Linearized Stability for Semiflows Generated by a Class of Neutral Equations,with Applications to State-Dependent Delays

We prove a principle of linearized stability for semiflows generated by neutral functional differential equations of the form x′(t) = g(? x _t , x _t ). The state space is a closed subset in a manifold of C ²-functions. Applications include equations with state-dependent delay, as for example x′(t) = a x′(t + d(x(t))) + f (x(t + r(x(t)))) with \({a\in\mathbb{R}, d:\mathbb{R}\to(-h,0), f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}, r:\mathbb{R}\to[-h,0]}\).     

A simple criterion for finite time stability with application to impacted buckling of elastic columns

The existing theories of finite-time stability depend on a prescribed bound on initial disturbances and a prescribed threshold for allowable responses. It remains a challenge to identify the critical value of loading parameter for finite time instability observed in experiments without the need of specifying any prescribed threshold for allowable responses. Based on an energy balance analysis of a simple dynamic system, this paper proposes a general criterion for finite time stability which indicates that finite time stability of a linear dynamic system with constant coefficients during a given time interval [0, t _f ] is guaranteed provided the product of its maximum growth rate (determined by the maximum eigen-root p₁ >0) and the duration t _f does not exceed 2, i.e., p₁t _f <2. The proposed criterion (p₁t _f =2) is applied to several problems of impacted buckling of elastic columns: (i) an elastic column impacted by a striking mass, (ii) longitudinal impact of an elastic column on a rigid wall, and (iii) an elastic column compressed at a constant speed (“Hoff problem”), in which the time-varying axial force is replaced approximately by its average value over the time duration. Comparison of critical parameters predicted by the proposed criterion with available experimental and simulation data shows that the proposed criterion is in robust reasonable agreement with the known data, which suggests that the proposed simple criterion (p₁t _f =2) can be used to estimate critical parameters for finite time stability of dynamic systems governed by linear equations with constant coefficients.     

Buckling of cylindrical shells under combined torsion and hydrostatic pressure

Results are given for a series of tests conducted to determine the elastic buckling behavior of circular cylindrical shells under hydrostatic pressure and torsion, both for individual and for combined loads. Nondimensional interaction curves are presented in terms of the geometric parameters of the cylinders and, in general, follow the parabolaP+T ²=1, whereP andT are the nondimensional critical hydrostatic and torsional loads, respectively.     

Decay of Almost Periodic Solutions¶of Conservation Laws

We consider the asymptotic behavior of solutions of systems of inviscid or viscous conservation laws in one or several space variables, which are almost periodic in the space variables in a generalized sense introduced by Stepanoff and Wiener, which extends the original one of H. Bohr. We prove that if u(x,t) is such a solution whose inclusion intervals at time t, with respect to ?>0, satisfy l _epsiv;(t)/t→0 as t→∞, and such that the scaling sequence u ^T (x,t)=u(T x,T t) is pre-compact as t→∞ in L _loc ¹(? ^{d +1} ₊, then u(x,t) decays to its mean value \(\), which is independent of t, as t→∞. The decay considered here is in L ¹ _loc of the variable ξ≡x/t, which implies, as we show, that \(\) as t→∞, where M _x denotes taking the mean value with respect to x. In many cases we show that, if the initial data are almost periodic in the generalized sense, then so also are the solutions. We also show, in these cases, how to reduce the condition on the growth of the inclusion intervals l _?(t) with t, as t→∞, for fixed ? > 0, to a condition on the growth of l _?(0) with ?, as ?→ 0, which amounts to imposing restrictions only on the initial data. We show with a simple example the existence of almost periodic (non-periodic) functions whose inclusion intervals satisfy any prescribed growth condition as ?→ 0. The applications given here include inviscid and viscous scalar conservation laws in several space variables, some inviscid systems in chromatography and isentropic gas dynamics, as well as many viscous 2 × 2 systems such as those of nonlinear elasticity and Eulerian isentropic gas dynamics, with artificial viscosity, among others. In the case of the inviscid scalar equations and chromatography systems, the class of initial data for which decay results are proved includes, in particular, the L ^∞ generalized limit periodic functions. Our procedures can be easily adapted to provide similar results for semilinear and kinetic relaxations of systems of conservation laws.     

Static statement of the stability problem under creep

In technological processes of rod bending, the critical time is determined [1] by the criterion of unbounded increase A → ∞ in the bent axis amplitude, which is equivalent to the requirement A ? A ₀, where A ₀ is value of the amplitude at the initial time t = 0. In this case, the mathematical models of the process of buckling of rods and plates [2] are constructed in the framework of the theory of small displacements. This contradiction can be removed by the assumption that the critical state is realized for deflections A of the order of several A ₀, i.e., at the time instant corresponding to a sharp increase in displacements. Naturally, this assumption is of local character, because the instant of the transition to the accelerated increase in deflections depends on specific conditions such as, for example, the support conditions, the creep coefficient, the type of the system imperfectness, the value of A ₀, and the eccentricity of the load application.In what follows, we show that, in the case of longitudinal bending (buckling), the time instant directly preceding the beginning of the catastrophic increase in deflections can be determined by the variation in the phase volume of the system.     

SBV Regularity for Hamilton–Jacobi Equations in $${{\mathbb R}^n}$$

In this paper we study the regularity of viscosity solutions to the following Hamilton–Jacobi equations

$\partial_{t}u+H(D_{x}u)=0\quad\hbox{in }\Omega\subset{\mathbb R}\times{\mathbb R}^{n}.$

In particular, under the assumption that the Hamiltonian \({H\in C^2({\mathbb R}^n)}\) is uniformly convex, we prove that D _x u and ? _t u belong to the class SBV _loc (Ω).

     

Families of rational solutions of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">y</Emphasis>-nonlocal Davey–Stewartson II equation

The y-nonlocal Davey–Stewartson II equation is an extension of the usual DS II equation involving a partially parity-time-symmetric potential only with respect to the spatial variable y. By using the Hirota bilinear method, families of n-order rational solutions are obtained, which include lumps in the (x, y)-plane and the (y, t)-plane, growing-and-decaying line waves in the (x, t)-plane, and hybrid solutions of interacting line rogue waves and lumps in the (x, y)-plane.     

The string-net analog of flexure of prismatic beams

Plots of the stress function (obtained graphically from enlarged photos of the string net), and of the shear-stress distribution over the normal section of beams in cantilever loading, for beams of rectangular, and of circular section, compare well with the exact mathematical solutions. Regions of increasing stress, leading to points of stress concentration are clearly shown. String nets were built for rectangular sections of ratio of half widthb to half deptha, R=b/a=1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8. The form of the net forR≦|1| suggested the assumption of a plane for part of φ(x, y). ForR?|1| another simple approximation was assumed for φ(x, y). The simple approximate mathematical analyses obtained from the values of φ(x, y) helped to show where the concentrations of stress are and how they vary withR.     

Does Density Ratio Significantly Affect Turbulent Flame Speed?

In order to experimentally study whether or not the density ratio σ substantially affects flame displacement speed at low and moderate turbulent intensities, two stoichiometric methane/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures characterized by the same laminar flame speed S _L = 0.36 m/s, but substantially different σ were designed using (i) preheating from T _u = 298 to 423 K in order to increase S _L , but to decrease σ, and (ii) dilution with nitrogen in order to further decrease σ and to reduce S _L back to the initial value. As a result, the density ratio was reduced from 7.52 to 4.95. In both reference and preheated/diluted cases, direct images of statistically spherical laminar and turbulent flames that expanded after spark ignition in the center of a large 3D cruciform burner were recorded and processed in order to evaluate the mean flame radius \(\bar {R}_{f}\left (t \right )\) and flame displacement speed \(S_{t}=\sigma ^{-1}{d\bar {R}_{f}} \left / \right . {dt}\) with respect to unburned gas. The use of two counter-rotating fans and perforated plates for near-isotropic turbulence generation allowed us to vary the rms turbulent velocity \(u^{\prime }\) by changing the fan frequency. In this study, \(u^{\prime }\) was varied from 0.14 to 1.39 m/s. For each set of initial conditions (two different mixture compositions, two different temperatures T _u , and six different \(u^{\prime })\), five (respectively, three) statistically equivalent runs were performed in turbulent (respectively, laminar) environment. The obtained experimental data do not show any significant effect of the density ratio on S _t . Moreover, the flame displacement speeds measured at u′/S _L = 0.4 are close to the laminar flame speeds in all investigated cases. These results imply, in particular, a minor effect of the density ratio on flame displacement speed in spark ignition engines and support simulations of the engine combustion using models that (i) do not allow for effects of the density ratio on S _t and (ii) have been validated against experimental data obtained under the room conditions, i.e. at higher σ.     

A method of solving the diffusion problem for a vortex layer in a viscoplastic half-plane

A method is proposed to reduce the classical formulation of the problem to a system of two functional equations whose solution can be found numerically. A number of assertions that characterize the behavior of a rigid zone are proved. In particular, the lower estimate h ⁰(t) = 2b√t for the boundary motion is obtained; an explicit expression for b is given as a boundary stress function.     

Convergence of Global and Bounded Solutions of Some Nonautonomous Second Order Evolution Equations with Nonlinear Dissipation

In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the following nonautonomous wave equation with nonlinear dissipation.

$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} u_{tt}+\vert u_{t}\vert^{\alpha}u_{t}-\Delta u +f(u)=g(t,x),\quad{\rm in}\,\mathbb{R}_{+}\times\Omega,\\ \qquad\qquad u(t,x)=0,\quad\, {\rm on}\,\mathbb{R}_{+}\times\partial\Omega,\end{array}\right.$

where f is an analytic function, α is a small positive real and g(t, ·) tends to 0 sufficiently fast in L ²(Ω) as t tends to ∞.

We also obtain a general convergence result and the rate of decay of solutions for a class of second order ODE containing as a special case

$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \ddot{U}(t)+\Vert\dot{U}(t)\Vert^{\alpha}\dot{U}(t)+\nabla F(U(t))=g(t),\quad t \in \mathbb{R}_+,\\ \qquad U(0)=U_{0}\,\in \mathbb{R}^{N},\quad\dot{U}(0)=U_{1}\in \mathbb{R}^{N}. \end{array}\right.$

     

Growths of mechanical elasticity and electrical conductance of graphene nanoplatelet/poly(lactic acid) composites under strong electric field: correlation with time evolution of higher order structure of graphene nanoplatelets

For a composite of poly(lactic acid) containing graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) at a low concentration (0.34 vol%), this study examined growths of mechanical and electrical properties under an alternating current (AC) electric field, focusing on field-induced GNP structures governing those properties. The composite was subjected to the AC field (60 Hz) of various intensities E for various times t _E at 190 °C. A fraction of randomly oriented GNPs was aligned by the field and then connected into columns, as suggested from optical microscopy. This structural evolution led to qualitatively similar growths of low-frequency storage modulus and static electrical conductivity. The key quantity for understanding this growth was a time t _E* for occurrence of short circuit that detected formation of GNP columns conductively bridging the electrodes. The growths of both modulus and conductivity for various E were summarized as functions of a reduced variable, t _E/t _E*, confirming the growths commonly reflected the evolution of the GNP columns. However, the modulus grew fast and leveled off by t _E/t _E* ~ 1, whereas the conductivity kept growing gradually even at t _E/t _E* > 1. This difference was discussed in relation to the matrix chains and leftover GNPs out the column.     

Power-law creep and residual stresses in a carbopol gel

We report on the interplay between creep and residual stresses in a carbopol microgel. When a constant shear stress σ is applied below the yield stress σ _y, the strain is shown to increase as a power law of time, γ(t) = γ ₀ + (t/τ) ^α , with an exponent α = 0.39 ± 0.04 that is strongly reminiscent of Andrade creep in hard solids. For applied shear stresses lower than some typical value σ _c ? 0.2σ _y, the microgel experiences a more complex, anomalous creep behavior, characterized by an initial decrease of the strain, that we attribute to the existence of residual stresses of the order of σ _c that persist after a rest time under a zero shear rate following preshear. The influence of gel concentration on creep and residual stresses are investigated as well as possible aging effects. We discuss our results in light of previous works on colloidal glasses and other soft glassy systems.     

Steady Nearly Incompressible Vector Fields in Two-Dimension: Chain Rule and Renormalization

Given bounded vector field \({b : {\mathbb{R}^{d}} \to {\mathbb{R}^{d}}}\), scalar field \({u : {\mathbb{R}^{d}} \to {\mathbb{R}}}\), and a smooth function \({\beta : {\mathbb{R}} \to {\mathbb{R}}}\), we study the characterization of the distribution \({{\rm div}(\beta(u)b)}\) in terms of div b and div(ub). In the case of BV vector fields b (and under some further assumptions), such characterization was obtained by L. Ambrosio, C. De Lellis and J. Malý, up to an error term which is a measure concentrated on the so-called tangential set of b. We answer some questions posed in their paper concerning the properties of this term. In particular, we construct a nearly incompressible BV vector field b and a bounded function u for which this term is nonzero. For steady nearly incompressible vector fields b (and under some further assumptions), in the case when d = 2, we provide complete characterization of div(\({\beta(u)b}\)) in terms of div b and div(ub). Our approach relies on the structure of level sets of Lipschitz functions on \({{\mathbb{R}^{2}}}\) obtained by G. Alberti, S. Bianchini and G. Crippa. Extending our technique, we obtain new sufficient conditions when any bounded weak solution u of \({\partial_t u + b \cdot \nabla u=0}\) is renormalized, that is when it also solves \({\partial_t \beta(u) + b \cdot \nabla \beta(u)=0}\) for any smooth function \({\beta \colon{\mathbb{R}} \to {\mathbb{R}}}\). As a consequence, we obtain new a uniqueness result for this equation.     

Entire Solutions to Equivariant Elliptic Systems with Variational Structure

We consider the system Δu ? W _u (u) = 0, where \({u : \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n}\) , for a class of potentials \({W : \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}}\) that possess several global minima and are invariant under a general finite reflection group G. We establish existence of nontrivial G-equivariant entire solutions connecting the global minima of W along certain directions at infinity.     

Beltrami Fields with a Nonconstant Proportionality Factor are Rare

We consider the existence of Beltrami fields with a nonconstant proportionality factor f in an open subset U of \({\mathbb{R}^3}\). By reformulating this problem as a constrained evolution equation on a surface, we find an explicit differential equation that f must satisfy whenever there is a nontrivial Beltrami field with this factor. This ensures that there are no nontrivial regular solutions for an open and dense set of factors f in the C^k topology, \({k\geqq 7}\). In particular, there are no nontrivial Beltrami fields whenever f has a regular level set diffeomorphic to the sphere. This provides an explanation of the helical flow paradox of Morgulis et al. (Commun Pure Appl Math 48:571–582, 1995).     

Inviscid Models Generalizing the Two-dimensional Euler and the Surface Quasi-geostrophic Equations

Any classical solution of the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equation is global in time. However, it remains an outstanding open problem whether classical solutions of the surface quasi-geostrophic (SQG) equation preserve their regularity for all time. This paper studies solutions of a family of active scalar equations in which each component u _j of the velocity field u is determined by the scalar θ through \({u_j =\mathcal{R}\Lambda^{-1}P(\Lambda) \theta}\) , where \({\mathcal{R}}\) is a Riesz transform and Λ = (?Δ)^1/2. The two-dimensional Euler vorticity equation corresponds to the special case P(Λ) = I while the SQG equation corresponds to the case P(Λ) = Λ. We develop tools to bound \({\|\nabla u||_{L^\infty}}\) for a general class of operators P and establish the global regularity for the Loglog-Euler equation for which P(Λ) = (log(I + log(I ? Δ))) ^γ with 0 ≦ γ ≦ 1. In addition, a regularity criterion for the model corresponding to P(Λ) = Λ ^β with 0 ≦ β ≦ 1 is also obtained.     

Effect of vibration on the creep of tensile-test specimens of the aluminum alloy Al−Mg−Si (PA-4)

In this work are presented the results of research on vibrational creep at normal temperature of an aluminum alloy containing magnesium and silicon (designated PA-4). A uni-directional positive load is applied to a tensile-test specimen, such that the stress intensity in the specimen is of the type\(\sigma (t) = \sigma _m (1 + Asin\omega t)\) whereσ _m is the mean (static) stress intensity andA =σ _a /σ _m is the ratio of the vibratory-stress intensity to the mean intensity. The results are given in the form of families of curves of plastic (i.e., permanent) deformation for various values ofA, namely,A=0.0000, 0.0065, 0.05500, 0.1000 and 0.2000. Taking the creep limit for plastic strain as ε _p = 1.8 percent, equations for this creep limit were deduced from experimental data. The following conclusions are drawn from these investigations:

1. 1.
   Vibrations of small-stress-amplitude ratioA encourage creep, particularly with more lengthy tests.     
   
   

Global Attractor for a Nonlinear Oscillator Coupled to the Klein–Gordon Field

The long-time asymptotics is analyzed for all finite energy solutions to a model\(\mathbf{U}(1)\)-invariant nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation in one dimension, with the nonlinearity concentrated at a single point: each finite energy solution converges as t→ ± ∞ to the set of all “nonlinear eigenfunctions” of the form ψ(x)e^{?iω t}. The global attraction is caused by the nonlinear energy transfer from lower harmonics to the continuous spectrum and subsequent dispersive radiation.We justify this mechanism by the following novel strategy based on inflation of spectrum by the nonlinearity. We show that any omega-limit trajectory has the time spectrum in the spectral gap [ ? m,m] and satisfies the original equation. This equation implies the key spectral inclusion for spectrum of the nonlinear term. Then the application of the Titchmarsh convolution theorem reduces the spectrum of each omega-limit trajectory to a single harmonic \(\omega\in[-m,m]\).The research is inspired by Bohr’s postulate on quantum transitions and Schrödinger’s identification of the quantum stationary states to the nonlinear eigenfunctions of the coupled\(\mathbf{U}(1)\)-invariant Maxwell–Schrödinger and Maxwell–Dirac equations.