Cellular uptake and subcellular localization of highly luminescent silica-coated CdSe quantum dots--in vitro and in vivo

With excellent optical properties, quantum dots (QDs) have been made as attractive molecular probes for labeling cells in biological research. The purpose of the present work is to explore the possible role of silica-coated cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs in the in vitro and in vivo cellular uptake and their subcellular localization. The in vitro uptake characteristics of silica-coated CdSe QDs were performed in cultured New Zealand rabbit adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (RADMSCs) and Human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using fluorescence microscopy after staining with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The in vitro results showed that the silica-coated CdSe QDs were efficiently taken up by the cells and it was localized in the intracellular vesicles giving strong fluorescence from the cytoplasm and nearby nucleus. Subsequently, the in vivo localization and distribution of QDs were studied by the hematoxilin stained semithin cryosections of tissues (~15 μm thickness) under fluorescence microscopy and ultrathin sections of tissues (~100 nm thickness) under confocal laser scanning microscopy at the distribution maxima. Our in vivo results confirmed the effective cellular uptake and even distribution pattern of QDs in tissues. Overall, these in vitro and in vivo results are represented with focus on internalization, subcellular localization and distribution of the QDs, in view of their potential applications in biomedical field.     

Photophysical properties of fluorescent DNA-dyes bound to single- and double-stranded DNA in aqueous buffered solution.

The absorption and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields, lifetimes and time-resolved fluorescence spectra are reported for nine different fluorescent DNA-dyes. The work was initiated in search of a quantitative method to detect the ratio of single-to-double stranded DNA (ssDNA/dsDNA) in solution based on the photophysics of dye-DNA complexes; the result is a comprehensive study providing a vast amount of information for users of DNA strains. The dyes examined were the bisbenzimide or indole-derived stains (Hoechst 33342, Hoechst 33258 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), phenanthridinium stains (ethidium bromide and propidium iodide) and cyanine dyes (PicoGreen, YOYO-1 iodide, SYBR Green I and SYBR Gold). All were evaluated under the same experimental conditions in terms of ionic strength, pH and dye-DNA ratio. Among the photophysical properties evaluated only fluorescence lifetimes for the cyanine stilbene dyes allowed a convenient differentiation between ssDNA and dsDNA. The bisbenzimide dyes showed multiexponential decays when bound to either form of DNA, making lifetime-based analysis cumbersome with inherent errors. These dyes also presented biexponential decay when free in aqueous buffered solutions at different pH. A mechanism for their deactivation is proposed based on two different conformers decaying with different kinetics. The phenanthridinium dyes showed monoexponential decays with ssDNA and dsDNA, but there was no discrimination between them. High dye-DNA ratios (e.g. 1:1) resulted in multiexponential decays for cyanine dyes, resulting from energy transfer or self-quenching deactivation. Shifts in both absorption and fluorescence maxima for both ssDNA and dsDNA DNA-cyanine dye complexes were small. Broadening of dye-ssDNA absorption and fluorescence bands for the cyanine dyes relative to dye-dsDNA bands was detected and attributed to higher degrees of rotational freedom in the former.     

A FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF THE BINDING OF HOECHST 33258 and DAPI TO HALOGENATED DNAs

We have studied the time-resolved and the steady-state fluorescence of the DNA groove binders 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Hoechst 33258 with the double stranded DNAs poly(dA-dU) and poly(dI-dC) and their halogenated analogs, poly(dA-I5dU) and poly(dI-Br5dC). These studies were prompted by earlier observations that steady-state fluorescence of Hoechst 33258 is quenched on binding to halogenated DNAs (presumably due to an intermolecular heavy atom effect involving the halogen atom in the major groove), and recent studies which clearly point to a binding-site in the minor groove of DNA. Measurements of the time resolved fluorescence decay demonstrate that the fluorescence of Hoechst 33258 is quenched on binding to the halogenated DNAs, in agreement with previous observations. However, quenching studies carried out using the free halogenated bases IdUrd and BrdCyd in solution yielded bimolecular rate constants more than one order of magnitude larger than those expected for an intermolecular heavy atom effect. Moreover, the quenching of the Hoechst 33258 fluorescence was accompanied by an accelerated photochemical destruction of Hoechst 33258. We therefore conclude that the fluorescence quenching observed with halogenated DNAs is probably due to a photochemical reaction involving Hoechst 33258, rather than direct contact of Hoechst 33258 with the halogen substituents in the major groove of the DNA. The fluorescence decay measurements however, do provide clear evidence for at least two different modes of binding. Taking into account the alternating sequences used in this study and the possibility of two different conformations for bound dye, at least four different modes of binding are plausible. Our present data do not allow us to distinguish between these alternatives. The time-resolved fluorescence decays and fluorescence quantum yields of DAPI are not affected by the presence of the heavy atom substituents in the DNA major groove. Based on this observation and earlier reports that DAPI binds in one of the DNA grooves, we conclude that the high affinity sites for DAPI on DNA are located in the minor groove.     

Laser studies of pyridylindoles in supersonic jets

One- and two-photon spectroscopy has been used to study jet-cooled 2-(2′-pyridyl)indole (PyIn-0) and 3,3′-dimethylene-2-(2′-pyridyl)indole (PyIn-2). The laser-induced fluorescence and resonance-enhanced photoionisation spectra of PyIn-2 are congested due to the flexibility of the ethylene chain. Single vibronic level fluorescence spectra allow identification of equivalent modes in the ground and electronically excited states. Deuteration at nitrogen reveals a 4 cm⁻¹ red shift of the origin. Ab initio calculations were conducted at the TD B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. We were able to reproduce the energies of pure electronic transitions both in PyIn-0 and PyIn-2. The properties of pyridylindoles in supersonic jets are compared with those for indole and 2-phenylindole.     

光谱法与共焦荧光成像法研究罗丹明B与ct-DNA的相互作用

采用吸收光谱、荧光光谱以及共焦荧光成像技术研究生理条件下罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RB)与小牛胸腺DNA(ct-DNA)的相互作用以及相互作用模式。光谱研究结果显示,在450~650 nm的吸收光谱范围内,ct-DNA溶液对罗丹明B有减色作用;在560~660 nm荧光发射光谱范围内,ct-DNA对罗丹明B有荧光猝灭作用。同时,随着ct-DNA的加入,罗丹明B溶液的荧光偏振值发生变化,说明罗丹明B与ct-DNA能发生相互作用。在竞争性实验中,罗丹明B未能将亚甲基蓝(MB)从MB-ct-DNA复合体系中置换出来,说明罗丹明B与ct-DNA通过沟槽结合方式发生相互作用。共焦荧光成像结果显示,ct-DNA加入后,罗丹明B的荧光猝灭十分明显。利用罗丹明B和4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)对He La细胞染色后进行共焦荧光成像,结果进一步证实罗丹明B与ct-DNA是通过沟槽结合作用将细胞核染成红色。     

水溶性近红外Ⅱ区荧光Ag2Te量子点的合成

量子点具有独特的光学性质, 在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用. Ag₂Te作为Ⅰ-Ⅵ族量子点中的一员, 因具有生物毒性小和带隙窄等优势而备受关注, 但是目前直接合成水溶性Ag₂Te量子点的方法较少, 而且可调节的荧光发射波长范围有限. 本文提出了一种合成荧光发射波长位于近红外Ⅱ区窗口的水溶性Ag₂Te量子点的新方法. 该方法以硝酸银为银前体, N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸为配体, 碲前体利用硼氢化钠还原亚碲酸钠得到, 反应条件温和(室温、 大气氛围)且不涉及有毒的有机试剂, 绿色环保. 通过进一步的阳离子处理钝化其表面缺陷, 可以得到尺寸均一的超小粒径水溶性Ag₂Te量子点, 量子点的荧光发射波长为1160 nm, 量子产率为8.0% (以IR26染料为参照). 该方法所合成的Ag₂Te量子点具有良好的生物相容性, 注入小鼠体内后能观察到明显的近红外荧光, 具有进一步生物应用的潜力.     

邻苯二胺及其金属配位型含氟聚酰胺磺酰胺的合成与荧光性能

采用溶解聚合法使β-四氟乙烷磺内酯分别与邻苯二胺、二氯-邻苯二胺合锌(Ⅱ)和二氯-邻苯二胺合镉(Ⅱ)开环缩聚,制备出邻苯二胺型和金属配位邻苯二胺型含氟聚酰胺磺酰胺聚合物。通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、凝胶渗透色谱等手段,确定其分子链为同时含有酰胺、磺酰胺、氟碳基团、芳环和金属离子的特殊结构;采用紫外-可见分光光度计和荧光分光光度计分析表明:邻苯二胺型含氟聚酰胺磺酰胺具有高荧光量子产率0.65,Cd2+配位后荧光量子产率保持0.65,而络合Zn2+的邻苯二胺型含氟聚酰胺磺酰胺的荧光量子产率降低为0.39,Zn2+对该类聚合物的荧光性能具有选择性。     

溶剂对三苯二噁嗪化合物荧光性能的影响

本文测试了两个三苯二(口恶)嗪化合物在18种溶剂中的电子吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱。计算了这些化合物的荧光量子产率。发现化合物的荧光光谱的ν_max^F与溶剂的(n²-1)/(2n²+1)和E_T(30)以及化合物的荧光光谱的Stokes位移△ν_s与溶剂的E_T(30)均存在着良好的线性关系。醇类溶剂与溶质间的氢键作用以及含卤素溶剂的“外部重原子效应”导致化合物的荧光量子产率明显减小。     

新型水溶性咪唑基硅量子点制备及用于果蔬中痕量铜的荧光检测

硅量子点因其极佳的亲生物性和光学性能成为纳米材料新宠,但传统硅量子点水溶性差限制了它的广泛应用。本实验以三甲基硅咪唑为硅前驱体采用水热法制备水溶性咪唑基硅量子点。相对于硼氢化钠、抗坏血酸、牛血清蛋白、半胱氨酸和柠檬酸,柠檬酸钠作为还原剂和稳定剂制得的硅量子点荧光发射最强。合成反应于220℃下可在2 h内完成,所制备的硅量子点水溶性好,平均粒径为2.6 nm,红外分析证实其表面存在游离的咪唑基。研究表明,硅量子点能与铜离子相互作用导致荧光强度的明显下降。考察不同温度下Cu2+对硅量子点荧光的猝灭行为,发现荧光猝灭程度随温度升高而增大。这说明荧光下降属于静态猝灭,即Cu2+与硅量子点上的咪唑基作用形成稳定配合物。此外,共振光散射分析还揭示荧光猝灭过程伴随着粒子团聚。基于硅量子点的荧光猝灭行为,建立了痕量铜的荧光检测方法。当Cu2+浓度在0.04~2400μmol/L之间,硅量子点的荧光强度随Cu2+浓度的增加而线性下降,检出限(S/N=3)达1.29×10-8 mol/L。本方法具有高的灵敏度、选择性和重现性,已应用于果蔬中痕量铜的荧光检测。     

含吡啶环的芳香醚-噁二唑类化合物的合成及其光谱研究

为开发新的高强度的有机电致发光材料, 用含烷氧基的取代苯甲酸(2)与2,6-吡啶二甲酰肼(3)在POCl3作用下, “一锅煮”法合成6个结构对称的含吡啶环的芳香醚-噁二唑4a～4f. 通过MS, IR, 1H NMR, 元素分析等手段对其结构进行了表征. 化合物的荧光性能测定结果显示此类化合物具有良好的荧光性, 其荧光发射波长均在347～507 nm范围内, 最大荧光发射波长在384 nm附近处, 且荧光强度较强. 在芳环上引入5-Br基团(4e, 4f), 化合物的荧光发射波长发生红移, 荧光强度有所减弱. 以硫酸奎宁作参比, 测定6个目标产物的荧光量子产率, 5-Br基团的引入对荧光量子产率没有明显影响. 同时讨论了代表性产物4a在不同溶剂中最大荧光激发波长处的荧光量子产率, 发现溶剂极性对该类化合物的荧光量子产率基本没有影响.     

EXCITED STATE pKa BEHAVIOUR OF DAPI. A RATIONALIZATION OF THE FLUORESCENCE ENHANCEMENT OF DAPI IN DAPI-NUCLEIC ACID COMPLEXES*

Abstract— The steady state and time resolved fluorescence of the drug and chromosomal staining agent, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride, DAPI, was examined under different solvent conditions. In solutions between pH 3 and pH 9 the fluorescence spectral maximum of DAPI was found at 460 nm. The fluorescence decayed with double exponential kinetics, with decay times of 2.86 and 0.144 ns, at all wavelengths below 550 nm. At 550 nm single exponential decay kinetics with a lifetime of 0.153 ns was observed. The fluorescence spectrum could be resolved into two components, the 2.86 ns component having a spectral maximum near 450 nm and the 0.144 ns component having a spectral maximum near 490 nm. The results are rationalized in terms of there being two different configurations of DAPI, one of which undergoes a rapid protonation of the indole ring by proton transfer from the 6-amidinium group in the excited singlet state. The 0.144 ns component is assigned as the fluorescence from the excited state of the protonated indole ring. The results provide an explanation of the fluorescence enhancement in DAPI-nucleic acid complexes.     

新型尾式组氨酸卟啉的合成及性质

设计并合成了新型尾式氨基酸卟啉5-(Trt-组氨酸酰胺基苯基)-10,15,20-三苯基卟啉(Trt-His-NH2-TPP,1)及其金属卟啉配合物(Zn,Co,Fe,Mn,分别标记为2～5).通过元素分析、核磁共振氨谱、质谱、紫外-可见光谱和红外光谱等对化合物进行了表征,研究了它们的荧光性质,并通过理论模拟研究了其最...     

THE PHOTOPHYSICS OF MEROCYANINE 540. A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN ETHANOL AND IN LIPOSOMES

Abstract— Absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence quantum yields, photoisomerization quantum yields and triplet quantum yields were measured for Merocyanine 540 (MC540) in ethanol and in large unilamellar dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. The major differences in the photophysics between the two media are the increase of the fluorescence quantum yield from 0.15 in ethanol to 0.6 in vesicles at 25° C, and the appearance of a second fluorescence decay with a lifetime of 1.87 ns in the latter medium. Upper and lower limits for the photoisomerization quantum yields were determined by combining the data from laser flash photolysis and optoacoustic spectroscopy. The decrease in photoisomerization quantum yield upon incorporation of the dye into the lipid bilayer by a factor 2 suggests that this process competes directly with fluorescence. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence and photoisomerization quantum yields in solution supports this model. In both media MC540 has a very low triplet quantum yield with values 0.002 > (> ø_T > 0.02 in ethanol and 0.01 > ø_T- > 0.09 in liposomes Our data are consistent with the model whereby the dye is incorporated into the lipid bilayer as a monomer with two different orientations and this model is adopted on the basis of the biexponential behaviour of the fluorescence and photoisomer decay.     

Photophysics of alpha,omega-diphenyloctatetraene in the vapor phase

Fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of diphenyloctatetraene vapor have been measured at different temperatures from 98 to 136 degrees C and at different buffer gas pressures from 0 to 300 Torr. The fluorescence quantum yields were determined as functions of the excitation energy and buffer gas pressure. It is shown that diphenyloctatetraene vapor exhibits weak fluorescence from the S2 (1(1)Bu) state in addition to the fluorescence from the S1 (2(1)Ag) state. The quantum yield of the S1 fluorescence is shown to decrease with decreasing pressure and with increasing excitation energy. The electronic relaxation processes of diphenyloctatetraene vapor are discussed based on the pressure and excitation-energy dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield.     

Spectral luminescence properties of 1- and 2-alkyl(cycloalkyl) derivatives of benzo[f]quinoline

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of alcohol solutions of 3-aryl-substituted benzo[f]-quinolines were investigated, and the fluorescence quantum yields were measured. It was established that the indicated compounds have intense absorption in the UV region and fluorescence at 350–450 nm. The fluorescence quantum yields range from 5 to 70%, depending on the substituents. The introduction of aromatic substituents in the 1 and 3 positions of benzo-[f]quinoline ring raises the fluorescence quantum yields. A methyl group in the 2 position of the molecule leads to a decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield. Benzo[f]quinoline derivatives that contain a cyclopentene ring in the 1 and 2 positions fluoresce intensely (=40–60%), while cyclohexene and cycloheptene condensed in the same positions cause a decrease in the fluorescence yield to 7–13%; this is associated with the three-dimensional structure of these molecules.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1237–1240, September, 1977.     

水溶性CdSe量子点的合成及其作为荧光探针对大肠杆菌的快速检测

采用水相法以谷胱甘肽为稳定剂合成高稳定性的CdSe量子点,利用化学偶联剂的作用使得量子点表面基团与菌体之间的成功结合,对偶联的条件进行了优化.基于荧光分析法建立了一种快速简便的大肠杆菌检测定量分析方法.研究结果表明:合成的量子点具有稳定、荧光性能良好等突出优点.通过偶联剂量子点能与大肠杆菌结合,其荧光强度与大肠杆菌浓度...     

ZnO-离子液体功能化的石墨烯量子点的制备及荧光性能

利用水热法制备了ZnO-1-丙胺基-3-甲基咪唑氯离子液体功能化的石墨烯量子点溶液,通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和透射电镜对其进行了表征.通过研究各种因素对ZnO-离子液体功能化的石墨烯量子点的荧光发射光谱的影响,发现Cr₂O₇^2-对ZnO-离子液体功能化的石墨烯量子点有荧光猝灭现象.实验结果表明,在优化的实验条件下,pH=5.0,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为1.0×10^-7～1.6×10^-6 mol·L^-1时,Cr(Ⅵ)对ZnO-离子液体功能化的石墨烯量子点的荧光猝灭呈线性,其线性方程为F/F₀=0.969 5-0.008 4c,R=0.998 8,检出限为7.6×10^-2μmol·L^-1.     

3-吡啶基中氮茚类化合物的合成和荧光性质

在二铬酸氢四吡啶合钴(Ⅱ)[(Py)4Co(HCrO4)2, TPCD]存在下, N-吡啶甲基吡啶叶立德与缺电子烯烃反应, 一步法合成了3-吡啶基中氮茚类化合物(2a~2c). 该方法原料易得, 反应条件易控制, 为这类化合物的合成提供了新方法. 研究了化合物在乙醇等溶液中的荧光光谱为进一步研究该类化合物在不同pH溶液以及不同环境条件下的荧光性能提供了条件.     

水溶性ZnO量子点制备及其光学性质

利用3-巯丙基三乙氧基硅烷对ZnO进行表面修饰后沉积SiO2, 制备出水溶性SiO2包覆ZnO的量子点. 与直接采用正硅酸乙酯沉积包覆SiO2的ZnO量子点相比, 362 nm处的激子荧光发射峰的强度提高了将近4倍. 由于表面引入了巯基官能团, 量子点的水溶性明显提高, 稳定性增强, 即使在较高的盐浓度下也不会团聚. 通过改变条件, 制备出了发光波长在420 nm的蓝色荧光量子点.     

新型稀土Eu,Tb(Ⅲ)芳香羧酸配合物的合成及发光性能

以2-二苯胺羰基苯甲酸(L)为第一配体,咪唑并[5,6-f]邻菲罗啉(IP)为第二配体,合成出新型稀土铕、铽三元配合物。采用元素分析、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱对配体和配合物的结构进行了表征。红外光谱分析表明配合物中的稀土离子与第一配体L中的氧原子以及第二配体IP中的氮原子进行了配位。紫外光谱表明配合物主要是由第一配体L吸收能量。通过荧光光谱、荧光量子效率和荧光寿命研究了配合物的荧光性能,结果显示:两种配合物均表现出稀土离子的特征发射,且配合物的荧光量子效率和荧光寿命与发光强度成正比,配合物Tb(L)3IP的各项荧光性能均优于Eu(L)3IP。