Effect of metal ions on the viscosity of polyacrylamide solution and the mechanism of viscosity degradation

聚丙烯酰胺( HPAM)是油田常用的驱油聚合物,用油田污水配制HPAM溶液易导致其黏度明显降低,影响驱油效果.依据埕东油田污水实测的各种金属阳离子含量来配制HPAM溶液,测得各金属阳离子对其黏度影响由大到小的顺序为:Na+ ＞Fe2+ ＞Ca2+ ＞K+＞ Mg2+;通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析金属阳离子导致HPAM溶液降黏的机理,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+主要是通过与HPAM链上的羧酸根阴离子静电引力相互作用,降低HPAM分子表面原有的电荷密度,造成分子链卷曲,同时减弱了极性基团的溶剂化能力,释放大量的“束缚水”,从而使黏度显著降低;Fe2+离子主要是与水中溶解氧共同作用,引发自由基反应,导致HPAM骨架水解断裂,致使黏度显著降低.     

金属阳离子对聚丙烯酰胺溶液黏度的影响及其降黏机理研究

聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)是油田常用的驱油聚合物,用油田污水配制HPAM溶液易导致其黏度明显降低,影响驱油效果。依据埕东油田污水实测的各种金属阳离子含量来配制HPAM溶液,测得各金属阳离子对其黏度影响由大到小的顺序为:Na⁺>Fe²⁺>Ca²⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺;通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析金属阳离子导致HPAM溶液降黏的机理,Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要是通过与HPAM链上的羧酸根阴离子静电引力相互作用,降低HPAM分子表面原有的电荷密度,造成分子链卷曲,同时减弱了极性基团的溶剂化能力,释放大量的"束缚水",从而使黏度显著降低;Fe²⁺离子主要是与水中溶解氧共同作用,引发自由基反应,导致HPAM骨架水解断裂,致使黏度显著降低。     

硫酸亚铁及氯化铁与硫酸亚铁混合溶液与氢氧化钠溶液反应的沉淀pH曲线的测定及分析

应用手持技术pH传感器,测定了NaOH溶液滴定FeSO4溶液的t-pH曲线,应用origin 9.0分析实验数据,探讨了空气对Fe2+沉淀pH的影响;通过测定并分析FeSO4溶液滴定NaOH溶液的pH曲线,发现了溶液最终pH受金属离子水解程度的影响;通过测定并分析NaOH溶液滴定FeCl3和FeSO4混合溶液的pH曲线,探讨了Fe2+和Fe3+的互相影响,使其沉淀pH范围发生变化;通过测定并分析FeCl3和FeSO4混合溶液滴定NaOH溶液的pH曲线,验证了Fe2+和Fe3+的水解程度不同,Fe （OH）3和Fe （OH）2的存在条件也不一样。     

盐对刷型两亲聚合物聚集行为的调控作用

两亲聚合物奇异的功能特性源于分子独特的骨架结构和在溶液中的自组装聚集行为. 本文向以2-丙烯酰胺基-十二烷基磺酸(AMC₁₂S)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)进行无规共聚所制备的AMPS-AMC₁₂S刷型两亲聚合物溶液体系中引入不同用量的NaCl, 采用稳态荧光、动态光散射(DLS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)系统考察NaCl 对聚合物聚集行为的调控作用. 研究发现, 聚合物结构中疏水侧链含量越低, NaCl 对聚集行为的调控作用越强; NaCl浓度增加会明显降低聚合物的临界聚集浓度; 与此同时, 聚合物分子链自组装由分子间的聚集方式向分子内的聚集方式转变, 形成的聚集形态由大型多分子聚集体变化为尺寸数百分之一的单聚体.     

从超分子聚合物到超分子有机框架:组装溶液相超分子结构的周期性

单体分子在溶液相自发形成周期性的网络结构,是超分子化学和分子自组装研究领域的重大挑战.多头基分子在溶液相通过分子间非共价键作用可以形成超分子聚合物.提高多头基(三头基和四头基)分子骨架的刚性,可以提高结合位点的结构预组织,进而增强分子间相互作用的协同性和多价性特征,提高自组装结构的有序性或周期性.本文综述了多头基分子自组装形成超分子聚合物的一些重要进展,介绍了二维超分子有机框架(一类新的溶液相周期性自组装网络结构研究的最新进展.     

新型双核Co（Ⅱ）聚合物{[Co2L（MeOH）（H2O）4]n·nH2O}的合成及其晶体结构

采用溶剂热法,丁烷四羧酸(H4L)与水合乙酸钴经配位聚合反应合成了一个新型的双核Co(Ⅱ)聚合物[Co2L(MeOH)(H2O)4]n.nH2O(1),其结构经元素分析和单晶X-射线衍射表征。1属单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数a=2.802 6(3)nm,b=0.816 32(11)nm,c=1.630 1(2)nm,β=119.793(2)°,V=3.236 5(7)nm3,Z=8,Dc=1.925 Mg.cm-3,R1=0.097 5,wR2=0.223 1。1通过H4L桥联形成一维链,通过O-H┈O氢键作用形成了无限延伸的二维网络结构;在1中存在的分子内及分子间氢键使1具有三维网络结构。     

氢键结合超分子水凝胶的形成与结构调控

近年来,依靠单体单元间可逆和高度取向的非共价作用力形成超分子聚合物(supramolecularpolymer)得到广泛关注[1,2].在溶液中,超分子单体单元之间通过非共价键相互作用,形成三维网络结构并将有机溶剂或水包裹形成超分子凝胶[3,4].相对于聚合物凝胶,超分子凝胶具有以下优点.(1)生     

正负离子和表面活性剂对水解聚丙烯酰胺分子线团尺寸的影响及其作用机理

采用动态光散射(DLS)方法,研究了无机电解质正离子与负离子对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)分子线团尺寸的影响,也研究了阴离子型表面活性剂与非离子型表面活性剂对HPAM分子线团尺寸的影响.结果表明,无机电解质负离子对HPAM分子尺寸(分子流体力学直径(Dh))影响较小,而无机电解质正离子对Dh的影响较大,且影响程度随正离子浓度增大而减小.Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和Na+对Dh的作用强弱顺序为Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+>K+.当向聚合物溶液中加入阴离子型表面活性剂时,随表面活性剂浓度增大,Dh先减小,后增大,再减小.此外,由于强烈的静电斥力作用,阴离子型表面活性剂分子在聚合物分子表面吸附较弱,难形成"表面活性剂-聚合物"络合物,而非离子型表面活性剂会以类似于胶束聚集体的形式吸附在聚合物分子链上,形成"表面活性剂-聚合物"络合物,结果造成Dh随表面活性剂浓度增加而逐渐增大.     

用激基缔合物荧光研究聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物在溶液中的分子构型

聚苯乙烯在溶液中的激基缔合物荧光被发现以来一直引起人们的兴趣^{[ 1, 2]}. 聚苯乙烯激基缔合作用主要与处于基态的苯环层叠对的形成有密切关系. 其形成方式主要有(1)符合n= 3规则的相邻苯环间的相互作用.(2)主链上非相邻苯环间由于链段的卷曲而相互作用.(3)分属于不同主链上的苯环相互贯穿时的相互作用. 由于激基缔合作用是近程作用, 因此利用它研究聚合物线团在稀溶液的变化及由稀溶液到浓溶液的变化是十分有效的^{[ 3]}. 嵌段聚合物在形成胶束时, 一种聚合物分子链段形成核, 在核内大分子链段相互缠结, 相互贯穿. 而另一种聚合物分子链段形成壳, 其链段较为舒展. 因此利用激基缔合物荧光技术研究分子链段在核内的变化也应是十分有效的. 本文研究聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物体系。     

用于检测铁(Ⅲ)离子的新型共轭聚合物荧光探针

以1,10-邻菲咯啉为原料合成了1,10-菲咯啉-5,6-二酮,并进一步与对苯二胺通过席夫碱反应合成共轭聚合物荧光探针。通过核磁共振、红外光谱、黏度等对聚合物进行表征,通过紫外吸收与荧光发射光谱研究了此聚合物对金属离子的识别性和敏感性。对1,10-邻菲咯啉与聚合物探针配位Fe3+前后的吸收光谱、荧光光谱以及红外光谱进行对比研究。实验结果表明:在聚合物溶液中,加入Fe3+后溶液由无色变为浅红棕色,可实现肉眼识别检测Fe3+,而紫外吸收和发射光谱的变化表明此聚合物荧光探针对Fe3+具有较好的选择性和灵敏性;其对加入的Fe3+能瞬间响应(1 s),完全响应时间为30 min,对Fe3+的线性检测范围为0~12.5μmol/L,检出限为2.72μmol/L。Fe3+对探针的猝灭常数为1.52×104L/mol。通过分析聚合物荧光探针与Fe3+的作用机理,绘制出聚合物荧光探针与Fe3+作用后的结构示意图。     

分子复合法制备新型聚合物驱油剂CMC/P(AM-DMDAAC)

通过具有互补结构的阴离子聚合物羧甲基纤维素(CMC)与阳离子聚合物聚(丙烯酰胺-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵)[P(AM-DMDAAC)]间的聚电解质分子复合作用,制备了分子复合型CMC/P(AM-DMDAAC)新型驱油剂.电导率测定及紫外光谱分析结果表明,CMC与P(AM-DMDAAC)可以在水相通过库仑力形成均相聚电解质复合溶液.由于分子复合形成的独特超分子结构,复合溶液粘度显著增加,分别为组分聚合物溶液的5.2倍和9.0倍,在高温和高剪切环境中的粘度保持能力也明显优于其组分聚合物.     

Rheological Properties of Hydrophobically Modified Poly(acrylic acid) in Mixed Solutions

Hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) (HMPA) with single-tailed pendant side groups was prepared by precipitation polymerization. The effects of polymer concentration, surfactant and co-solvent on the solution properties of HMPA were investigated. HMPA solutions showed good viscosity enhancement and typical shear thinning behavior with increasing concentration. The surfactant TX-10 and co-solvent ethylene glycol gave rise to factors that changed the hydrophobic interactions and in turn the rheology behavior of the solutions. The transient associative network of HMPA in ethylene glycol + water mixed solutions was retained as the temperature was decreased to below 0 °C.     

蓝藻与神府煤共成浆性的研究

考察了预处理方法对含水蓝藻表观黏度的影响,以及蓝藻对神府煤浆成浆浓度、流变性和静态稳定性的影响。结果表明,采用添加化学药剂、高速搅拌、加热等方法对含水蓝藻进行预处理,可以使表观黏度从72mPa·s降低到21.8mPa·s(剪切速率100s^-1)。蓝藻结构受到破坏是表观黏度降低的主要原因。含水蓝藻表观黏度的降低有利于蓝藻煤浆成浆浓度的提高。当添加水质量与含水蓝藻质量比为1∶1时,蓝藻煤浆的成浆浓度达到60%。蓝藻的加入提高了神府煤浆的稳定性,使稳定性从4h提高到72h以上。蓝藻煤浆为假塑性流体,剪切变稀。     

壳聚糖硫酸酯稀溶液的粘度特性

通过毛细管粘度法考察了壳聚糖硫酸酯(Sulfated Chitosan,SCM)稀溶液的粘度特性。在非电解质溶液中,SCM比浓粘度随浓度的变化符合Fouss-Strauss经验关系式:ηsp/C=316.45×(1+79.88C1/2)-1。通过外加强电解质,SCM表现出正常的粘度行为,并且[η]随着外加强电解质离子强度的增加而减小。     

Stability of a model alkali-soluble associative polymer in the presence of a weak and a strong base

 Hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion (HASE) polymer is solubilized by the addition of a base. When the pH is increased to greater than 6.5, methacrylic acids on the polymer backbone are neutralized and the carboxylated latex polymer goes into solution causing a large increase in the viscosity due to inter-molecular associations of the hydrophobes. The stability of the viscosity of the polymer solution at pH in the range 9–10 was studied in the presence of a strong (NaOH) and a weak [1-amino-1-methylpropanol (AMP)] base. No change in the viscosity or the moduli was observed for the polymer in AMP. Reduction in the viscous and elastic properties of the polymer solution in NaOH was observed after 4 weeks. Such small changes are detectable using the superposition of oscillation on the steady shear technique. The decrease in the viscoelastic properties is attributed to the hydrolysis reaction of the urethane groups of the macromonomer, which resulted in a decrease in the number of hydrophobes per polymer chain. It is recommended that a weak base be used to neutralise the HASE polymer in order to avoid the possibility of compositional changes in the polymer after neutralisation for more than 6 weeks. Received: 19 May 1998 Accepted in revised form: 26 October 1998     

Rapid shape memory and pH-modulated spontaneous actuation of dopamine containing hydrogels

The dopamine containing hydrogels with rapid responsive shape memory capability were synthesized by a one-pot method.The temporary shape of hydrogel was fixed within 20 s in NaOH solution by the tris-complex crosslinking of metalligand complex between Fe3+ ions and catechol groups,while the permanent shape was recovered completely in HCl solution within 60 s upon the change from tris-complex to mono-complex.The hydrogel showed unique spontaneous actuation behavior.It could curl spontaneously without further external force deformation when immersed in NaOH solution again after the first shape recovery in HCl solution.This might be attributed to the competitive result of swelling and additional tris-complex crosslinking formation when immersed in NaOH solution.In addition,the hydrogels also had proper modulus,elongation ratio and tensile strength.Such hydrogel provides a new candidate material for designing soft actuators and robots modulated with spontaneous actuating.     

Rheological behavior of silica suspensions in aqueous solutions of associating polymer

Associating polymers are hydrophilic long-chain molecules containing a small amount of hydrophobic groups. The aqueous solutions show viscoelastic responses above some critical concentrations because a three-dimensional structure is formed by association of hydrophobic groups. When the associating polymers are added to silica suspensions at low concentrations, the flocculation is induced by bridging mechanisms, and the flow of suspensions become shear-thinning. For suspensions prepared with polymer solutions in which the associating network is developed, the viscosity decreases, shows a minimum, and then increases with increasing particle concentration. The viscosity decrease may arise from the breakdown of associating network due to adsorption of polymer chains onto the silica surfaces. As the particle concentration is increased, the polymer concentration in solution is decreased, and finally, all polymer chains are adsorbed on the surfaces. Beyond this point, the partial coverage of particle surfaces takes place and strong interactions are generated between particles by polymer bridging. Since the stable suspensions are converted to highly flocculated systems, the viscosity is increased and the flow becomes shear-thinning. The concentration effect of silica particles on the viscosity behavior of suspensions can be explained by a combination of viscosity decrease in solution due to polymer adsorption and viscosity increase due to flocculation.     

新型疏水缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)与表面活性剂的相互作用

采用粘度法、荧光探针和透射电镜研究了新型疏水缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)和表面活性剂SDS和CTAB在水溶液中的相互作用. 聚合物P(AM/POEA)结构中, 疏水体(2-苯氧乙基丙烯酸酯)呈嵌段状无序地分布在聚丙烯酰胺主链上. 这类聚合物很容易和表面活性剂相互作用, 通过疏水缔合, 形成混合胶束状聚集体, 导致溶液粘度剧增. 随聚合物溶液中SDS的加入, 溶液粘度发生大幅度起伏变化, 出现最大值. 粘度最大值对应的表面活性剂浓度c_S,max位于表面活性剂CMC附近, 并发现它的位置不随聚合物微结构而变化. 然而它们缔合作用的增粘程度却与聚合物疏水体含量X_H及疏水嵌段尺寸N_H有关. 在实验浓度范围内, X_H和N_H愈大, 溶液的粘度越高. 此外用透射电镜直接观察到聚合物/表面活性剂体系中聚集体的交联结构形貌.     

Studies on the controllable transformation of ferrihydrite

Ferrihydrite was prepared by two different procedures. Ferrihydrite-1 was prepared by dropping NaOH solution into Fe(III) solution. Ferrihydrite-2 was prepared by adding Fe(III) and NaOH solutions into a certain volume of water simultaneously. Our earlier results obtained at ∼100 °C have shown that the structure of ferrihydrite-2 favors its solid state transformation mechanism. Further research reveals that the structure of ferrihydrite-2 favors its dissolution re-crystallization mechanism at a temperature of ≤60 °C. Based on the transformation mechanism of ferrihydrite at different temperatures, the controllable transformation from ferrihydrite to various iron (hydr)oxides such as lepidocrocite, goethite, hematite and magnetite can be achieved by adjusting the pH, transformation temperature, transformation time, the amount of Fe(II) as well as the preparation procedures of ferrihydrite. The results in the present paper give a nice example that the transformation of a precursor can be controlled with the help of mechanism.