Two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm for determination of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio and its application to CALIPSO lidar measurements

A modified two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm is proposed to aid in the retrieval of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratio) as well as backscatter coefficients and extinction color ratios from simultaneous two-wavelength elastic backscatter lidar measurements. To demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm, both the Raman method and the two-wavelength method have been applied to the ground-based measurements at 355 and 532 nm; moreover, it has been applied to the data acquired by the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar, and to the simultaneous ground-based lidar measurements carried out at Napoli (southern Italy, 40.838 °N, 14.183 °E, 118 m above sea level). Three cases of Saharan dust transport towards Europe have been considered. From the comparison, it can be found that the values of lidar ratio and backscatter coefficient retrieved by the modified two-wavelength algorithm are in good agreement with those obtained by the Raman method. Moreover the retrieved mean values of the lidar ratios and color ratios are in agreement with those reported by other authors.     

Comparison of CALIPSO and ground-based lidar profiles over Chung-Li, Taiwan

We report the first inter-comparison of vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds derived from space (CALIPSO) and ground based lidar over Chung-Li, Taiwan. Results show that inter-comparison is closer in case of aerosols than clouds. The strength/shortcoming of the comparison has been also discussed. An iterative calculation to retrieve extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) by using sun-photometer and CALIPSO data is also documented. By using the mentioned method, a mean lidar ratio of 23.5±8.2 sr was found. The derived lidar ratios are lower than former studies. The possible reasons for the difference have been discussed in this paper. The discussed methodology will be helpful to reduce the uncertainty of optical parameters derived from lidar data especially near the surface where the atmosphere is inhomogeneous.     

New dust aerosol identification method for spaceborne lidar measurements

Classification is a critical step in the backscatter lidar data processing to accurately retrieve extinction and backscatter profiles of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Different schemes, such as the probability distribution functions (PDFs) method, have been used in the cloud and aerosol classification. In this paper, we attempt to use the support vector machine (SVM) to discriminate aerosols from clouds, with a focus on dust aerosol classification in China. To demonstrate the feasibility of the SVM classifier, we chose dust storms that occurred in the Gobi and Taklimakan deserts and observed by the CALIPSO lidar in spring time 2007. The results show that the SVM can correctly identify the dust storms.     

Development of lasers for spaceborne Doppler wind lidar applications

During the course of years, various activities have been carried out at CESI (incorporating now former CISE Innovative Technologies labs) on Doppler wind lidar (DWL) for spaceborne applications. Historically, the first activities were related to the development of a CO₂ laser transmitter for the DWL development with coherent (heterodyne) detection technique. More recently, efforts have been directed to the technology of neodymium solid-state laser transmitter with direct detection (edge technique). Presently, a work in course involves a team of European firms including CESI and is devoted to the breadboarding of a diode-pumped UV laser for DWL application.     

An incoherent Doppler lidar for ground-based atmospheric wind profiling

Received: 17 April 1996/Revised version: 7 October 1996     

小口径便携式Mie散射激光雷达的研制和应用

介绍了小口径便携式Mie散射激光雷达的系统结构、技术参数以及激光雷达信号处理的关键技术和处理方法。给出了测量结果,并与Vaisala公司能见度仪的测量结果进行了对比。这种Mie散射激光雷达具有结构紧凑、重量轻的特点,非常适合于进行能见度和大气消光特性时空分布和时间演变特性的研究。同时也可以进行车载或者结合扫描装置进行自动扫描监测,以获取感兴趣的区域颗粒物的时空分布。     

星载激光雷达滤波器组件热分析及参数优化

为了有效提高星载激光雷达后继光学系统中滤波器组件结构热保温性能,保证其核心部件F-P标准具利用材料的热光特性进行中心波长调谐的精度,对滤波器组件进行了初步热结构设计。利用有限元软件Ansys Workbench对滤波器组件初始结构进行稳态热分析,确定加热功率范围,再对热结构中的关键参数进行基于灵敏度分析的多目标优化,并确定各参数的最优值。优化分析结果表明:标准具达到稳态设计工作温度48℃时,加热功率为7.05 W,节省功率消耗11.3%,标准具表面节点最大温差由原来的0.253℃减少为0.05℃,满足设计技术指标要求。     

星载海洋激光雷达最佳工作波长分析

星载激光雷达是实现海洋垂直剖面探测的有效工具,也是目前迫切需求的海洋光学遥感手段。对星载海洋激光雷达的波长参数进行评估对保证探测有效性具有重要意义。本文从探测深度和信噪比两方面分析了星载海洋激光雷达探测全球海洋的最佳波长。利用MODIS 10个波段的水体光学特性数据,估算全球海水探测深度及相应的最优波长;并根据太阳夫琅禾费暗线特性,对信号信噪比进行优化。结果表明:在探测深度方面,最优探测波长在488 nm波段的海洋占全球海洋面积的70%左右,并且全球95%以上的海域在488 nm波段的探测深度优于0.8倍的真光层深度;在信噪比方面,相对于488 nm波段,486.134 nm夫琅禾费暗线处采用0.1 nm带宽的滤光片可以将背景光强度降低70%,相应地回波信噪比整体提升了约5.0%。就全球海洋探测来说,使用486.134 nm作为探测波长可以提高探测深度,有效抑制太阳背景光,提高信噪比,因此,486.134 nm是星载海洋激光雷达的最佳工作波长。     

地基CO2廓线探测差分吸收激光雷达

研制了一台利用气溶胶散射信号的CO₂廓线探测差分吸收激光雷达. 系统利用染料激光器实现波长调制, 采用双光路气体吸收池, 结合Voigt拟合方法实现了脉冲红外激光的高精度定标. 针对输出激光带宽较宽的问题, 采取仿真实验评估了影响, 并设计了基于吸收池的订正因子获取方案. 进而, 开展了水平、垂直和连续观测实验, 通过与地面CO₂分析仪测量值的对比, 证明了系统具备优越的精密性和精确性. 实验表明, 该样机能够俘获CO₂浓度随高程和时间变化而产生的变化.     

一种无需定标的地基激光雷达气溶胶消光系数精确反演方法

如何对低云下雾霾的激光雷达探测数据进行准确定标,一直是米散射激光雷达数据反演中一个有待解决的问题.对于低云和雾霾同时出现的天气,激光很难穿透云层,不能利用大气清洁层对激光雷达信号定标.而对于探测高度小于6 km的便携式米散射激光雷达,由于探测高度较低,也很难利用大气清洁层对激光雷达数据进行定标.本文根据Fernald前向积分方程的特点,提出了一种气溶胶消光系数迭代算法.通过对反演过程进行特定设置,每经过一次迭代,利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法得到的气溶胶消光系数反演值与其真实值之间的差值就会相应减小.经过几次迭代后,气溶胶消光系数反演值与真实值之间的差值就会小到可以忽略不计.初步反演结果表明:利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法,无需对激光雷达探测数据定标就能精确反演出气溶胶消光系数廓线.     

A radiative transfer model for an idealized and non-scattering atmosphere and its application for ground-based remote sensing

Inversion of tropospheric profiles from ground-based microwave measurements requires a simple and accurate model for calculating the brightness temperatures as received by the radiometer. In the first part, an analytic solution of the radiative transfer equation is derived for an exponentially decaying absorption coefficient and a linear temperature gradient. Based on the obtained analytic expressions, a discretized radiative transfer scheme is developed in the second part. The new scheme incorporates the generic behavior of the atmosphere with the effect that brightness temperatures can be modeled more accurately and with fewer grid points compared to commonly used radiative transfer schemes. The brightness temperature modeling accuracy was improved by a factor of six. The results suggest that the model could be employed for the retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles.     

大气水汽探测地基差分吸收激光雷达系统设计与性能仿真

为持续获得对流层低层高精度、高时空分辨率的水汽浓度分布数据,提出了一套改进的大气水汽探测地基差分吸收激光雷达系统方案.详细描述了系统主要组成部分,对主要误差进行了分析与估计,并提出了一种差分吸收截面实时测量装置用于补偿发射激光器带来的测量误差.针对该系统,并结合上海地区不同季节的水汽浓度状况,对935 nm水汽吸收带中四个水汽吸收峰的差分光学厚度、雪崩二极管的倍增系数M与回波信噪比的关系、水汽浓度随机测量误差等进行了详细的仿真与分析.仿真结果表明,根据不同的季节和天气状况,可以选择不同的吸收峰以达到最佳探测效果;在300—5000 m高度范围内,最大可以达到300 m的垂直分辨率与5 min的时间分辨率,水汽浓度随机测量误差不超过18%.     

星载激光雷达F-P标准具高效温控算法的设计与实现

法布里-珀罗(F-P)标准具的研制是星载米散射激光雷达的关键技术节点之一。在分析温度对F-P标准具影响的前提下,结合常规PID温控算法和模糊算法原理,提出一种模糊算法与加入抗饱和参数的增量式PID算法相结合的高效温控算法,实现F-P标准具温度控制,将最终设定温度控制在±0.06 K范围内。该算法不仅实现简单,而且控制精度高,稳定性好,为星载米散射激光雷达窄带光学接收关键技术突破提供了保障。     

A new perturbation method to the Tent map and its application

Disturbance imposed on the chaotic systems is an effective way to maintain its chaotic good encryption features. This paper proposes a new perturbation method to the Tent map. First it divides the Tent map domain into 2^N parts evenly and selects a particular part from them, then proliferates the Tent map mapping trajectory of this particular part, which can disturb the entire system disturbance. The mathematical analysis and simulated experimental results prove that the disturbed Tent map has uniform invariant distribution and can produce good cryptographic properties of pseudo-random sequence. These facts avoid the phenomenon of short-period caused by the computer's finite precision and reducing the sequence's dependence on the disturbance signal, such that effectively compensate for the digital chaotic system dynamics degradation.     

A new auxiliary equation method and its application to the Sharma-Tasso-Olver model

A new auxiliary equation method, constructed by a first order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with at most an eighth-degree nonlinear term, is first proposed for exploring more exact solutions to nonlinear evolution equations. Being concise and straightforward, the method, with the aid of symbolic computation, is applied to the Sharma-Tasso-Olver model, and some new exact solitary wave solutions are obtained. The approach is also applicable to searches for exact solutions of other nonlinear evolution equations.     

A diagrammatic method for the calculation of moments of operators and its application to nuclear spectroscopy

The physical content of the well-known Lanczos method of tridiagonalisation is analysed in the framework of nuclear spectroscopy of low-lying states. The formal calculations are based on diagrammatic methods. Their link with other methods and their possible use in other fields of spectroscopy are briefly considered.     

Fiber coupling efficiency for random light and its applications to lidar

Employing the van Cittert-Zernike theorem of classical coherence theory, we derive a general expression for the efficiency with which quasi-monochromatic random light can be coupled to an optical fiber by means of a lens. For the important case of a source with Gaussian intensity distribution, we obtain and discuss the dependence of the coupling efficiency to single-mode fibers on the lens-to-fiber coupling geometry as well as on the ratio of lens size to speckle size. A specialization to the emerging fields of both incoherent and coherent fiber-based lidar applications shows that a maximum coupling efficiency of ~42% can be obtained for a monostatic system.     

半导体激光雷达斜程能见度观测和反演方法

论述了自行研制的半导体激光雷达能见度仪的工作原理、基本结构及参数,提出了一种稳定的消光系数迭代算法。利用该半导体激光雷达能见度仪与美国Belfort model 6230A型能见度仪对水平及斜程能见度进行了对比实验。对比实验表明:对于水平能见度,平均相对误差在10%以内的占总量的45.6%,平均相对误差在20%以内的占总量的84.7%,平均相对误差在30%以内的占总量的91.2%;对于斜程能见度,不同天气条件下,能见度变化趋势明显,反映了斜程能见度与水平能见度探测的差别与意义。充分说明该能见度仪能够在各种气候条件下测量水平及斜程能见度,所提出的反演能见度的迭代算法稳定可靠。     

半导体激光雷达斜程能见度观测和反演方法

论述了自行研制的半导体激光雷达能见度仪的工作原理、基本结构及参数,提出了一种稳定的消光系数迭代算法。利用该半导体激光雷达能见度仪与美国Belfort model 6230A 型能见度仪对水平及斜程能见度进行了对比实验。对比实验表明：对于水平能见度,平均相对误差在10%以内的占总量的45.6%,平均相对误差在20%以内的占总量的84.7%,平均相对误差在30%以内的占总量的91.2%;对于斜程能见度,不同天气条件下,能见度变化趋势明显,反映了斜程能见度与水平能见度探测的差别与意义。充分说明该能见度仪能够在各种气候条件下测量水平及斜程能见度,所提出的反演能见度的迭代算法稳定可靠。     

多层介质波导的一种新方法及其在非均匀介质平面光波导中的应用

本文提出求解多层介质平面光波导的一个简单而直接的方法。将其应用于非均匀平面光波导,可以求解任意折射率分布和TM模问题。以抛物线型和指数型分布为例,说明只要分层数目足够多,本文介绍的方法可以达到任意精度。