15万立米气柜残余应力及工作应力测试分析

报导了１５万立米大型煤气气柜挂圈走台的残余应力及气柜升降时工作应力的测试结果。该气柜服役十余年后发生煤气泄漏，为分析其原因，进行了残余应力及气柜修复前后的工作应力测试，结果表明：修复前残余应力及工作应力均达到很高水平，气柜升起时伴有严重侧偏现象，修复后应力状态有明显好转。     

三向应力Mohr圆的真实构成及剪应力作用方向的确定

三向应力Mohr圆的构成在传统上是借助公式推证而得，并以平面图形来表示，缺乏三维的真实感和直观性。在应力应变分析中，对于平面应力问题，可以通过平面应力摩尔圆确定过一点不同斜面上的应力分量及其作用方向。对于三维问题，利用摩尔圆图解法可以确定某一斜面上的正应力和剪应力的数值，但不能表示剪应力的作用方向。剪应力的作用方向需要通过另外的图解方法来确定。本文分别从坐标系旋转和数值计算的角度解释了三向应力Mohr圆的构成过程，形象地说明了Mohr圆的物理本质。针对三向应力Mohr圆不能表示剪应力作用方向的问题，通过矢量运算，给出了剪应力作用方向的确定公式。     

应力分量变化范围的描述方程及其图形

过应力空间一点的不同斜面上的正应力、剪应力以及全应力会随着斜面的变化而变化。全应力的变化范围常用应力椭球方程和应力椭球面来描述。首次给出了过一点不同斜面上正应力、剪应力变化的描述方程及其三维图形。该方程和应力椭球方程共同构成了所有应力分量的描述方程。针对剪应力、全应力作用方向与斜面的法向并不一致的问题,给出了一种能够直接描述不同斜面上正应力、剪应力和全应力变化的三维图形,该图形能够非常直观地表示正应力、剪应力以及全应力数值的变化。     

Stress measurement of SS400 steel beam using the continuous indentation technique

An analytical model is presented for determining surface residual stress using continuous indentation. The elastic residual stress is assumed to have no influence on contact area or hardness and to be uniform over a volume that is several times larger than the indentation mark. A step-by-step analysis for the residual-stress-induced load difference at a given depth is outlined here and such concepts as stress interaction, stress-sensitive contact morphology, and reversible contact recoveries during a stress relaxation are described. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the interpretation of the continuous indentation results obtained from an SS400 steel beam in which controlled bending stresses are generated. The stress estimated, however, showed a high scatter due to plastic pile-up deformation. When the optically measured contact area is used as an alternative of the contact area calculated from the unloading curve, the re-evaluated stress agrees well with the already known applied stress.     

Assembly stress for the reduction of stress concentration

A systematic study utilizing the experimental method of reflected photoelasticity was undertaken to determine the effects of assembly stress on the stresses around circular holes under uniaxial tension. The assembly stresses are the result of the contact and bearing stresses between the bolts and the member. It has been concluded that assembly stress contributes to reducing the stresses around the hole.     

振动时效的动应力判据

采用多元非线性回归分析方法，求得振动时效试验中动应力σｄ，载荷次数ｎ和残余应力当量ｋ对消应力效果εｖ的经验方程。从而实现用动应力现场速测来定量评定振动时效工艺效果。本文主要介绍动应力判据方程的建立方法及其应用。     

半平面双材料角界面应力奇异性分布规律的探究

论文对半平面双材料角受集中力问题的界面应力场作了深入的探究,特别着重于双材料角端点附近的界面应力的奇异性分布规律.论文通过对界面应力的严格解和渐近解[16]的比较,发现在双材料角界面端点邻近,严格解和渐近解的差是一个向端点衰减的微幅震荡分布的应力.这个向端点衰减的微幅震荡应力的起始点,称为转换点.自界面端点到转换点,严...     

预应力混凝土空心板梁的温度应力分析

以南京新机场高速公路施工预制场预制的预应力空心板梁由于温度应力产生的裂缝为例,进行了温度应力的分析和计算,并提出了裂缝的预防和弥补的措施．     

Relations between stress growth and stress relaxation functions

The stress relaxation function after steady shear flow and the stress growth function at inception of steady flow are derived for several constitutive equations of the integral and differential types. Relationships between these functions are deduced and discussed.     

INVESTIGATION ON APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS STRESS DEFINITIONS IN ATOMISTIC SIMULATION

How to correctly extract Cauchy stress from the atomistic simulations is a crucial issue in studying the mechanical behaviours of atomic systems, but is still in controversy. In this paper, three typical atomistic simulation examples are used to validate various existing stress definitions. It is found that the classical virial stress fails in predicting the stresses in these examples, because the velocity depends on the choice of the local average volume or the reference frame velocity and other factors. In contrast, the Lagrangian cross-section stress and Lagrangian virial stress are validated by these examples, and the instantaneous Lagrangian atomic stress definition is also proposed for dynamical problems.     

岩石的记忆功能及对岩体变形的影响

岩石的记忆功能包括残余应力对材料力学性质的影响, 应力的“冻结”特性和对固结应力的记忆。本文叙述这三类应力的理论基础、力学特性和计算方法, 通过一些工程算例指明其对岩体变形及岩体稳定性分析的重要性。     

2000m~3在役压力容器应力状况分析

本文报道了钢制 2 0 0 0 m3球罐实际运行一年后的应力状况 ,对球罐的残余应力及工作应力进行了现场测试 ,发现球罐虽经过整体热处理 ,但局部残余应力仍较高等问题 ,并进行了对比分析 .     

胶补加筋板应力强度因子及胶层剪应力计算

在铆钉力法的基础上，提出计算胶接修补加筋板结构应力强度因子及胶层剪应力的解析法，对分析胶接修补的加筋板强度具有现实意义．利用影响系数，可以得到筋条、补片及蒙皮位移的表达式，根据位移协调条件，建立联立方程，从而得到胶层剪应力及铆钉力．通过解析式，计算裂纹尖端的应力强度因子，分析补片对结构修补的效果，综合考虑了筋条及补片对应力强度因子的影响．     

YM-2膜式镱应力传感器及其动态压阻特性

本文介绍了用纯度为99.95％的镱作原料,采用真空蒸发、沉积方式制成的低应力传感器。用100 mm压缩气体炮为加载手段,在0～3.4G Pa压力范围内对镱应力传感器进行了标定。     

CONDITIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE STRESS TRANSFORMATION FORMULA 1)

斜面应力公式,即一点应力的坐标旋转变换公式,是材料力学和弹性力学里最常用的公式之一,并广泛用于固体力学和工程设计中。一个让学生感觉例外的典型例子是含V 形切口的薄板在切口尖端的应力情况,如果利用斜面应力公式和切口面的自由面条件,就会得出切口尖点处于零应力状态的结果,而这与线弹性断裂力学给出切口处应力趋于无限大的结果不符。为消除这一疑虑,考察了尖端应力的特性,指出：只有在过一点的各个斜面上的应力是单值连续的情况下,斜面应力公式才能适用,此时,该点的全部应力分量组成应力张量。在V形切口的尖端、裂纹尖端,自由面与顺其延伸至介质内侧的面上的应力不同,应力在该面上就不是单值连续的,该点的应力状态就不能用张量表示,斜面应力公式在切口或裂纹尖端就不适用了。     

Prediction of residual flow and thermoviscoelastic stresses in injection molding

A general model for predicting the total residual stresses generated during filling and cooling stages of injection-molded parts has been developed. The model takes into account the phenomena associated with non-isothermal stress relaxation. The main hypothesis in our approach is to use the kinematics of a generalized Newtonian fluid at the end of the filling stage as the initial state for the calculation of residual flow stresses. These stresses are calculated using a single integral rheological model (Wagner model). The calculation of stresses developed during the cooling stage is based on a thermoviscoelastic model with structural relaxation. Illustrative results emphasizing the effect of both the melt temperature and the flow rate during the filling stage are presented.     

动脉压对静脉血管壁周向应力分布的影响

自体静脉是病变动脉管段常用的替代物。移植后因承受压力急剧升高引起的静脉管壁应力改变是影响移植手术的主要因素之一。为了比较移植前(静脉压作用下)和移植后(动脉压作用下)静脉管壁的周向应力分布，本文通过检测一定轴向伸长比条件下静脉管的p(压力)——V(容积)试验数据，利用3参数的应变能密度函数对实验数据进行拟合，进而求得静脉管壁的残余应力和沿血管壁的周向应力分布。对狗的股静脉和颈静脉的分析结果表明，在动脉压作用下静脉管壁周向应力将急剧增大。与处于静脉压环境相比，处于动脉压环境中的颈静脉管周向应力将增大差不多2个数量级。计算结果还显示，静脉管壁残余应力的数值虽然比动脉管壁的相应值小很多，但是与动脉管相同，血管壁残余应力依然对静脉管壁上的周向应力分布影响显著，残余应力的存在将大大削弱在静脉管内壁处的周向应力集中，使周向应力沿静脉管壁厚的变化梯度明显减小。     

具有界面相的球形粒子在无限大基体中的应力集中分析

研究了无限大基体内具有界面相的球形粒子在轴对称载荷作用下的应力场,并与线弹簧界面模型的情形进行了比较,对粒子／界面相以及界面相／基体两个界面的应力集中系数以及粒子内部的应力集中系数进行了分析．研究了应力二轴度、界面相厚度以及三相的模量对应力集中系数的影响．结果表明,对给定的模量和界面相厚度值,存在一个临界应力三轴度值．若应力二轴度小于此临界值,则界面相／基体界面的应力集中系数大于粒子／界面相界面的应力集中系数;否则,前者会小于后者．所做的应力分析可以为颗粒增强复合材料的强韧化设计提供一定参考．     

Theory of nonlocal asymmetric elastic solids

In this paper, a nonlinear theory of nonlocal asymmetric, elastic solids is developed on the basis of basic theories of nonlocal continuum fieM theory and nonlinear continuum mechanics. It perfects and expands the nonlocal elastic fiteld theory developed by Eringen and others. The linear theory of nonlocal asymmetric elasticity developed in [1] expands to the finite deformation, We show that there is the nonlocal body moment in the nonlocal elastic solids. The noniocal body moment causes the stress asymmetric and itself is caused by the covalent bond formed by the reaction between atoms. The theory developed in this paper is applied to explain reasonably that curves of dispersion relation of one-dimensional plane longitudinal waves are not similar with those of transverse waves.     

Relaxations- und Normalspannungseffekte in der Quetschströmung

Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte von Relaxation und Normalspannungsdifferenzen in der Quetschströmung zweier kreisrunder Scheiben theoretisch untersucht. Unter der Voraussetzung eines großen Verhältnisses des RadiusR zum AnfangsabstandH der Platten wird die Strömung als reine Scherströmung betrachtet. Nach der Einführung eines modellhaften Stoffgesetzes von Harnoy mit 4 Konstanten, das Relaxations- und Normalspannungseffekte getrennt beschreiben kann, wird das Problem mit Hilfe eines Störungsansatzes gelöst. Dabei werden zwei Spezialfälle behandelt: die Annäherung der Platten (a) mit konstanter Kraft und (b) mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit. Die Normalspannungsdifferenzen bewirken im Fall (a) eine schnellere Annäherung und im Fall (b) eine verringerte Tragfähigkeit der Platten gegenüber dem newtonschen Fall. Der Einfluß der Relaxation hängt von der Deformationsgeschichte der Teilchen ab. Im Fall (a) lassen sich die Platten nicht so schnell zusammenpressen, und im Fall (b) verringert sich die Tragfähigkeit der Platten. Die erzielte theoretische Lösung kann experimentelle Ergebnisse anderer Autoren unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen beschreiben.

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In the present paper the effects of stress relaxation and normal stress differences in the squeezing flow between parallel disks with radiusR and initial separationH are investigated theoretically. Provided that the ratioR/H is large, the flow can be considered to be a pure shear flow. The constitutive equation proposed by Harnoy enables a separate study of relaxation effects and normal stress effects.The problem is solved using a perturbation method. Two special cases are presented: (a) constant approach velocity of the disks and (b) constant load applied to the disks. The effect of normal stress differences is to decrease the load capacity in case (a) and to decrease the descent time in case (b). The effect of stress relaxation depends on the history of deformation, causing a reduced load capacity in case (a) and an increased descent time in case (b). The resulting theoretical solution enables the trend of experimental results obtained by other authors to be predicted.