Half of the attraction range agreed with the adsorption layer thickness estimated from the adsorption excess amount by assuming that the adsorption layer was composed only of ethanol. This indicated that the observed long-range attraction was caused by the contact of opposed adsorption layers of ethanol on the silica surfaces and that the sharp increase of repulsion at shorter distance was caused by the overlap of structured ethanol clusters adjacent to the surface. ATR-FTIR spectra demonstrated that ethanol adsorbed on the silica (silicon oxide) surfaces formed hydrogen-bonded clusters (polymers). Practically no ethanol clusters were formed on the hydrogen-terminated silicon surface. These results indicated that the cluster formation involved hydrogen-bonding interactions between surface silanol groups and ethanol hydroxyl groups in addition to those between ethanol hydroxyl groups. At higher temperatures (30-50 degrees C), the range and the strength of attraction decreased owing to the decrease in the hydrogen-bonded clusters monitored by FTIR spectroscopy, reflecting the nature of hydrogen bonding. The range and the strength of the attraction also changed when the ethanol concentration increased: The long-range attraction started to decrease at 0.6 mol % ethanol at room temperature and disappeared at 1.4 mol % while the adsorption excess amount remained almost constant as did the FTIR peak intensity of the hydrogen-bonded OH group of adsorbed ethanol. In the bulk solution, ethanol clusters appeared at 0.5 mol % ethanol; thus, this change in the attraction could be accounted for in terms of the exchange of ethanol molecules between the surface clusters and bulk clusters. The novel self-assembled structure of alcohol on the surface, found in this study may be called a "surface molecular macrocluster" because the hydrogen-bonded clusters extend to distances of ca. 20 nm longer than the typical sizes of common clusters, 2-4 nm, of alcohol (e.g., ethanol).     

One step enzymatic synthesis of dihydrosanguinarine from protopine

A microsomal cytochrome P-450 NADPH dependent enzyme which hydroxylates carbon-6 of protopine has been discovered and characterized; the monooxygenase reaction leads to 6-hydroxyprotopine which spontaneously rearranges to form dihydrosanguinarine.     

Isomer-specific influences on the composition of reaction intermediates in dimethyl ether/propene and ethanol/propene flame

This work provides experimental evidence on how the molecular compositions of fuel-rich low-pressure premixed flames are influenced as the oxygenates dimethyl ether (DME) or ethanol are incrementally blended into the propene fuel. Ten different flames with a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of 0.5, ranging from 100% propene (phi = 1.5) to 100% oxygenated fuel (phi = 2.0), are analyzed with flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry employing electron- or photoionization. Absolute mole fraction profiles for flame species with masses ranging from m/z = 2 (H2) to m/z = 80 (C6H8) are analyzed with particular emphasis on the formation of harmful emissions. Fuel-specific destruction pathways, likely to be initiated by hydrogen abstraction, appear to lead to benzene from propene combustion and to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde through DME and ethanol combustion, respectively. While the concentration of acetaldehyde increases 10-fold as propene is substituted by ethanol, it decreases as propene is replaced with DME. In contrast, the formaldehyde concentration rises only slightly with ethanol replacement but increases markedly with addition of DME. Allyl and propargyl radicals, the dominant precursors for benzene formation, are likely to be produced directly from propene decomposition or via allene and propyne. Benzene formation through propargyl radicals formed via unsaturated C2 intermediates in the decomposition of DME and ethanol is negligibly small. As a consequence, DME and ethanol addition lead to similar reductions of the benzene concentration.     

Homologation of ethylene without metathesis on silica supported ruthenium catalyst

A 1:1 mixture of ¹²C₂-C₂H₄ (H₂C=CH₂) and ¹³C₂-C₂H₄ (H₂ ¹³C=¹³CH₂) was contacted on Ru/SiO₂at 200^oC. Propylene (homologation) was observed without ¹³C₁-C₂H₄ formation (metathesis reaction). This might at least be corroborating evidence for discrimination of active sites in regard with the homologation and the metathesis. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of a molybdenum oxide catalyst supported on Al-pillared montmorillonite in the propene metathesis reaction

The catalytic behavior of a molybdenum oxide catalyst supported on Al-pillared montmorillonite in the propene metathesis reaction has been investigated. Comparison with two reference catalysts (Mo/SiO₂ and Mo/Al₂O₃) was also studied. Pillared clay catalysts show an important activity loss and activity recovery by air regeneration was obtained.     

由莰烯一步合成ω-丙酰基莰烯

ω 丙酰基莰烯学名1 (3,3 dimethylbicylo [2 2 1]hept 2 yl) 2 butanone是一种新型香料,由莰烯经过多步反应合成得到[1]。本文在文献[2]的基础上,用氯化锌作催化剂、乙醚与乙酸乙酯的混合液为溶剂,添加少量三乙胺,使丙酸酐与莰烯(1)发生反应,一步合成了ω 丙酰基莰烯(2),按纯莰烯计算,GC得率达38%,同时副产丙酸异冰片酯(3)。两者在纯化后进行了IR、1HNMR、13CNMR与MS表征。1　实验部分1 1　仪器与试剂　岛津GC 9A气相色谱仪,OV 101玻璃毛细管柱,30m×0 25mm,气化室250℃,柱温80℃,维持2分钟,升温速率5℃/min,终温200℃,维持10…     

Heterobimetallic complexes of cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)ethene containing tin and nickel,palladium or platinum

Summary New heterobimetallic complexes of nickel, palladium or platinum and the ligand cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)-ethene, dppen, and tin were prepared. The transition metal is bonded either directly or via chlorine bridges to the tin atom. The compounds were obtained from precursor complexes of the general formula [M(dppen)Cl₂] (M = Ni, Pd or Pt) by reaction with Ph₃SnH or SnCl₂.     

One pot synthesis of N-ethylaniline from nitrobenzene and ethanol

A novel method for the one pot synthesis of N-alkyl arylamines from nitro aromatic compounds and alcohols is proposed through the combination of the aqueous-phase reforming of alcohol for hydrogen production, the reduction of nitro aromatic compounds for the synthesis of aromatic amine and the N-alkylation of aromatic amine for the production of N-alkyl arylamine over an identical catalyst under the same conditions of temperature and pressure in a single reactor. In this process, hydrogen generated from the aqueous-phase reforming of alcohols was used in-situ for the hydrogenation of nitro aromatic compounds for aromatic amine synthesis, followed by N-alkylation of aromatic amine with alcohols to form the corresponding N-alkyl arylamines at a low partial pressure of hydrogen. For the system composed of nitrobenzene and ethanol, under the conditions of 413 K and PN2 = 1 MPa, the conversion degrees of nitrobenzene and aniline were 100%, the selectivity to N-ethylaniline and N, N-diethylaniline were 85.9% and 0%-4%, respectivity, after reaction for 8 h at the volumetric ratio of nitrobenzene:ethanol:water = 10:60:0. The selectivity for N, N-diethylaniline production is much lower than that through the traditional method. In this process, hydrogen and aromatic amines generated from the aqueous-phase reforming of alcohols and hydrogenation of nitro aromatic compounds, respectively, could be promptly removed from the surface of the catalyst due to the occurrence of in-situ hydrogenation and N-alkylation reactions. Thus, this may be a potential approach to increase the selectivity to N-alkyl arylamine.     

Co-adsorption studies of ethene with isotopically labelled water and hydrogen on copper/silica

The coadsorption of ethene with isotopically labelled water and hydrogen has been studied at temperatures between 423 and 623 K in a flow system. Ethene exchange has been shown to be independent of hydrogenation. When water is presnet, hydrogenation is poisoned but exchange can occur.

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423–623 . . , .

     

Effects of the reaction medium on silica formation from alkoxides

It is possible to control the structure and properties of amorphous oxides at the stage of hydrolysis for the alkoxide precursors by varying the reaction medium. Molar ratios have been determined for the water and alkoxide such that the products have various levels of properties at all stages in heat treatment.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 202–205, July–August, 1994.     

One step synthesis of azo compounds from nitroaromatics and anilines

A general and efficient method for synthesis of both symmetric and asymmetric aromatic azo compounds in one single step has been developed. The nitro compounds were reduced and the substituted anilines were oxidized by each other without any metal in the base condition. Various azo compounds with halogen, methyl and methoxy functional group were obtained by using available, cheap nitro compounds and substituted anilines. In addition, the electronic effect and substituent effect of the compounds have been discussed.     

Activation of hydrocarbons on acidic zeolites: superior selectivity of methylation of ethene with methanol to propene on weakly acidic catalysts

The study of methylation of ethene with methanol to propene over MFI zeolites with different heteroatoms has found that an efficient catalyst with weak acidities prevented the side reactions related with the formation of ethene oligomers from occurring, as evidenced by in situ IR spectroscopy, leading to superior propene selectivity in the product distribution.