天然气化学转化新途径

21世纪初将迎来天然气能源时代,作为石油的替代资源,由天然气间接转化(经由合成气)和直接转化为液体燃料或重要化工品原料已成为人们关注的热点。本文简要介绍了80年代以来世界各国和我国有关天然气转化的各种新过程。     

表面偶联甲基自由基实现低温高效甲烷氧化偶联

天然气作为一种低碳清洁能源,其储量大,价格低,被认为是最有前途的石油替代资源之一.而以天然气的主要成分——甲烷为原料来生产高价值化学品被认为是石化工业中实现天然气取代石油为原料新化工路线的技术基础,具有极为可观的社会经济价值.目前甲烷的化学利用主要采用间接转化法,即先从甲烷制合成气,再由合成气制备各种化工原料和油品.但...     

硅胶来源对费-托合成用Co/SiO2催化剂性能的影响

费-托合成是煤或天然气等化石资源转化为液体燃料的重要途径.     

煤液化化学的近期进展

煤的液化是煤炭转化技术的一个重要方面,通过对煤炭进行深度加工,可以将煤炭转化为替代石油的液体燃料和用于合成的化学原料。液化方法可以区别为直接液化和间接液化两类。直接液化系指对煤进行直接加氢,使固体的煤一次转化为液体产品;间接液化则是先将煤转化成合成气,然后再从合成气制取     

CO2与CH4催化反应合成气研究

CO_2与液化天然气(98%为C_3-C_4烃)催化重整制合成气,八十年代初期在当时的西德已建立了工业生装置.近年来,由于石油资源日趋短缺,促进世界各国重视探讨和研究天然气资源利用的新途径.除甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯,甲烷氧化制甲醇和甲醛等直接转化过程已引起广泛的重视外,研究和开发由甲烷制取合成气的新过程也正日益受到人们的关注,其中利用CO_2与甲烷催化重整制合成气,可将造成温室效应,破坏人类生存环境的CO_2气体转化为宝贵的化工原料,所制得的合成气中CO/H_2=1,特别适合做羰基合成和合成有机含氧化合物的原料,近年来对该反应的研究已引起人们的重视.其反应表示如下:     

ZrO2晶相对ZnO/ZrO2+SAPO-34双功能催化剂上合成气制烯烃反应的影响

烯烃是重要的化工原料,目前主要通过石油催化裂化得到.随着石油资源的消耗以及人们对烯烃需求的日益增长,开发非石油路线制取烯烃势在必行.合成气可以从煤、天然气和生物质等获得,由合成气作为重要的C1平台分子一步制取烯烃(STO)的过程受到了广泛关注.将合成气制甲醇/二甲醚的金属催化剂与甲醇制烯烃的分子筛催化剂耦合得到的混合双...     

费-托合成制液态烃研究进展

天然气先转化为合成气, 再经F ischer-Trop sch 反应合成液体烃类(GTL ) 是近年来天然气转化利用研究的主流。Shell、Sasol、Exxon、Syntroleum 等公司都分别开发了各自的GTL 专利技术。GTL 产品中液体燃料基本上由直链烷、烯烃组成, 具有无硫、无氮、无金属、无芳烃等特点, 是对环境友好的燃料油和化学品。由于合成气生成技术、F-T 合成催化剂和反应工艺的不断改进, 用GTL 技术开发利用边远地区和分散的中小气田的天然气资源在价格上已能和原油竞争。本文对F-T 合成催化剂、反应器及GTL 技术发展动态等方面做了综述, 讨论了其今后的发展趋势, 并指出在我国开展GTL 技术研究的必要性。     

煤经气化制液体燃料及其高温煤气净化研究进展

煤炭是中国最重要的能源.煤炭的有效利用不仅要提高效率,而且要降低污染物和温室气体二氧化碳的排放.相对于传统的煤燃烧利用技术,煤经气化生产各种化学产品被认为是先进的煤洁净利用的重要途径.几乎所有的目前由日趋枯竭的石油资源生产的化学产品,都可经煤气化从合成气转化获得.本文介绍了中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所近年来在煤经气化制液体燃料及其高温煤气净化方面的研究进展,主要包括煤的灰熔聚流化床气化、高温气体净化、浆态床反应器铁基催化剂费托合成、低碳醇合成以及一步法二甲醚合成等技术.     

合成气一步法制备低碳烯烃和液体燃料催化剂研究进展

以合成气作为平台化合物一步法制备低碳烯烃和液体燃料是有效利用碳资源的重要路径,具备流程短、能耗低的特点,有着良好的工业应用前景。合成气一步法直接转化制备低碳烯烃和液体燃料包括两条工艺路线:费托合成路线和双功能催化路线。本综述简述了两种路线的反应机理,重点阐述了费托合成路线中采用添加助剂和惰性载体对铁基和钴基催化剂的优化设计,费托金属粒径、反应条件、催化剂界面结构对催化剂性能和反应过程的影响。详细解析了双功能催化路线中,一氧化碳活化组分和酸性分子筛的选择、金属氧化物粒径与元素比例、分子筛酸度与孔径大小以及一氧化碳活化组分和酸性分子筛的耦合方式对于催化剂性能的影响。总结了两条路线所具备的优势和面临的挑战,并对未来高效催化剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

合成气定向转化制低碳烯烃

正低碳烯烃,包括乙烯、丙烯、丁烯,被广泛用于生产塑料、纤维等化工产品,是基本而重要的化工原料,更是现代化学工业的基石。传统是通过石脑油裂解获得低碳烯烃,对富煤贫油少气的我国来说,开发从煤炭、天然气、生物质等非石油资源制备低碳烯烃的方法具有重要的社会意义和战略意义。合成气是碳资源转化利用的重要平台。自上世纪二十年代,德国科学家Fischer和Tropsch发明了煤经合成气生产液体燃料的费托(FT)过程,研究     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。