Kinetics of Phase Transfer Catalytic Preparation of Benzyl Benzoate

The kinetics is studied for the phase transfer catalytic preparation of benzyl benzoate from sodium benzoate and benzyl chloride with tetrabutylaramonium iodide as catalyst in a well stirred batch reactor. Benzyl chloride is dissolved in toluene as the organic phase and sodium benzoate is dissolved in water as the aqueous phase. The kinetics of the overall reaction is described by a first-order model based on the concentration of benzyl chloride in the organic phase at the later time of the batch reaction. The rate constant increases with an increase of the catalyst concentration while decreases slightly with an increase of the concentration of sodium benzoate under the experimental condition.     

Carbonylation of Benzyl Halides Over Two-Phase Catalyst of Iron Pentacarbonyl

Carbonylation of benzyl halides to phenylacetic acid was studied in a two-phase system with iron pentacarbonyl as the catalyst precursor. The solutions consisted of a benzyl halide and iron pentacarbonyl in benzene and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Stirring under carbon monoxide readily produced phenylacetic salts in aqueous phase which were then acidified and extracted with ether. The yields of phenylacetic acid from benzyl iodide and from benzyl bromide were similar at a evel of about 50percnt;, that of the latter being higher by 1%. The yield from benzyl chloride was far less, at a level of only 21%. The rate as studied with gas chromatography was found to decrease in the order benzyl iodide>benzyl bromide>benzyl chloride.     

Benzyl ether from phase transfer catalyzed strongly alkaline hydrolysis of benzyl chloride

The overall rate equation for the production of benzyl ether by phase transfer catalyzed strongly alkaline hydrolysis of benzyl chloride in the pseudo-steady state was derived. The effects of the concentrations and the sizes of the alkyl substituents of the catalysts, the concentration of hydroxide ions in the aqueous phase, the volume-fraction of the organic phase, the reaction temperature and the stirring speed on the production rate of benzyl ether can be explained with the derived rate equation. Under the conditions of 0.842 mol benzyl chloride, 50% aq. NaOH (2.5 mol NaOH), 42.2 mmol Bz(C₂H₅)₃NCl, 70 °C and 500 rpm, the reactions proceeded to nearly 100% benzyl ether within 2 h. The cocatalyst, NaI, is effective for improving the reaction rate, suitable amounts being ~ 5% of the substrate, benzyl chloride. The decomposition rate of the practical catalyst, Bz(C₂H₅)₃NCl, in 30% aq. NaOH at 70 °C is only about 3% per day. The conditions for producing benzyl ether by phase transfer catalyzed hydrolysis of benzyl chloride can be obtained from the rate equation and the experimental data.     

The Effect of Iodide Ion in Phase-Transfer Catalytic Syntheses of Benzyl Esters

In order to examine the effect of iodide ions on reaction catalyzed by phase-transfer technique, we made kinetic studies, under the influence of added Na1, on the synthesis of benzyl esters from benzyl chloride and sodium carboxylate. These carboxylates include sodium acetate, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and sodium formate; the catalyst was a quaternary ammonium salt. The results reveal that iodide ions at a suitable concentration accelerate the reaction, whereas iodide ions in excess poison the catalyst. The optimum concentration varies with the reaction system. This critical concentration depends upon the distribution coefficient of the intermediates formed in the reactions.     

Reaction of benzyl chloride with ammonium sulfide under liquid–liquid phase transfer catalysis: Reaction mechanism and kinetics

The reaction between benzyl chloride and aqueous ammonium sulfide was carried out in an organic solvent – toluene, using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as phase transfer catalyst (PTC). Two products, namely dibenzyl sulfide (DBS) and benzyl mercaptan (BM), were identified in the reaction mixture. The selectivity of DBS was maximised by changing various parameters such as NH₃/H₂S mole ratio, stirring speed, catalyst loading, concentration of benzyl chloride, volume of aqueous phase, and temperature. The highest selectivity of DBS obtained was about 90% after 445 min of reaction with excess benzyl chloride at 60 °C. Complete conversion of benzyl chloride could be achieved at the cost of very low selectivity of DBS and very high selectivity of BM. The apparent activation energy for the kinetically controlled reaction was found to be 12.3 kcal/mol. From the detailed study of the effects of various parameters on the reaction, a suitable mechanism was established which could explain the course of the reaction.     

乙酸苄酯合成中接枝型三相相转移催化剂的活性及催化反应动力学

采用"接出(grafting from)"方式,将苯乙烯(St)接枝聚合在微米级硅胶表面,然后对接枝的聚苯乙烯进行了氯甲基化(CM)反应,制得了氯甲基聚苯乙烯/硅胶微粒(CMPS/SiO2);使三丁胺与三苯基膦分别与CMPS大分子链上的苄氯基团发生季铵化与季鏻化反应,分别制得了固载有季铵盐与季鏻盐的接枝微粒QN-PSt/SiO2与QP-PSt/SiO2,即制得了两种接枝型三相相转移催化剂.将该催化剂用于苄氯与乙酸钠合成乙酸苄酯的相转移催化反应,并重点考察了催化剂的活性与催化动力学.实验结果表明,两种接枝型三相相转移催化剂QN-PSt/SiO2与QP-PSt/SiO2对乙酸苄酯的合成都具有明显的催化活性,在液-固-液之间可有效地实现反应物种乙酸根的转移;两者相比,季鏻盐型的催化剂QP-PSt/SiO2的催化活性更高;当水相中乙酸钠用量大大过量时,在有机相中苄氯与乙酸根的反应属准一级反应;两个相转移反应体系相比,以QP-PSt/SiO2为催化剂时反应的表观活化能更低.     

Synthesis of well-defined chain-end- and in-chain-functionalized polystyrenes with a definite number of benzyl chloride moieties and D-glucose residues

Novel well-defined chain-end- and in-chain-functionalized polystyrenes with six, eight, twelve, and sixteen benzyl chloride moieties and with four and eight D-glucose residues have been successfully synthesized by developing the methodology based on living anionic polymerization of using new functionalized agents derived from functionalized 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) derivatives. They are 1,10-dichloro-4,4-7,7-tetra(3-methoxymethylphenyl)decane, its iodide derivative, the dianion prepared from 1,1-bis(3-methoxymethylphenyl)ethylene and potassium naphthalenide, and 1,1-bis[3′,5′-bis(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose-3-oxymethyl)phenyl]ethylene. The developed methodology involves diverse modes of reactions of polystyryllithium with new functionalized agents and either the subsequent transformation reaction with BCl₃ into benzyl chloride moieties or acid-hydrolysis to regenerate D-glucose residues. The resulting chain-multi-functionalized polystyrenes were precisely controlled with respect to chain length and quantitatively functionalized within experimental errors.     

A convenient iodination method for alcohols using cesium iodide/methanesulfonic acid and its comparison using cesium iodide/p-toluenesulfonic acid or cesium iodide/aluminium chloride

In situ generation of hydrogen iodide from cesium iodide/methanesulfonic acid was found to be an attractive reagent combination for the conversion of alkyl, allyl, and benzyl alcohols to their corresponding iodides under mild conditions. The method is compared with that using cesium iodide/p-toluenesulfonic acid or cesium iodide/aluminium chloride.     

Benzyl p-Toluenesulphonate as an 0-Benzylating Agent for the Protection of Phenols

Benzylation is a popular method of protecting phenolic groups during synthetic procedures. Benzyl ethers are stable to basic and mildly acidic conditions, but are cleaved readily by stronger acid, reduction, or most commonly by hydrogenolysis¹. Current methods of converting phenols into O-benzyl derivatives rely principally on the use of commercially available benzyl chloride or benzyl bromide and usually involve heating a mixture of the phenol and the halide with anhydrous potassium carbonate in dry acetone or DMF¹. To increase reactivity of the halide, potassium iodide may be added to the reaction mixture to generate benzyl iodide ‘in situ’. A major disadvantage of using alkyl halides in the preparation of phenolic ethers is the amount of simultaneous C-alkylation which can occur. Whilst C-alkylation is reduced by using polar aprotic solvents¹, it may still become an important side reaction during the alkylation of phenols containing phloroglucinol substitution patterns, yields of 0-alkyl derivatives decreasing markedly, and a complicated mixture of products generally ensues. In the cases of 0-methylation or -ethylation, such unwanted side-reactions can be minimised by employing dimethyl sulphate as the alkylating agents instead of the halides. No similar agents have been available for 0-benzylation reactions.     

常压下合成对硝基苯甲醚

以对硝基氯苯、甲醇和氢氧化钠为原料,用苄基三乙基氯化铵作相转移催化剂,在常压下合成了对硝基苯甲醚。对催化剂的选择及用量、原料配比,反应时间和反应温度对转化率的影响进行了讨论。在最佳反应条件下对硝基氯苯的转化率＞９９％,对硝基苯甲醚的收率为９１％,纯度为９８．５％     

基于辛可宁的几种手性季铵盐的合成及对查尔酮的催化不对称环氧化

手性相转移催化剂;合成;醚化;不对称环氧化;查尔酮     

聚酰胺-胺型树枝状化合物与四氯化钛的配合及其催化作用初步研究

树枝状化合物因具有独特结构,近年来基分子修饰及功能化研究十分活跃,许多研究结果表明,由发散法合成的树枝状分子（如聚酰胺－胺型,简称PAMAM）其低代数（3.0代以下）为敞开和相对疏松的结构,高代数（4.0代以上）则是表面紧密堆积的结构,其性质与胶团相似,它的内部空隙可以包容小分子,因此可用于药物或催化剂的载体,Meijer等已成功的将4－硝基苯甲酸、Bengal Rose等小分子包埋在树枝状分子中,并深入研究了释放小分子的方法,Knapen等也报道了过渡金属与树枝状分子配合物作为催化剂的反应,本文合成了聚酰胺－胺型树枝状化合物（3.0代）;用苯甲醛、苄基氯和三苯甲基氯等对其进行了修饰,使它外层的每个－NH2分别连接1个、2个或3个苯环;用TiCl4与这些经修饰的化合物进行配合,测定了含Ti量,并对它的催化性质做了初步探索。     

接枝型三相转移催化剂的制备及其催化作用

将苯乙烯(St)接枝聚合在微米级硅胶表面,制备了接枝微粒PSt/SiO2;使用新型氯甲基化试剂1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷,对接枝在硅胶表面的聚苯乙烯进行了氯甲基化(CM)反应,制得了氯甲基聚苯乙烯/硅胶(CMPS/SiO2)接枝微粒;使三乙胺与CMPS分子链上的苄氯基团发生季铵化反应,制得了固载有季铵盐(Quaternary salt)的接枝微粒QPSt/SiO2,即制得了接枝型三相相转移催化剂.将此相转移催化剂用于氯化苄与乙酸钠合成乙酸苄酯的相转移催化反应,考察了催化活性、各种因素对相转移催化反应的影响及催化剂的重复使用性能.实验结果表明,接枝型三相相转移催化剂QPSt/SiO2对乙酸苄酯的合成具有较高的催化活性,在液-固-液之间即可有效地实现反应物种乙酸根的转移,在60℃的较低温度下反应7 h,氯化苄的转化率可达66.1%;研究发现,固体催化剂QPSt/SiO2表面接枝聚合物PSt的季铵化程度对其催化活性有很大的影响,季铵化程度过大与过小催化活性都较低,当季铵化程度为20%左右时,催化剂的活性最高.     

Polycondensation of benzyl chloride over Ga- and In-modified ZSM-5 type zeolites and Si-MCM-41 or Montmorillonite-K10 supported GaCl3 and InCl3 catalysts

Performance of In- and Ga-modified ZSM-5 type zeolites (namely, In₂O₃/H-ZSM-5, Ga₂O₃/H-ZSM-5, H-GaMFI and H-GaAlMFI) and InCl₃ or GaCl₃ supported on high silica mesoporous MCM-41 or on Mont.-K10 in the liquid phase polycondensation of benzyl chloride to polybenzyl has been investigated. Influence of solvent (namely, dichloroethane, n-heptane and ethanol) and temperature on the rate of polycondensation of benzyl chloride over the catalyst (InCl₃/Si-MCM-41) showing highest polycondensation activity has also been studied. The In- and Ga-containing solid catalysts show good or high activity in the polycondensation reaction at the reaction condition normally employed in the benzylation of aromatic compounds by benzyl chloride. However, the polycondensation is strongly influenced by the solubility of the polybenzyl polymer in the reaction medium and consequently by the solvent used as the reaction medium.     

Fluorescence from Samarium(II) Iodide and Its Electron Transfer Quenching: Dynamics of the Reaction of Benzyl Radicals with Sm(II)

The luminescence from SmI(2) in THF can be readily quenched by a variety of electron acceptors. In the case of organohalides, the reaction is quite fast; for example, for dichloromethane the rate constant is 2.7 x 10(8) M(-)(1) s(-)(1). Electron transfer leads to halide loss and formation of the carbon-centered radical. In the case of benzyl chloride, the benzyl radicals produced can be readily detected using laser flash photolysis techniques. This electron-transfer reaction has been used as a source of benzyl radicals in order to determine the rate constant for their reaction with SmI(2); the value obtained is (5.3 +/- 1.4) x 10(7) M(-)(1) s(-)(1) in THF at room temperature. The effect of HMPA on the spectroscopic properties of SmI(2) has also been examined.     

Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Intermediates by Toluene Benzylation over Heteropoly Acids on Different Support

Selective formation of pharmaceutical intermediates like diphenylmethane, dimethyl- diphenylmethane, benzyl toluene and benzoic acid by liquid phase, toluene benzylation with benzyl chloride as a benzylating agent, was systematically studied over plane clay (K-10, montmorillonite), plane H-Beta, plane MFI structured titanosilicate (TS-1) and heteropoly acids [HPA, namely dodeca-tungstophosphoric acid [H3PO4.12WO3.xH2O] (TPA), dodeca-molybdo phosphoric acid ammonium salt hydrate [H12Mo12N3O40P aq] (DMAA), sodium tungstate hydrated purified [Na12WO4.2H2O] (STH)] supported on clay, H-beta and TS-1. The 20%TPA/Clay, 30%TPA/H-Beta and 30%TPA/TS-l, were observed to be the best catalyst samples over plane clay, plane H-Beta and plane TS-1. The catalyst samples are compared with respect to benzyl chloride conversion and selectivities for diphenylmethane, dimethyl-diphenylmethane, benzyl toluene and benzoic acid. The reaction follows the pseudo-first order rate power law model. The apparent rate constants are calculated and compared with the reported ones.     

Separation of131I by isotopic and non-isotopic liquid ion exchange

A study is presented on the use of isotopic and non-isotopic ion exchange in a heterogeneous liquid-liquid system for the separation of¹³¹I from water. The method is based on the reaction between radioiodide in the aqueous phase and trioctylmethylammonium iodide or chloride in the organic phase. The effect of some important experimental parameters on the separation efficiency is discussed. It has been found that under optimum conditions the method of isotopic ion exchange can be used for the radiochemical determination of iodine in water.     

Study on the Synthesis of Phenylacetic Acid by Carbonylation of Benzyl Chloride under Normal Pressure

The influences of some factors on the yield of phenylacetic acid in the carbonylation of benzyl chloride were studied in this paper. These factors included the variety and content of catalyst, and that of solvent, way of material feeding, reaction temperature, sodium hydrate concentration, triphenylphosphine content, presence of surfactant, the ratio of organic phase volume to aqueous phase volume etc. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be: with a one-time pour of 0.15g Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, 0.24g PPh3, 75ml NaOH of 3.5mol/L, 20ml benzyl chloride and 55ml n-butyl alcohol, and the reaction was carried out at 50℃ for about 3 hours. The as-obtained yield of phenylacetic acid was as high as 97.6%. In addition, the influences of the presence of phenylacetic acid and air in the reaction system were also studied. The results showed that the presence of air in the system and the entrainment of phenylacetic acid in the circulating organic phase had great influence on the reaction rate, the stability and performance of catalyst and the yield of phenylacetic acid.     

聚氯乙烯多乙烯多胺树脂的相转移催化作用

聚氯乙烯多乙烯多胺树脂可作为酯水解、氧取代(醚和酯的合成)、卤素取代(丁基碘和硫氰酸卞酯的合成)和缩合反应(卞叉丙酮的合成)的催化剂,效果良好。它是一种新型的高分子相转移催化剂。     

Photoelectrochemical kinetics of eosin y-sensitized zinc oxide films investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy

Eosin Y is used as a sensitizer for nanoporous zinc oxide films for prospective applications in photoelectrochemical solar cells. The kinetics of the reduction of the intermittently formed photo-oxidized dye molecules by iodide ions in the electrolyte phase was investigated by using the feedback mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The bulk solution phase contained triiodide as electron transfer mediator, from which the ultramicroelectrode-generated iodide ions acted as electron donors for photo-oxidized Eosin Y molecules (D(+) (ads)) at the zinc oxide sample. Effective rate constants for the dye regeneration could be extracted from the SECM approach curves. The effective rate constants at different triiodide concentrations could be related to the rate constant for the reaction of the dissolved donor with photo-oxidized Eosin Y bound to ZnO, as well as to the overall rate of the photosensitization process. For the reaction D(+) (ads) + 1.5 I(-)-->D(ads) + 0.5 I(3) (-) a rate constant of k(ox) = (1.4+/-0.8)x10(8) cm(9/2) mol(-3/2) s(-1) was determined.