45钢柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂的SPH模拟分析

金属柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂存在拉伸、剪切及拉剪混合等多种断裂模式,目前其物理机制及影响因素还不清晰。本文中采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法（smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH）对45钢柱壳在JOB-9003及RHT-901不同装药条件下的外爆实验进行了数值模拟,探讨柱壳在不同装药条件下发生的剪切断裂、拉剪混合断裂模式及其演化过程,模拟结果与实验结果一致。SPH数值模拟结果表明:在爆炸加载阶段,随着冲击波在柱壳内、外壁间来回反射形成二次塑性区,沿柱壳壁厚等效塑性应变演化呈凸形分布,壁厚中部区域等效塑性应变较内、外壁大;在较高爆炸压力（JOB-9003）作用下,柱壳断裂发生在爆轰波加载阶段,损伤裂纹从塑性应变积累较大的壁厚中部开始沿剪切方向向内、外壁扩展,形成剪切型断裂模式;而在RHT-901空心炸药加载下,虽然裂纹仍从壁厚中部开始沿剪切方向扩展,但随后柱壳进入自由膨胀阶段,未断区域处于拉伸应力状态,柱壳局部发生结构失稳,形成类似“颈缩”现象,裂纹从剪切方向转向沿颈缩区向外扩展,呈现拉剪混合断裂模式。拉伸裂纹占截面的比例与柱壳结构失稳时刻相关。可见,柱壳断裂演化是一个爆炸冲击波与柱壳结构相互作用的过程,不能简单将其作为一系列膨胀拉伸环处理。     

金属柱壳膨胀断裂的实验与数值模拟

基于一端起爆的柱壳外爆加载装置,采用多普勒速度测量仪(DPS)及高速分幅相机联合诊断柱壳的膨胀断裂过程。实验获得了壳体表面的速度历史和膨胀变形、裂纹萌生扩展到爆轰产物泄露的动态图像。利用光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)开展了对应的数值模拟,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。实验与数值模拟结果系统地给出了冲击波入射柱壳角、爆轰波稀疏角、内壁速度压力历史及壳体变形应变、壳体断裂等物理信息。     

爆轰加载下柱壳断裂时刻微小差异测量方法

对于断裂时刻差异较小的对比实验,提出一种判读方法:同时采用高速摄影和干涉测速,利用高速摄影判读壳体断裂时刻应变,利用干涉测速获取壳体位移及应变曲线,两者结合得出较为精确的壳体断裂时刻差异。利用该方法得出45钢柱壳在JO-9159和JOB-9003两种炸药加载下断裂时间相差0.45 μs,钨合金柱壳在两种炸药加载下的断裂时间相差0.39 μs。同时该方法可以推广应用于单发壳体膨胀断裂实验中,更精确测定壳体的断裂时刻。     

内爆加载下金属柱壳的冻结回收方法

针对内爆炸载荷下膨胀态金属柱壳的回收问题,设计了冻结回收试验方法,实现了起爆后不同时刻金属柱壳的冻结回收。基于一体式壳体提出了3种改进结构,并分别对4种柱壳结构在内爆载荷下的膨胀断裂过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,两段式结构最有利于减小非起爆端对预期回收中间段壳体的影响。根据选定的最优壳体结构和金属柱壳在起爆后不同时刻的膨胀外形特征,设计与之匹配的冻结回收装置并进行冻结回收试验。试验结果表明,设计的冻结回收试验方法可以实现膨胀态金属柱壳的回收,回收壳体的轴向和径向尺寸与设计理想值符合较好,整体误差可控制在10%以内。     

薄壁柱壳在内部爆炸载荷下膨胀断裂的研究

以柱形爆炸装置为研究对象 ,讨论了其薄壁壳体在爆炸载荷下的动态断裂准则。给出了典型的FAE模型及在数值计算时必要的简化条件。对回收的壳壁破片进行了SEM扫描电镜观测 ,分析了金属材料在高应变率下膨胀断裂的微观机制。采用解耦的、考虑应变强化的粘塑性本构方程 ,根据损伤破坏理论推导出以临界应变为依据的改进断裂准则 ,计算表明断裂参数理论解与数值模拟结果一致 ,并得到了实验方面的例证。     

金属柱壳在爆炸加载断裂中的单旋现象

系列实验结果表明,在较强的滑移爆轰加载下,许多金属材料的旋转柱壳会呈现一种奇特的单旋剪切失稳破坏模式受驱动壳壁结构上众多剪切滑移带及断口取向一致化,在45和135两族剪切带中,出现一族占优的现象。通过高速分幅和X光照相对剪切裂纹在壳壁内、外表的生成发展图像的记录和碎片样品回收,结合过程应力分析,对微剪切断裂发展过程中环向和纵向关联的可能机制进行了分析讨论,但疑点仍较多。在分析柱壳的高应变率失稳行为时,对于与加载条件及几何构形紧密耦合的材料动载剪切强度、各向异性性质所扮演的角色需要进一步认识。剪切断裂的单旋与聚能罩内层无破坏的射流整体旋转现象表现方式和程度虽有差异,但可能有着共同本质,值得深入探索。     

TA2钛合金开口柱壳外爆碎片分布研究

金属柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂机制及其对碎片分布、特征尺寸的影响是应用物理、力学、兵器工程等领域共同关心的重要课题, 但目前除数值模拟外, 考虑断裂机制的简单二维碎裂模型尚未出现.开展TA2钛合金开口柱壳在不同装药条件下的碎裂实验研究, 通过对软回收碎片的统计及微观分析, 探讨金属柱壳外爆断裂模式及二维碎片分布规律, 结果显示:(1) TA2钛合金柱壳在实验爆压(7 $\sim$ 25 GPa)下宏观断口均为剪切断裂模式, 但机制不同, 在较高爆压下柱壳剪切断裂由多重绝热剪切带破坏控制, 在较低压力下为剪切破坏;(2) 与一维拉伸碎裂相比, 柱壳爆炸碎裂不充分, 碎片质量更符合$\beta=1$ (或更接近1)的指数分布; 爆炸碎裂越充分, 碎片越小并趋于均匀, $\beta$趋于较小的值, 趋向Mott和Linfoot提出的泊松统计分布形式;(3) Rayleigh分布可以较好描述柱壳碎片的宽度分布规律, 不同爆压下柱壳碎片宽度归一化尺寸分布具有相似性, 呈现"量子化"特性, 即存在最小的特征尺寸; (4) TA2柱壳碎片特征尺寸远大于G-K剪切断裂公式预测的尺寸, G-K剪切式描述的是多重绝热剪切带间距.本研究为金属柱壳碎片特征、分布规律及其模型分析提供了重要参考.      

壳装炸药殉爆实验和数值模拟

进行了壳装固黑铝炸药殉爆实验,通过观察残留炸药、壳体和见证板变形,判断被发炸药的爆炸情况,得到了炸药临界殉爆距离。建立了壳装炸药殉爆实验计算模型,采用非线性有限元计算方法,对壳装固黑铝炸药殉爆实验进行了数值模拟。计算中采用预设壳体单元破片方法描述主发炸药壳体破片的形成和破片对被发炸药的撞击起爆,炸药临界殉爆距离的计算结果与实验结果基本一致。主要是主发炸药中部的壳体破片撞击到被发炸药,被发炸药起爆位置也在装药中部。炸药壳体厚度主要影响破片速度和质量、被发炸药的防护性能,从而影响炸药临界殉爆距离。 更多还原     

不同爆炸载荷下TA2钛合金圆管膨胀破坏过程

金属柱壳破坏过程与材料、结构及载荷等相关,断裂结果呈现多种形式,采用有限元结合实验对不同爆炸载荷作用下,TA2钛合金圆管的破坏机制开展研究。有限元结果显示:对于理想均质柱壳,由于冲击波传播使壁厚中间形成二次塑性区,圆管壁厚中部的等效塑性应变总是大于内、外壁。在较高爆压下,裂纹在加载阶段从试样壁厚中部起始,沿45°或135°向内外壁剪切扩展;而在较低爆压下,破坏发生在自由膨胀阶段,断裂从内壁起始向外壁剪切扩展,两者破坏过程和机制不同,总体来说,与实验现象符合较好。相关实验中出现的一些外壁拉伸断裂现象,可能与试样的几何、材料缺陷等因素相关,其对金属圆管爆炸破坏的影响值得进一步关注。     

钢质圆柱壳在侧向爆炸荷载下的动力响应

将壁厚为2.75mm、外径为100mm的钢质圆柱壳置于75g裸装圆柱形压装TNT药柱产生的爆炸场中进行冲击实验,获得了不同装药条件下圆柱壳的变形破坏特征。实验表明:非接触爆炸条件下,壳壁迎爆面局部破坏呈现碟型凹陷,同时沿壳体轴线方向产生了整体屈曲变形,且装药距离较大或药柱轴线与壳体轴线垂直放置情况下对壳体损伤程度较大;而接触爆炸时,壳壁发生破裂形成破口及破片。利用动力有限元程序LS-DYNA及Lagrangian-Eulerian流固耦合方法对圆柱壳的非线性动态响应过程进行数值模拟,分析了壳壁的屈曲变形过程及迎爆曲面中心点速度、位移时程曲线,计算结果与实验吻合较好。并基于数值计算确定了壳壁发生破裂的临界装药距离。     

损伤演化对韧性金属碎裂过程的影响

固体在冲击拉伸载荷作用下会断裂成多个碎片,基于线性内聚力断裂假设的Mott-Grady模型能较好地预测碎裂过程所产生的平均碎片尺度的下限。然而实际上,韧性金属的损伤演化是多元化的,为此通过数值模拟方法研究了不同损伤演化规律对韧性碎裂过程的影响。利用ABAQUS/Explicit动态有限元软件数值再现了韧性金属杆（45钢）在高应变率下拉伸碎裂的过程,分析了线性和非线性损伤演化对韧性碎裂过程的影响规律。结果表明:损伤演化规律对韧性金属的碎裂过程具有显著影响,非线性指标α越大,碎裂过程产生的碎片数越少;Grady-Kipp碎裂公式仍能在一定范围内预测韧性碎裂过程中产生的碎片尺寸;当非线性指标α远大于零时,在较低冲击拉伸载荷作用下,数值模拟结果和Grady-Kipp模型预测值偏差较大,随着应变率增大,数值模拟结果与Grady-Kipp模型预测值吻合较好。     

Effects of exponential volume fraction law on the natural frequencies of FGM cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions

In the present work, vibration characteristics of thin functionally graded cylindrical shells are studied under the influence of various boundary conditions. Fabrication of FGM cylindrical shell is carried out by using exponential volume fraction law. Strain- and curvature-displacements relationships are taken from Love’s thin shell theory. The frequency equation in the form of eigenvalue problem is obtained by adapting the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Characteristic beam functions are assumed to approximate the axial modal dependence. Effects of exponential volume fraction law on the natural frequencies of the FGM cylindrical shells for various boundary conditions are studied against circumferential wave number, length to radius ratio and thickness to radius ratio for different values of power law exponents. Results evaluated show good agreement with those available in the literature.     

爆轰加载下金属柱壳膨胀破裂过程研究

采用前照明的高速分幅照相对不同壁厚的45钢柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀破裂过程进行了研究,实验成功拍摄到45钢柱壳前表面裂纹生成、扩展及产物泄漏的过程图像。研究表明:膨胀应变率在104s-1附近时,随着应变率的增加,45钢柱壳的各特征应变均有所增加,断裂模式由拉剪混合向单一剪切转变;45钢柱壳的膨胀破裂有一个过程,从柱壳的外壁面可以观察到裂纹生成至产物开始泄漏经历时间历程的长短与柱壳壁厚相关,柱壳壁越厚,从外壁出现裂纹到产物开始泄漏的时间间隔越长;由回收破片厚度测量推算出的膨胀断裂应变与动态实验过程中产物开始泄漏时的断裂应变基本一致。     

Fracture behavior of explosively loaded spherical molded steel shells

Experimental and numerical works are made to study the fracture of explosively loaded spherical molded steel shells. The first series of experiments included three sawdust recovery shots to save fragments for examination. In this series, detonation was initiated from the center of the sphere. Results of the experiments show that two types of fractures are observed in spherical shells: radial and shear as in cylindrical shells. Spall fracture is also observed in spherical shells. To assist understanding of the experimental results, a computer simulation of expanding shells is performed to provide information on the stress, strain, strain rate and position of each element of the shell wall as a function of time after detonation. For t=7.5 μs after detonation, triaxial non-uniform strain prevails in the middle of the thickness of the wall. The peak of the stress equals to 6.5 GPa and exceeds the spall strength of carbon steel. In the second series of experiments, spall fracture is suppressed by displacing the point of detonation initiation from the center to periphery of HE charge.     

Fracture behavior of brittle plates and cylindrical shells subjected to concentrated impulse loading

The influence of impact velocity and geometry in the fracture patterns produced by a concentrated impulse loading on brittle plates and cylindrical shells has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were performed by impacting plates and cylindrical shells made of plaster with a steel ball. The fracture behavior was photographed by a camera with a flash. The crack-initiation time was measured using a memoriscope. The fracture behavior is explained using the theory of flexural motion of a plate and a cylindrical shell. With the addition of impact-fracture criteria to these theories, the fracture patterns of brittle plates and cylindrical shells are predicted and the resemblance is discussed.     

Experimental investigation of edge loading of thick cylindrical shells

A method has been developed whereby the elastic behavior of thick cylindrical shells under edge loadings can be determined. The method permits the application of edge moments and edge shears through a specially designed fixture. Strain readings are recorded in both the circumferential and longitudinal directions of the shell for edge loadings. The experimental results are compared with a modified thick-shell theory with good agreement and tend to confirm the validity of the theory. The experimental procedures and the necessary precautions that must be taken to insure accurate results are discussed.     

A closed-form solution procedure for circular cylindrical shell vibrations

A systematic procedure for obtaining the closed-form eigensolution for thin circular cylindrical shell vibrations is presented, which utilizes the computational power of existing commercial software packages. For cylindrical shells, the longitudinal, radial, and circumferential displacements are all coupled with each other due to Poissons ratio and the curvature of the shell. For beam and plate vibrations, the eigensolution can often be found without knowledge of absolute dimensions or material properties. For cylindrical shell vibrations, however, one must know the relative ratios between shell radius, length, and thickness, as well as Poissons ratio of the material. The mode shapes and natural frequencies can be determined analytically to within numerically determined coefficients for a wide variety of boundary conditions, including elastic and rigid ring stiffeners at the boundaries. Excellent agreement is obtained when the computed natural frequencies are compared with known experimental results.     

Longitudinal impact of cylindrical shells

The transient response due to longitudinal impact of three aluminum cylindrical shells of different thickness-to-radius ratios is studied both analytically and experimentally. The analyses were obtained from method of characteristics' solutions of two sets of equations: one which includes the transverse shear, radial inertia and rotary inertial effects; and the other set is from a modified membrane theory. Experimentally, longitudinal and circumferential strains are monitored along the length of each of the shells; the velocity of the impacter ring is also measured. The experimental results of this study indicate that the wavefront, after traveling three diameters from the impacted end, propagates at essentially the plate velocity, in agreement with the theory. In addition, the longitudinal and circumferential strains calculated from the two theories are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

加权残值法分析轴压圆柱薄壳后屈曲问题

本文首次应用了样条配点法分析了受到轴向压力的圆柱形薄壳的后屈问题,壳体的方程是L.H.Donnell的非线性正交异性圆柱形壳体方程,壳体的挠度试函数及应力函数试函数都是于轴向用了五次B样条函数基函数,周向用余弦函数。计算模型是周向为半个波长的壳块,可适应后屈曲实验变形跳跃现象。非线性代数方程组用了Newton—Rophson迭代法求解。由此所得的理论上的后屈曲曲线与国外近代实验相符。     

轴向冲击下圆柱壳非轴对称屈曲耗散能分析

主要研究受轴向冲击圆柱壳非对称屈曲耗能,从轴向屈曲变形、环向屈曲变形和轴向压 缩变形3个角度进行理论推导. 结果表明: 环向屈曲变形能随屈曲折叠边数增加有减小 趋势, 且占总耗能比例很小,可知圆柱壳受轴向冲击屈曲过程中外力做功主要转变为轴向变形 能,环向屈曲变形消耗外力功很少.