Electrodermal arousal between participants in a conversation: nonlinear dynamics and linkage effects

Physiological linkages between two people in conversation were investigated from a nonlinear dynamical systems theory perspective. Thirty-seven pairs of college students engaged in a 20-minute discussion while connected to electrodes that measured their electrodermal response (ED). Greater incidents of linkage were detected through the nonlinear regression analysis compared to linear models. The nonlinear models were exponential structures that determined positive Lyapunov exponents (and thus the presence of chaos) for 73 out of 74 participants. Results support the use of nonlinear models for interpersonal linkage effects of this type. For each participant, Social Sensitivity from the Social Skills Inventory was correlated with the nonlinear model R(2) coefficient, but not with the size of the Lyapunov exponent. The latter results supported the conclusion that empathy acted as a moderator of the nonlinear process that underlies changes in ED levels over time.     

风机叶片涂层雨蚀研究

研究了风电叶片在雨水冲击下的失效过程,利用有限元方法建立雨水冲击的数值模型,分析了雨滴的冲击角度、直径、涂层性能等对涂层受力的影响,并对双雨滴及四雨滴耦合模型进行了研究。结果表明:风雨耦合流场中叶片最大载荷在叶尖处,涂层的冲击受力与雨滴冲击角度和雨滴直径的大小呈正相关。低模量涂层能大幅降低涂层受冲击时的拉伸应力,小幅增加其压缩应力。同一平面内的双雨滴耦合时,拉伸应力受影响的范围较大,压缩应力受影响的范围较小。不同高度差下的双雨滴耦合中,随着高度差的增大,材料拉伸和压缩应力都呈现先增后减的趋势,其中压缩应力随高度差的变化幅度明显大于拉伸应力。四雨滴耦合时压缩应力对间距的变化更加敏感。涂层失效的过程主要为:涂层表面拉应力疲劳产生微裂纹;液压渗透引起裂纹扩展,涂层质量减少,表面粗糙度增加;表面小范围破坏后形成的凹面结构促进涂层的失效。     

Analysis of sloping elastic pile under arbitrary loads by line-loaded integral equation method

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Anisotropic plastic fields at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack-tip

Under the condition that all the stress components at a crack-tip are the functions ofθonly,making use of the equations of steady-state motion.Hill anisotropic yield condition and stress-strain relations,we obtain the general solution of anisotropic plastic field at a rapidly propagating plane-stress crack-tip.Applying this general solution to four particular cases of anisctropy,the general solutions of these four particular cases are derived.Finally,we give the anisotropic plastic field at the rapidly propagating plane-stress modeⅠcrack-tip in the case of X=Y=Z     

Information entropies of multi-qubit Rabi model beyond the rotating wave approximation

In this paper, we present an analytical solution for the multi-qubit Rabi model for the general case without the rotating wave approximation. We discuss three different cases, one-qubit, two-qubit and three-qubit Rabi model, as applications to the presented solution. In addition, we study the effect of the qubit-photon coupling constants and the detuning parameters on the information entropies \(H(\sigma _{X})\), \(H(\sigma _{Y})\) and \(H(\sigma _{Z}),\) by which we note that, in the case of two-qubit Rabi model, there are collapse and revivals in the curves of the information entropies \(H(\sigma _{Z})\) and \(H(\sigma _{X})\) that vary in their numbers and amplitudes depending on the detuning parameter. The effects of the coupling constants and the detuning parameters on other cases are discussed. Besides, we explain that the dynamic nonlinear properties of the system have strong proportional relationship with the number of atoms.     

涂层厚度对硬脆涂层结合强度的影响

应用有限元分析的方法分析二维模型涂层层数以及涂层厚度对涂层/基体结合强度的影响已得到广泛研究。然而二维模型相比三维模型未能考虑宽度方向应力应变的影响,导致求解精度低。因此对三维模型涂层层数以及厚度对涂层/基体结合强度影响的研究显得实为重要,但这方面研究比较少。本文建立有限元三维模型,通过比较有限元模拟结果与赫兹接触精确解析解验证了模型的可靠性,讨论了涂层厚度对涂层/基体界面最大剪切力影响关系。结果表明,剪应力最小值随着涂层厚度的增加逐渐减小,然而剪应力最大值却随着厚度的增加先减小后增大,在0.4mm时取得最小值;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层/基体结合处剪应力Z方向突变减小,涂层内部剪应力Z方向突变增大,但是突变位置向涂层表面靠近,而且涂层/基体结合处X方向的剪应力变化随着涂层厚度增加趋于平缓。     

Aging, rejuvenation, and thixotropy in yielding magnetorheological fluids

The yielding behavior of dilute magnetorheological (MR) fluids has been investigated using creep–recovery tests. At very low stress levels, MR fluids behave in the linear viscoelastic regime as demonstrated by the fact that the instantaneous strain equals the instantaneous (elastic) recovery. In this region, gap-spanning field-induced structures support the stress levels applied. Upon increasing the stress value, the MR fluid evolves towards a nonlinear viscoelastic response. Here, the retarded elastic and viscous strain decrease, and the plastic contribution to the instantaneous strain grows probably due to the appearance of unattached field-induced structures. A larger stress value results in a viscoplastic solid behavior with negligible retarded and viscous strain and a fully plastic instantaneous strain. Finally, a plastic fluid behavior is found when the stress value is larger than the so-called yield stress. MR fluids exhibit an intermediate behavior between non-thixotropic (simple) and highly thixotropic model yield stress fluids.     

Innovation, imitation, and problem-solving in a networked group

We implemented a problem-solving task in which groups of participants simultaneously played a simple innovation game in a complex problem space, with score feedback provided after each of a number of rounds. Each participant in a group was allowed to view and imitate the guesses of others during the game. The results showed the use of social learning strategies previously studied in other species, and demonstrated benefits of social learning and nonlinear effects of group size on strategy and performance. Rather than simply encouraging conformity, groups provided information to each individual about the distribution of useful innovations in the problem space. Imitation facilitated innovation rather than displacing it, because the former allowed good solutions to be propagated and preserved for further cumulative innovations in the group. Participants generally improved their solutions through the use of fairly conservative strategies, such as changing only a small portion of one's solution at a time, and tending to imitate solutions similar to one's own. Changes in these strategies over time had the effect of making solutions increasingly entrenched, both at individual and group levels. These results showed evidence of nonlinear dynamics in the decentralization of innovation, the emergence of group phenomena from complex interactions of individual efforts, stigmergy in the use of social information, and dynamic tradeoffs between exploration and exploitation of solutions. These results also support the idea that innovation and creativity can be recognized at the group level even when group members are generally cautious and imitative.     

混凝土破裂过程的三维数值模型

利用混合同余法产生了随机变量,将混凝土中的骨料简化为球体,采用循环比较法将随机变量赋给球心坐标(X,Y,Z),实现了混凝土骨料的空间随机分布,最终建立了三维混凝土数值模型。对模型整体进行单元剖分,将骨料、砂浆、界面层分别投影到该有限元网格中,采用多次网格划分技术完成模型网格划分。通过对算例进行有限元计算,结果表明该模型基本上反映了混凝土骨料分布的实际情况,较好地模拟了混凝土的不均匀性与各向异性,验证了建立该模型的方法是可行的。     

On the boundary conditions of the geometrically nonlinear Kirchhoff–Love shell theory

The present paper addresses the problem of establishing the boundary conditions of a geometrically nonlinear thin shell model, especially the kinematic ones. Our model is consistently derived from general 3D continuum mechanics statements. Generalized cross-sectional strains and stresses are based on the deformation gradient and the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor. Since only the bending deformation is included in this model, no special technique needs to be adopted in order to avoid shear-locking. The theory is derived in such a way that any material model can be considered as a constitutive relation, once the zero transverse normal stress assumption is properly taken into account.     

Nonlinear Fractional Order Viscoelasticity at Large Strains

In this paper, we formulate a fractional order viscoelastic model for large deformations and develop an algorithm for the integration of the constitutive response. The model is based on the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into elastic and viscous parts. Further, the stress response is considered to be composed of a nonequilibrium part and an equilibrium part. The viscous part of the deformation gradient (here regarded as an internal variable) is governed by a nonlinear rate equation of fractional order. To solve the rate equation the finite element method in time is used in combination with Newton iterations. The method can handle nonuniform time meshes and uses sparse quadrature for the calculations of the fractional order integral. Moreover, the proposed model is compared to another large deformation viscoelastic model with a linear rate equation of fractional order. This is done by computing constitutive responses as well as structural dynamic responses of fictitious rubber materials.     

Nonlinear Fractional Order Viscoelasticity at Large Strains

In this paper, we formulate a fractional order viscoelastic model for large deformations and develop an algorithm for the integration of the constitutive response. The model is based on the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into elastic and viscous parts. Further, the stress response is considered to be composed of a nonequilibrium part and an equilibrium part. The viscous part of the deformation gradient (here regarded as an internal variable) is governed by a nonlinear rate equation of fractional order. To solve the rate equation the finite element method in time is used in combination with Newton iterations. The method can handle nonuniform time meshes and uses sparse quadrature for the calculations of the fractional order integral. Moreover, the proposed model is compared to another large deformation viscoelastic model with a linear rate equation of fractional order. This is done by computing constitutive responses as well as structural dynamic responses of fictitious rubber materials.     

PDF solution of nonlinear oscillators subject to multiplicative Poisson pulse excitation on displacement

A solution procedure for the stationary probability density function (PDF) of the responses of nonlinear oscillators subjected to Poisson white noises is formulated with exponential-polynomial closure (EPC) method. The effectiveness of the solution procedure is investigated with nonlinear oscillators subjected to both external and multiplicative Poisson white noises at different levels of system nonlinearity, excitation intensity, and impulse arrival rates. Numerical results show that the PDFs obtained with the EPC procedure are in good agreement with those from Monte Carlo simulation.     

A thermo-viscoelastic–viscoplastic–viscodamage constitutive model for asphaltic materials

A temperature-dependent viscodamage model is proposed and coupled to the temperature-dependent Schapery’s nonlinear viscoelasticity and the temperature-dependent Perzyna’s viscoplasticity constitutive model presented in Abu Al-Rub et al., 2009, Huang et al., in press in order to model the nonlinear constitutive behavior of asphalt mixes. The thermo-viscodamage model is formulated to be a function of temperature, total effective strain, and the damage driving force which is expressed in terms of the stress invariants of the effective stress in the undamaged configuration. This expression for the damage force allows for the distinction between the influence of compression and extension loading conditions on damage nucleation and growth. A systematic procedure for obtaining the thermo-viscodamage model parameters using creep test data at different stress levels and different temperatures is presented. The recursive-iterative and radial return algorithms are used for the numerical implementation of the nonlinear viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity models, respectively, whereas the viscodamage model is implemented using the effective (undamaged) configuration concept. Numerical algorithms are implemented in the well-known finite element code Abaqus via the user material subroutine UMAT. The model is then calibrated and verified by comparing the model predictions with experimental data that include creep-recovery, creep, and uniaxial constant strain rate tests over a range of temperatures, stress levels, and strain rates. It is shown that the presented constitutive model is capable of predicting the nonlinear behavior of asphaltic mixes under different loading conditions.     

Uniaxial ratcheting and fatigue failure of tempered 42CrMo steel: Damage evolution and damage-coupled visco-plastic constitutive model

Uniaxial ratcheting and fatigue failure of tempered 42CrMo steel were observed by the tests under the uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic loading with non-zero mean stress [G.Z. Kang, Y.J. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 472 (2008) 258–268]. Based on the obtained experimental results, the evolution features of whole-life ratcheting behavior and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) damage of the material were discussed first. Then, in the framework of unified visco-plasticity and continuum damage mechanics, a damage-coupled visco-plastic cyclic constitutive model was proposed to simulate the whole-life ratcheting and predict the fatigue failure life of the material presented in the uniaxial stress cycling with non-zero mean stress. In the proposed model, the damage was divided into two parts, i.e., elastic damage and plastic damage, which were described by the evolution equations with the same form but different constants, since the maximum applied stresses in most of loading cases were lower than the nominal yielding strength of the material. The ratcheting of the material was still described by employing a nonlinear kinematic hardening rule based on the Abdel-Karim–Ohno combined kinematic hardening model [M. Abdel Karim, N. Ohno, Int. J. Plast. 16 (2000) 225–240] but extended by considering the effect of damage. The maximum strain criterion combined with an elastic damage threshold was employed to determine the failure life of the material caused by two different failure modes, i.e., fatigue failure (caused by low-cycle fatigue due to plastic shakedown) and ductile failure (caused by large ratcheting strain). The simulated whole-life ratcheting behavior and predicted failure life of tempered 42CrMo steel are in a fairly good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Application of MLPG in Large Deformation Analysis

Two-dimensional large deformation analysis of hyperelastic and elasto-plastic solids based on the Meshless Local Petrov–Galerkin method (MLPG) is presented. A material configuration based the nonlinear MLPG formulation is introduced for the large deformation analysis of both path-dependent and path-independent materials. The supports of the MLS approximation functions cover the same sets of nodes during material deformation, thus the shape function needs to be computed only in the initial stage. The multiplicative hyperelasto-plastic constitutive model is adopted to avoid objective time integration for stress update in large rotation. With this constitutive model, the computational formulations for path-dependent and path-independent materials become identical. Computational efficiency of the nonlinear MLPG method is discussed and optimized in several aspects to make the MLPG an O(N) algorithm. The numerical examples indicate that the MLPG method can solve large deformation problems accurately. Moreover, the MLPG computations enjoy better convergence rate than the FEM under very large particle distortion.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472051). The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

Effects of individual and family functioning on interest in genetic testing

OBJECTIVE: The present study reports on the important issue of how family communication and support regarding breast cancer risk affects interest in genetic testing and mental health. METHODS: Participants (n = 221) were women aged 18-74 who had at least one relative of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, no personal history of breast or ovarian cancer, and lived within 60 miles of Seattle, Wash. RESULTS: Communication about breast cancer risk was reported with very low frequency across all types of relatives. Women talked with their mothers and sisters more often than their fathers, brothers, or children. The only significant predictor of interest in genetic testing was the individual level variable of seeking social support. CONCLUSION: Social support needs might be a part of the genetic testing process.     

Numerical analysis and elastic–plastic deformation behavior of anisotropically damaged solids

The present paper is concerned with the numerical modelling of the large elastic–plastic deformation behavior and localization prediction of ductile metals which are sensitive to hydrostatic stress and anisotropically damaged. The model is based on a generalized macroscopic theory within the framework of nonlinear continuum damage mechanics. The formulation relies on a multiplicative decomposition of the metric transformation tensor into elastic and damaged-plastic parts. Furthermore, undamaged configurations are introduced which are related to the damaged configurations via associated metric transformations which allow for the interpretation as damage tensors. Strain rates are shown to be additively decomposed into elastic, plastic and damage strain rate tensors. Moreover, based on the standard dissipative material approach the constitutive framework is completed by different stress tensors, a yield criterion and a separate damage condition as well as corresponding potential functions. The evolution laws for plastic and damage strain rates are discussed in some detail. Estimates of the stress and strain histories are obtained via an explicit integration procedure which employs an inelastic (damage-plastic) predictor followed by an elastic corrector step. Numerical simulations of the elastic–plastic deformation behavior of damaged solids demonstrate the efficiency of the formulation. A variety of large strain elastic–plastic-damage problems including severe localization is presented, and the influence of different model parameters on the deformation and localization prediction of ductile metals is discussed.     

Simulation of fiber-reinforced viscoelastic structures subjected to finite strains: multiplicative approach

The study is devoted to the geometrically nonlinear simulation of fiber-reinforced composite structures. The applicability of the multiplicative approach to the simulation of viscoelastic properties of a composite material is assessed, certain improvements are suggested. For a greater accuracy in applications involving local compressive fiber buckling, a new family of hyperelastic potentials is introduced. This family allows us to account for the variable critical compressive stress, which depends on the fiber-matrix interaction. For the simulation of viscoelasticity, the well-established Sidoroff decomposition of the deformation gradient is implemented. To account for the viscosity of the matrix material, the model of Simo and Miehe (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 98:41–104, 1992) is used; highly efficient iteration-free algorithms are implemented. The viscosity of the fiber is likewise described by the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, leading to a scalar differential equation; an efficient iteration-free algorithm is proposed for the implicit time stepping. The accuracy and convergence of the new iteration-free method is tested and compared to that of the standard scheme implementing the Newton iteration. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, a pressurized multi-layer composite pipe is modelled; the so-called stretch inversion phenomenon is reproduced and explained. The stress distribution is obtained by a semi-analytical procedure; it may serve as a benchmark for FEM computations. Finally, the issue of the parameter identification is addressed.     

Homotopy solution of the inverse generalized eigenvalue problems in structural dynamics

The structural dynamics problems, such as structural design, parameter identification and model correction, are considered as a kind of the inverse generalized eigenvalue problems mathematically. The inverse eigenvalue problems are nonlinear. In general, they could be transformed into nonlinear equations to solve. The structural dynamics inverse problems were treated as quasi multiplicative inverse eigenalue problems which were solved by homotopy method for nonlinear equations. This method had no requirements for initial value essentially because of the homotopy path to solution. Numerical examples were presented to illustrate the homotopy method.